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Objective: To characterize painful procedures, analgesic strategies, vital signs, and pain scores in hospitalized newborns. Method: This is a primary, observational, prospective clinical study, developed in a Brazilian public hospital. Demographic data, painful procedures, pain relief measures, vital signs, and pain scores were collected from the clinical records of 90 newborns admitted to the intensive care unit and evaluated between admission and the third day of admission. For statistical analysis, the software Statistic Package for the Social Sciences and the R Software were used. Results: Newborns underwent 2,732 painful procedures, 540 non-pharmacological and 216 pharmacological strategies. The most frequently performed procedure was the heel prick (20.96%). The most commonly recorded non-pharmacological strategy was dim lighting (28.33%) and continuous fentanyl (48.83%) was the main pharmacological measure adopted. Pain score and vital signs show variability in the period evaluated. Conclusion: Despite the high number of painful procedures, pain assessment records do not reflect procedural pain and the use of analgesic strategies was insufficient. RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar los procedimientos dolorosos, estrategias analgésicas, señales vitales y los scores de dolor en recién nascidos hospitalizados. Método: Estudio clínico primario, de observación, prospectivo, desarrollado en un hospital público brasileño. Datos demográficos, procedimientos dolorosos, medidas de alivio del dolor, señales vitales y scores de dolor fueron seleccionados de las historias clínicas de 90 recién nacidos admitidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y evaluados entre la admisión y el tercer día de hospitalización. Para el análisis estadístico fueron utilizados el programa Statistic Package for the Social Sciences y el Software R. Resultados: Los recién nacidos fueron sometidos a 2.732 procedimientos dolorosos, 540 estrategias no farmacológicas y 216 farmacológicas. El procedimiento más realizado fue la punción del talón (20,96%). La estrategia no farmacológica más común fue la reducción de luminosidad (28,33%) y el fetanyl continuo (48,83%) fue la principal medida farmacológica adoptada. Conclusión: A pesar del número elevado de procedimientos dolorosos, los registros de evaluación del dolor no reflejan el dolor procedural y el uso de las estrategias analgésicas fue insuficiente. RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os procedimentos dolorosos, estratégias analgésicas, sinais vitais e os escores de dor em recém-nascidos hospitalizados. Método: Estudo clínico primário, observacional, prospectivo, desenvolvido em um hospital público brasileiro. Dados demográficos, procedimentos dolorosos, medidas de alívio da dor, sinais vitais e escores de dor foram coletados dos prontuários clínicos de 90 recém-nascidos admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva e avaliados entre a admissão e o terceiro dia de internação. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados o programa Statistic Package for the Social Sciences e o Software R. Resultados: Os recém-nascidos foram submetidos a 2.732 procedimentos dolorosos, 540 estratégias não farmacológicas e 216 farmacológicas. O procedimento mais realizado foi a lancetagem de calcâneo (20,96%). A estratégia não farmacológica mais comumente registrada foi a redução de luminosidade (28,33%) e o fentanil contínuo (48,83%) foi a principal medida farmacológica adotada. O escore de dor e os sinais vitais apresentam variabilidade no período avaliado. Conclusão: A despeito do número elevado de procedimentos dolorosos, os registros de avaliação da dor não refletem a dor procedural e o uso das estratégias analgésicas foi insuficiente.

Background Electronic health (e-health) learning is a potential avenue to educate health professionals about accurately using infant pain assessment tools, although little is known about the impact of e-health interventions on clinical competence. Purpose To evaluate whether an e-health learning module for teaching the accurate use of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) pain assessment tool results in immediate and sustained competency to assess infant pain. Methods Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses who participated in a larger study across 2 tertiary NICUs in Canada examining the implementation and clinical utility of the PIPP-R e-learning module completed 2 follow-up evaluations at 1 week and 3 months. Participants were asked to view a video recording of an infant undergoing a painful procedure and to assess the infant's pain intensity response using the PIPP-R measure. Immediate and sustained competency was assessed via interrater consensus of participant-reported PIPP-R scores compared with those of an experienced trained coder. Results Of the 25 eligible nurses, 22 completed 1-week and 3-month follow-up evaluations. At the 1-week follow-up, 84% of nurses scored the video accurately compared with 50% at 3 months. Behavioral pain indicators were more likely to be scored incorrectly than physiological indicators. Implications for practice Follow-up training after completion of the initial e-learning module training may improve competency related to the clinical use of the PIPP-R tool to assess infant pain over time. Implications for research Additional study regarding the need and timing of e-health training to optimize sustained competency in infant pain assessment is warranted.

Objectives The Premature Infant Pain Profile-revised (PIPP-R) is a well-established measure for infant pain assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation and clinical utility of the PIPP-R electronic learning (e-Learning) module to promote standardized health care training for nurses. Materials and methods A descriptive mixed-methods study was conducted in 2 tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Canada. Nurses were recruited and asked to complete the PIPP-R e-Learning Module and evaluate it. A 26-item questionnaire was used to describe nurse demographics and clinical experience and to evaluate implementation success (ie, acceptability, feasibility, usability) and clinical utility. Results In all, 98 nurses from 2 settings in Central and Eastern Canada participated; most were registered nurses highly experienced in neonatal nursing care. The majority had received previous training on the PIPP-R (61.2%) and routinely used it in practice (67.4%). They considered the e-Learning module as acceptable and feasible as it was easy to access (94.9%) and to navigate (94.8%). Content was considered clear (98.9%) and met users' learning needs (99.0%). Nurses agreed that completing the module improved their understanding of neonatal pain (96.0%) and was clinically useful in improving their ability to assess pain in neonates (97.9%). The module was accessed primarily from work settings (77.8%) using desktop computers (49.0%) or tablets (28.0%) and was usually completed in a single session (75.7%). Discussion Nurses' evaluation of the PIPP-R e-Learning module was overwhelmingly positive. The module was perceived as easy to implement, clinically useful, and was considered as a promising online educational tool. Further testing in clinical practice is needed to build on the results of this study and support the importance of dissemination of this module for standardized training purposes.

BackgroundHospitalized infants undergo multiple painful procedures daily. Despite the significant evidence, procedural pain assessment and management continues to be suboptimal. Repetitive and untreated pain at this vital developmental juncture is associated with negative behavioral and neurodevelopmental consequences. To address this knowledge to practice gap, we developed the web-based Implementation of Infant Pain Practice Change (ImPaC) Resource to guide change in healthcare professionals’ pain practice behaviors. This protocol describes the evaluation of the intervention effectiveness and implementation of the Resource and how organizational context influences outcomes.MethodsAn effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 1 design, blending a cluster randomized clinical trial and a mixed-methods implementation study will be used. Eighteen Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) across Canada will be randomized to intervention (INT) or standard practice (SP) groups. NICUs in the INT group will receive the Resource for six months; those in the SP group will continue with practice as usual and will be offered the Resource after a six-month waiting period. Data analysts will be blinded to group allocation. To address the intervention effectiveness, the INT and SP groups will be compared on clinical outcomes including the proportion of infants who have procedural pain assessed and managed, and the frequency and nature of painful procedures. Data will be collected at baseline (before randomization) and at completion of the intervention (six months). Implementation outcomes (feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, and reach) will be measured at completion of the intervention. Sustainability will be assessed at six and 12 months following the intervention. Organizational context will be assessed to examine its influence on intervention and implementation outcomes.DiscussionThis mixed-methods study aims to determine the effectiveness and the implementation of a multifaceted online strategy for changing healthcare professionals’ pain practices for hospitalized infants. Implementation strategies that are easily and effectively implemented are important for sustained change. The results will inform healthcare professionals and decision-makers on how to address the challenges of implementing the Resource within various organizational contexts.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03825822. Registered 31 January 2019.

Objectives: to assess layout quality, visual identity and content of the “Neonatal Pain Assessment Program” (Programa de Avaliação da Dor Neonatal) online course. Methods: a descriptive exploratory study. The course was assessed by 24 experts in pain, neonatology and education. A form containing 20 questions on technical, interface and educational aspects was used. For each item, the score ranged from 0 to 1. Mean scores above 0.7 were considered indicative of high quality of the items. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: navigation, clarity, ease of localization, content relevance, contextualization, content correction, multiple windows, ease of use, ease of return, ergonomics, esthetics, special brands, audiovisual resources, information and portability were assessed. All aspects obtained a mean ≥ 0.70 and no changes were required. Conclusions: the Neonatal Pain Assessment Program is considered as quality educational technology and promising strategy for health education. RESUMEN Objetivos: evalúe la calidad del diseño, la identidad visual y el contenido del curso en línea “Programa de Evaluación del Dolor Neonatal” (Programa de Avaliação da Dor Neonatal). Métodos: estudio exploratorio descriptivo. El curso fue evaluado por 24 especialistas en las áreas de dolor, neonatología y educación. Se utilizó un formulario con 20 preguntas sobre aspectos técnicos, de interfaz y educativos. Para cada ítem, los puntajes variaron de 0 a 1. Los puntajes promedio por encima de 0.7 se consideraron indicativos de alta calidad de ítems. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas para el análisis de datos. Resultados: se evaluaron: navegación libre, claridad, facilidad de localización, relevancia de contenido, contextualización, corrección de contenido, ventanas múltiples, facilidad de uso, facilidad de retorno, ergonomía, estética, marcas especiales, recursos audiovisuales, información y portabilidad. Todos los aspectos obtuvieron una media ≥ 0,70 y no se requirieron cambios. Conclusiones: el Programa de Evaluación del Dolor Neonatal se considera una tecnología educativa de calidad y una estrategia prometedora para la educación para la salud. RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a qualidade do layout, da identidade visual e do conteúdo do curso online “Programa de Avaliação da Dor Neonatal”. Métodos: estudo exploratório descritivo. O curso foi avaliado por 24 especialistas nas áreas de dor, neonatologia e educação. Foi utilizado um formulário contendo 20 questões sobre aspectos técnicos, de interface e educacionais. Para cada item, a pontuação variou de 0 a 1. Escores médios acima de 0,7 foram considerados indicativos de alta qualidade dos itens. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para análise dos dados. Resultados: foram avaliados: navegação livre, clareza, facilidade de localização, pertinência do conteúdo, contextualização, correção de conteúdo, múltiplas janelas, facilidade de aprendizagem, eficiência de utilização, facilidade de retorno, ergonomia, estética, marcas especiais, recursos audiovisuais, informações e portabilidade. Todos os aspectos obtiveram média ≥ 0,70, não sendo necessárias modificações. Conclusões: considera-se o Programa de Avaliação da Dor Neonatal como tecnologia educacional de qualidade e estratégia promissora para a educação em saúde.

This study sought to describe and quantify the pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies used to relieve the pain/stress of neonates during hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units.This quantitative, longitudinal, and descriptive study examined 50 neonates from neonatal intensive care unit admission to discharge.A total of 9,948 painful/stressful procedures were recorded (mean = 11.25 ± 6.3) per day per neonate. A total of 11,722 pain-management and relief interventions were performed, of which 11,495 (98.1%) were nonpharmacological strategies, and 227 (1.9%) were pharmacological interventions. On average, each neonate received 235 pain-management and treatment interventions during hospitalization, 13 nonpharmacological interventions per day, and one pharmacological intervention every 2 days.Neonates receive few specific measures for pain relief given the high number of painful and stressful procedures performed during hospitalization. Thus, it is essential to implement effective pain-relief protocols.Descrever e quantificar as estratégias farmacológicas e não farmacológicas utilizadas para alívio da dor/estresse de recém-nascidos durante a hospitalização em unidades neonatais.Estudo quantitativo, descritivo longitudinal desenvolvido com 50 recém-nascidos admitidos e acompanhados até a alta da unidade neonatal.Foram registrados 9.948 procedimentos dolorosos/estressantes, média de 11,25 (± 6,3) por dia por neonato. Foram registradas 11.722 intervenções para controle e alívio da dor, sendo 11.495 (98,1%) estratégias não farmacológicas e 227 (1,9%) farmacológicas. Cada neonato recebeu, em média, 235 intervenções de controle e tratamento da dor em sua hospitalização, sendo 13 intervenções não farmacológicas por dia e uma intervenção farmacológica a cada 2 dias.Os neonatos receberam poucas medidas específicas para o alívio da dor, considerando o elevado número de procedimentos dolorosos e estressantes ao longo da internação. Nesse sentido, considera-se essencial a implementação de protocolos efetivos que visam ao alívio da dor.

Objective To compare the efficacy of oral sweet solutions to water or no treatment in infants aged 1–12 months during immunisation. Methods Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved through internet searches or manual searches of reference lists. Search terms included newborn, infant, pain, sucrose and alternative names for sweet solutions. Summary estimates with 95% CIs were calculated and included relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB) for dichotomous outcomes, and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous outcomes. Where pooling of results was not possible, a narrative summary of study results is presented. Results Of the 695 studies identified, 14 RCTs with 1674 injections met the inclusion criteria. Sucrose or glucose, compared to water or no treatment decreased crying during or following immunisation in 13 of the 14 studies. Infants receiving 30% glucose (three trials, 243 infants) had a decreased RR in crying incidence following immunisation (typical RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93; RD −0.17, 95% CI −0.29 to −0.05; NNTB 6, 95% CI 3 to 20). With sucrose or glucose, there was a 10% WMD reduction in proportion of crying time (95% CI −18 to −2) and a 12 s reduction in crying duration (95% CI −23 to −0.7 s). An optimal dose of sucrose or glucose could not be ascertained due to the varied volumes and concentrations used. Conclusion Infants aged 1–12 months administered sucrose or glucose before immunisation had moderately reduced incidence and duration of crying. Healthcare professionals should consider using sucrose or glucose before and during immunisation.

Objetivo: Identificar as revisões sistemáticas referentes ao controle da dor no neonato, catalogadas na Biblioteca Cochrane. Métodos: Utilizou-se os descritores pain e neonate. Resultados: Identificou-se seis publicações. Os temas abordados foram: dor resultante de procedimentos (uma revisão); métodos não-farmacológicos para o alívio da dor (duas) e métodos farmacológicos para analgesia (três). Conclusões: As revisões, de modo geral, apontam para a necessidade de condução de novos estudos clínicos, com amostras significativas e delineamentos adequados, para que mais evidências permitam instituir adequado controle da dor neonatal na prática clínica.Objetivo: Identificar las revisiones sistemáticas relacionadas con el control del dolor en el neonato, catalogadas en la Biblioteca Cochrane. Métodos: Se utilizaron las palabras clave pain y neonate. Resultados: Se identificaron seis publicaciones. Los temas abordados fueron: dolor resultante de procedimientos (una revisión); métodos no-farmacológicos para el alivio del dolor (dos) y métodos farmacológicos para analgesia (tres). Conclusiones: Las revisiones, de modo general, apuntan para la necesidad de conducir nuevos estudios clínicos, con muestras significativas y delineamientos adecuados, para que nuevas evidencias permitan instituir un adecuado control del dolor neonatal en la práctica clínica.Objective: Tocritically analyze the systematic reviews on neonatal pain management published in the Cochrane library database. Methods: The keywords "pain" and "neonate" were used to search the database. Results: Six systematic reviews were retrieved. The main themes addressed by these systematic reviews were the following: pain related to therapeutic procedures (one review), non-pharmacological approaches for pain management (two reviews), and pharmacological approaches for pain management (three reviews). Conclusion: The systematic reviews suggested the need for other clinical studies with larger sample size and stronger research design. These studies would provide further evidence regarding the best approaches for adequate for managing pain in the neonatal population.

OBJETIVOS: Identificar o método utilizado para avaliar a dor pós-operatória em cirurgia cardíaca neonatal; verificar a freqüência de avaliação e identificar a prevalência de dor pós-operatória. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com coleta de dados retrospectiva. RESULTADOS: A maioria (80,0%) dos neonatos foi avaliada quanto a dor, o método mais utilizado foi a escala Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) (56,7%). A freqüência de avaliações variou entre uma e 13 vezes e a maior parte dos neonatos teve sete ou mais avaliações. A maioria (56,7%) apresentou registro de dor e a média de episódios de dor foi 1,8. CONCLUSÃO: Tanto o método quanto a freqüência de avaliação de dor não seguem padronização e a prevalência de ocorrência de dor foi elevada.OBJETIVOS: Identificar el método utilizado para evaluar el dolor post-operatoria en cirugía cardiaca neonatal; verificar la frecuencia de la evaluación e identificar la prevalencia del dolor post-operatorio. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con recolección de datos retrospectiva. RESULTADOS: La mayoría (80,0%) de neonatos fue evaluado en cuanto al dolor, el método más utilizado fue la escala Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) (56,7%). La frecuencia de evaluaciones varió entre una y 13 veces y la mayor parte de los neonatos tuvo siete o más evaluaciones. La mayoría (56,7%) presentó registro de dolor y el promedio de los episodios fue de 1,8. CONCLUSIÓN: el método respecto a la frecuencia de evaluaciones del dolor no siguen un patrón y la prevalencia de su ocurrencia fue elevada.Objectives: To identify pain assessment methods used in neonates who underwent cardiac surgeries, to verify pain assessment frequency and to verify pain prevalence. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Retrospective data collection. RESULTS: Pain assessment was performed in most (80.0%) of the neonates, between one and thirteen times. Specific pain assessment scale was used in 56.7% neonates. Pain assessment was done from one to thirteen times, 56.7% experienced pain and suffered a mean of 1.8 pain episodes. CONCLUSION: There is no standardized pain assessment or pain assessment frequency and the prevalence of pain was high.

Background Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) show that breastfeeding newborn infants during painful procedures reduces pain. Mechanisms are considered to be multifactorial and include sucking, skin-to-skin contact, warmth, rocking, sound and smell of the mother, and possibly endogenous opiates present in the breast milk. Objectives To determine the effect of breastfeeding on procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period (first 28 days of life) up to one year of age compared to no intervention, placebo, parental holding, skin-to-skin contact, expressed breast milk, formula milk, bottle feeding, sweet-tasting solutions (e.g. sucrose or glucose), distraction, or other interventions. Search methods We searched the following databases to 18 February 2016: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE including In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsycINFO (OVID), and CINAHL (EBSCO); the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT), ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) (apps.who.int/trialsearch/) for ongoing trials. Selection criteria We included RCTs and quasi-RCTs involving infants aged 28 days postnatal to 12 months and receiving breastfeeding while undergoing a painful procedure. Comparators included, but were not limited to, oral administration of water, sweet-tasting solutions, expressed breast or formula milk, no intervention, use of pacifiers, positioning, cuddling, distraction, topical anaesthetics, and skin-to-skin care. Procedures included, but were not limited to: subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, venipuncture, intravenous line insertion, heel lance, and finger lance. We applied no language restrictions. Data collection and analysis We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently considered trials for inclusion in the review, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. The main outcome measures were behavioural or physiological indicators and composite pain scores, as well as other clinically important outcomes reported by the authors of included studies. We pooled data for the most comparable outcomes and where data from at least two studies could be included. We used mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI), employing a random-effects model for continuous outcomes measured on the same scales. For continuous outcomes measured on different scales, we pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) and associated 95% CIs. For dichotomous outcomes, we planned to pool events between groups across studies using risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs. However, as insufficient studies reported dichotomous outcomes, we did not pool such events. We assessed the evidence using GRADE and created a 'Summary of findings' table. Main results We included 10 studies with a total of 1066 infants. All studies were conducted during early childhood immunisation. As the breastfeeding intervention cannot be blinded, we rated all studies as being at high risk of bias for blinding of participants and personnel. We assessed nine studies as being at low risk of bias for incomplete outcome data. In addition, we rated nine studies as high risk for blinding of outcome assessment. We scored risk of bias related to random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and selective reporting as unclear for the majority of the studies due to lack of information. Our primary outcome was pain. Breastfeeding reduced behavioural pain responses (cry time and pain scores) during vaccination compared to no treatment, oral water, and other interventions such as cuddling, oral glucose, topical anaesthetic, massage, and vapocoolant. Breastfeeding did not consistently reduce changes in physiological indicators, such as heart rate. We pooled data for duration of cry from six studies (n = 547 infants). Breastfeeding compared to water or no treatment resulted in a 38-second reduction in cry time (MD -38, 95% CI -50 to -26; P < 0.00001). The quality of the evidence according to GRADE for this outcome was moderate, as most infants were 6 months or younger, and outcomes may be different for infants during their 12-month immunisation. We pooled data for pain scores from five studies (n = 310 infants). Breastfeeding was associated with a 1.7-point reduction in standardised pain scores (SMD -1.7, 95% CI -2.2 to -1.3); we considered this evidence to be of moderate quality as data were primarily from infants younger than 6 months of age. We could pool heart rate data following injections for only two studies (n = 186); we considered this evidence to be of low quality due to insufficient data. There were no differences between breastfeeding and control (MD -3.6, -23 to 16). Four of the 10 studies had more than two study arms. Breastfeeding was more effective in reducing crying duration or pain scores during vaccination compared to: 25% dextrose and topical anaesthetic cream (EMLA), vapocoolant, maternal cuddling, and massage. No included studies reported adverse events. Authors' conclusions We conclude, based on the 10 studies included in this review, that breastfeeding may help reduce pain during vaccination for infants beyond the neonatal period. Breastfeeding consistently reduced behavioural responses of cry duration and composite pain scores during and following vaccinations. However, there was no evidence that breastfeeding had an effect on physiological responses. No studies included in this review involved populations of hospitalised infants undergoing other skin-breaking procedures. Although it may be possible to extrapolate the review results to this population, further studies of efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability in this population are warranted.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Hospitalized newborns are often submitted to painful and stressing procedures. Adequately measuring and evaluating pain favor its control in this population. For such, education and training strategies are important, emphasizing computer-based technology, which involves software, multimedia packages and network connection. This article aimed at describing the Neonatal Pain Assessment Program II.CASE REPORT:The platform used to host the Neonatal Pain Assessment Program II is the Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (Moodle). The program is made up of eight modules addressing contents regarding pain anatomy and physiology, neonatal pain indicators, use of pain evaluation tools, in addition to detailed explanations of four specific tools to evaluate newborn pain. Resources such as audio presentations, formative evaluation exercises with photos and videos, texts for additional reading and discussion forums are also used.CONCLUSION:Computer-based teaching may be considered important knowledge translation facilitator. So, we believe that this initiative, considered novel and innovative, shall favor the use of clinical evidences in different neonatal assistance scenarios, as well as shall enhance knowledge and skills of health students and professionals with regard to neonatal pain evaluation.

Objetivou-se caracterizar as estratégias de analgesia e sedação em neonatos submetidos à instalação do cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) e relacioná-las ao número de punções venosas, duração do procedimento e posicionamento da ponta do cateter. Estudo transversal com coleta prospectiva de dados, realizado em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais de um hospital privado na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 31 de agosto de 2010 a 01 de julho de 2011, em que foram avaliadas 254 inserções do CCIP. A adoção de estratégias analgésicas ou sedativas ocorreu em 88 (34,6%) instalações do cateter e não esteve relacionada ao número de punções venosas, duração do procedimento ou posicionamento da ponta do cateter. As estratégias mais frequentes foram a administração endovenosa de midazolam em 47 (18,5%) e fentanil em 19 (7,3%) inserções do cateter. Recomenda-se maior adoção de estratégias analgésicas antes, durante e após o procedimento. El objetivo fue caracterizar las estrategias de la analgesia y sedación en neonatos sometidos a la instalación del catéter venoso central de inserción periférica (CCIP) y relacionarlas con el número de punciones venosas, duración del procedimiento y la posición de la punta del catéter. Estudio transversal con recolección prospectiva de datos conducido en unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal de un hospital privado en la ciudad de Sao Paulo; realizado en el periodo del 31 de agosto de 2010 al 01 de julio de 2011 donde fueron evaluadas 254 instalaciones del CCIP. La adopción de estrategias analgésicas o sedación ocurrió en 88 (34,6%) instalaciones de catéter y no estuvo relacionada con el número de punciones venosas, duración del procedimiento o la posición de la punta del catéter. Las estrategias más utilizadas fueron la administración intravenosa de Midazolam en 47 (18,5%) y Fentanil en 19 (7,3%) respectivamente. Se recomienda una mayor adopción de estrategias analgésicas antes, durante y después del procedimiento. This study aimed to characterize the analgesia and sedation strategies in neonates having a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placed, and to relate it to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure and catheter tip position. This was a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection, conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, during the period from August 31, 2010 to July 1, 2011, which evaluated 254 PICC insertions. The adoption of analgesic or sedative strategies occurred in 88 (34.6%) catheter placements and was not related to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure or catheter tip position. Intravenous administration of midazolam, in 47 (18.5%), and fentanyl, in 19 (7.3%), catheter insertions were the most frequent strategies. Wider adoption of analgesic strategies is recommended before, during and after the procedure.

OBJECTIVE: The study goal was to compare the efficacy of expressed breast milk (EBM) versus 25% glucose on pain responses of late preterm infants during heel lancing. METHODS: In a noninferiority randomized controlled trial, a total of 113 newborns were randomized to receive EBM (experimental group [EG]) or 25% glucose (control group [CG]) before undergoing heel lancing. The primary outcome was pain intensity (Premature Infant Pain Profile [PIPP]) and a 10% noninferiority margin was established. Secondary outcomes were incidence of cry and percentage of time spent crying and adverse events. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was used. RESULTS: Groups were similar regarding demographics and clinical characteristics, except for birth weight and weight at data collection day. There were lower pain scores in the CG over 3 minutes after lancing (P < .001). A higher number of infants in the CG had PIPP scores indicative of minimal pain or absence of pain (P = .002 and P = .003 on ITT analysis) at 30 seconds after lancing, and the mean difference in PIPP scores was 3 (95% confidence interval: 1.507–4.483). Lower incidence of cry (P = .001) and shorter duration of crying (P = .014) were observed for CG. Adverse events were benign and self-limited, and there was no significant difference between groups (P = .736 and P = .637 on ITT analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Results based on PIPP scores and crying time indicate poorer effects of EBM compared with 25% glucose during heel lancing. Additional studies exploring the vol and administration of EBM and its combination with other strategies such as skin-to-skin contact and sucking are necessary.

The objectives of this study were to verify the frequency of pharmacological analgesia and the occurrence of postoperative pain in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study and data were collected from 30 medical charts of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery in a private hospital in the city of São Paulo. RESULTS: The majority (96.6%) of neonates received analgesia: 18 (60.0%) received continuous analgesics, five (16.7%) received intermittent drugs, and six (20.0%) received a combination of continuous and intermittent analgesics. Fentanyl citrate was continuously administered to 24 (80.0%) neonates. Intermittent dipyrone and morphine was administered to ten (33.3%) and one (3.3%) neonates, respectively. Pain registers were observed in 17 (56.7%) medical charts and the occurrence of pain among neonates who received analgesics was 53.4%. CONCLUSION: There was no efficacy in pharmacological postoperative pain control in the neonates included in this study. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron verificar la frecuencia de cobertura analgésica farmacológica y la aparición de dolor postoperatorio en neonatos sometidos a la cirugía cardiaca. MÉTODO: Se Trata de un estudio transversal con recolección de datos de Historias Clínicas de 30 neonatos sometidos a cirugía cardiaca en un hospital privado de la ciudad de San Pablo. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de cobertura analgésica fue de 96,6%, 18(60,0%) recibieron analgesia continua, cinco (16,7%) intermitente y seis (20,0%) intermitente y continua. El citrato de fentanil fue administrado continuamente a 24 (80,0%) neonatos. Dipirona y morfina fueron administradas en dosis intermitentes a diez (33,3%) y a un (3,3%) neonatos, respectivamente. Fueron identificados registros de ocurrencia de dolor en 17 (56,7%) Historias Clínicas. La ocurrencia de dolor postoperatorio en recién nacidos con cobertura analgésica fue 53,4 %. CONCLUSIÓN: los datos apuntan que el abordaje analgésico adoptado se mostró ineficaz para controlar el dolor postoperatorio en los neonatos estudiados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar freqüência de cobertura analgésica farmacológica e ocorrência de dor pós-operatória em neonatos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com coleta de dados de prontuários de 30 neonatos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca em um hospital privado da cidade de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: a freqüência de cobertura analgésica foi de 96,6%, 18(60%) receberam analgesia contínua, cinco (16,7%) intermitente e seis (20%) intermitente e contínua. O citrato de fentanil foi administrado continuamente a 24 (80%) neonatos. Dipirona e morfina foram administradas em doses intermitentes a dez (33,3%) e um (3,3%) neonato, respectivamente. Foram identificados registros de ocorrência de dor em 17 (56,7%) prontuários. A ocorrência de dor pós-operatória em recém-nascidos com cobertura analgésica foi 53,4%. CONCLUSÃO: os dados apontam que a abordagem analgésica adotada mostrou-se ineficaz para controlar a dor pós-operatória nos neonatos estudados.

OBJECTIVE To analyze nurses' knowledge and practices regarding pain management of newborns admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units. METHOD A descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 51 nurses based on an adapted questionnaire aimed at evaluating knowledge and practices regarding the management of neonatal pain in six hospitals in Curitiba and its Metropolitan Region. RESULTS For most nurses (86.0%), neonates feel pain. A total of 34.7% of the nurses reported never using pain assessment scales. Pain management was recorded by 84.3% of the nurses. Administered pharmacological measures were Paracetamol and Fentanyl (47.1%) and Morphine (17.6%); while non-pharmacological measures adopted were sweetened solution (68.6%), non-nutritive sucking (58.8%) and positioning (56.9%). CONCLUSION Nurses considered neonatal pain a real event; however, they do not perform pain assessment or treatment of newborns in a systematized way.It is necessary to implement knowledge translation strategiesin order to improve pain management in newborns. Resumen OBJETIVO Verificar el conocimiento y las prácticas de los enfermeros sobre el manejo del dolor de recién nacidos admitidos en Unidades de Tratamiento Intensivo Neonatal. MÉTODO Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Los datos fueron recolectados con 51 enfermeros, mediante un cuestionario adaptado que tiene el fin de evaluar el conocimiento y las prácticas acerca del manejo del dolor neonatal, en seis hospitales de Curitiba y Región Metropolitana. RESULTADOS Para la mayoría de los enfermeros (86,0%), los neonatos sienten dolor. Un total del 34,7% afirmaron nunca utilizar escalas de evaluación del dolor. El registro del manejo del dolor fue realizado por el 84,3% de los enfermeros. Las medidas farmacológicas realizadas fueron Paracetamol y Fentanilo (47,1%) y Morfina (17,6%); las no farmacológicas adoptadas fueron solución azucarada (68,6%), succión no nutritiva (58,8%) y posicionamiento (56,9%). CONCLUSIÓN Los enfermeros consideraron el dolor neonatal como un evento real; sin embargo, no realizaban evaluación o tratamiento del dolor en el recién nacido de modo sistematizado. Es necesario implantar estrategias de traducción del conocimiento a fin de perfeccionar el manejo del dolor de recién nacidos. Resumo OBJETIVO Verificar o conhecimento e as práticasdos enfermeiros sobreo manejo da dor de recém-nascidos admitidos em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal. MÉTODO Estudo descritivo e transversal. Os dados foram coletados com 51 enfermeiros, a partir de um questionário adaptado que visa avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas sobre o manejo da dor neonatal, em seis hospitais de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. RESULTADOS Para a maioria dos enfermeiros(86,0%), os neonatos sentem dor. Um total de 34,7% afirmaramnunca utilizar escalas de avaliaçãoda dor. O registro do manejo da dor foi realizado por 84,3% dos enfermeiros. As medidas farmacológicas realizadas foram Paracetamol e Fentanil (47,1%) e Morfina (17,6%);as não farmacológicas adotadas foram solução adocicada (68,6%), sucção não nutritiva (58,8%) e posicionamento (56,9%). CONCLUSÃO Os enfermeiros consideraram a dor neonatal como um evento real, porém não realizavam avaliação ou tratamento da dor no recém-nascido de modosistematizado. É necessário implementarestratégias de tradução do conhecimento paraaprimorar o manejo da dor de recém-nascidos.