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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e comparar o funcionamento dos conselhos deliberativos das Reservas Extrativistas (RESEX) marinhas Caeté-Taperaçu e Araí-Peroba, a partir de alguns critérios da governança territorial. O estudo foi realizado nas RESEX Marinhas Caeté-Taperaçu (município de Bragança) e na Araí-Peroba (município de Augusto Corrêa), criadas em 2005, na região nordeste do estado do Pará. O trabalho foi elaborado a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados se deu através de dados secundários, questionários e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Observou-se que, apesar das dificuldades, o conselho deliberativo da RESEX marinha Caeté-Taperaçu está funcionando, embora com uma gestão centralizada e ineficiente. Já o conselho deliberativo da RESEX marinha Araí-Peroba encontra-se inativo desde 2014. Os motivos foram: a falta de uma gestão descentralizada, o difícil acesso a RESEX, entendimento do significado de uma RESEX, forte assistencialismo e a política partidária. Conclui-se que, apesar da governança territorial ser uma inovação social para a gestão dos territórios de RESEX marinhas, nos conselhos deliberativos Caeté-Taperaçu e Araí-Peroba falta uma governança, visto que, identificou-se arranjos institucionais enfraquecidos e participações não efetivas das comunidades extrativistas no processo de decisão.

International audience; Agroforestry systems (AFS) are presented as systems likely to meet a variety of interests from diverse stakeholders embodied in sectoral policies such as forestry or environment policies. However, they are in a process of being institutionalized in Europe through specific policy instruments mostly within agricultural policies. In this context, we investigated the agroforestry policyscape, meaning the social and spatial articulation between multiple policies impacting agroforestry along a Mediterranean landscape gradient from agricultural intensification to land abandonment. We focused on the necessary conditions to promote socio-political synergies between practices, actors and instruments to tackle agroforestry, from preexisting to emerging systems and issues in these landscapes. We worked in two Mediterranean protected areas, the Ventoux Biosphere Reserve and the Verdon Regional Nature Park, and conducted in-depth interviews with 50 practitioners and sectoral representatives from diverse policies directly affecting AFS. We identified five categories of AFS, some of them being traditional declining practices while other ‘modern’ forms are currently emerging with the ongoing agro-ecological transition. We highlighted that while stakeholders and policies from multiple social groups are interested in some AFS such as silvopastures, others AFS such as silvoarable systems are confined to a single social and political field, the agricultural one, or even ignored by policies such as grazed orchards. Regarding this agroforestry policyscape, we discuss opportunities for agroforestry development with issues of policies coordination, lack of instruments, and need for synergies with environmental or land-use planning policies.

Mis à mal par la guerre civile, le braconnage et l'abattage massif des gros mammifères, le Parc naturel du Gorongosa renaît aujourd'hui de ses cendres grâce au Gorongosa Restoration Project, un ambitieux programme de conservation et de protection qui tient également compte des populations humaines avoisinantes. Ce projet particulièrement innovant a pour objectif de développer son champ d'action jusqu'à l'océan Indien.

In 2011, the Government of Uzbekistan established the Lower Amu Darya State Biosphere Reserve (LABR). This reserve aims to conserve the Tugay, an endangered riparian forest ecosystem straddling the main rivers of Central Asia's drylands, which is under extreme anthropogenic pressure. The LABR has reintroduced Bukhara red deer (Cervus hanglu bactrianus), a subspecies endemic to Asia whose numbers declined severely over the 20th century. The LABR development project aims to provide operational support to the Uzbek authorities for their application to join the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. GIZ (German Society for International Cooperation) requested CIRAD to provide a science-based estimate of the deer population in the LABR, using an internationally recognized method, and to issue recommendations to ensure ecologically and socio-economically sustainable management. The survey of the Bukhara red deer population began in October 2019. The study area covered 88 km2. The survey design consisted of 12 parallel straight lines 1400 m apart; the total transect length was 65 km. During the count, 127 observations of individuals or herds were made and a total of 336 individuals were observed. The data were analysed using DISTANCE 7.3 software. The encounter rates were 1.95 obs./km and 5.17 animals/km. The estimated density was 24 deer/km2 and the estimated total population was 2,112 deer [1,320 - 3,344, 95% CI]. The proportion of dead, dying or severely affected trees was roughly estimated at 10%, and the proportion of trees affected but with a good chance of survival at 15%. In the southern core area of the LABR, a very high proportion of seedlings and suckers was being eaten and the forest is no longer regenerating. Maintaining a population of 24 deer/km2 in the southern core area of LABR clearly seems incompatible with either the conservation of the Tugay forest ecosystem or the peaceful coexistence of deer with human populations adjacent to the LABR. Options to mitigate deer pressure include translocation to the northern core area of the LABR or other areas, and regulation of the deer population. The density is too high to ensure effective preservation of the species locally, although the deer population is under severe pressure in Asia as a whole.

International audience; The diversity of habitats in the Cévennes national Park is home to a rich flora, comprising more than 2400 species (angiosperms, gymnosperms, and ferns). A good knowledge of this flora is essential for the development of adapted management strategies. However, human resources for this purpose are limited, and the support of residents and visitors can help to increase the capacity to identify this biodiversity. As the rapid and correct identification of a large number of plant species by non-botanists is difficult, the Cévennes national Park has invested in the development of a new method based on automatic visual approaches to increase citizen participation. We report this experience here, based on the citizen scientific platform Pl@ntNet. This study underlines both the interest of civil society in this approach, the results it brings, and lays the foundations to facilitate its deployment in other French reserves and parks; La diversité des habitats du Parc national des Cévennes héberge une flore riche, composée de plus de 2400 espèces (angiospermes, gymnospermes et fougères). Une bonne connaissance de cette flore est essentielle pour le développement de stratégies de gestion adaptées. Les ressources humaines étant cependant limitées, l’appui des résidents et visiteurs, peut contribuer à multiplier les capacités de recensement de cette biodiversité. L’identification rapide et correcte d’un grand nombre d’espèces végétales étant difficile par des non-spécialistes de cette flore, le Parc national des Cévennes s’est investi dans le développement d’une nouvelle méthode basée sur des approches visuelles automatiques pour accroître la participation des citoyens. Nous rapportons ici cette expérience, s’appuyant sur la plateforme scientifique citoyenne Pl@ntNet. Cette étude souligne à la fois l’intérêt de la société civile pour cette approche, évalue les résultats qu’elle apporte, et pose les bases pour faciliter son déploiement dans d’autres réserves naturelles et parcs français.

Despite growing industrialization, the shift to a cash economy and natural resource overexploitation, indigenous people of the Amazon region hunt and trade wildlife in order to meet their livelihood requirements. Individual strategies, shaped by the hunters' values and expectations, are changing in response to the region's economic development, but they still face the contrasting challenges of poverty and overhunting. For conservation initiatives to be implemented effectively, it is crucial to take into account people's strategies with their underlying drivers and their adaptive capabilities within a transforming socio-economic environment. To uncover hunting strategies in the Colombian Amazon and their evolution under the current transition, we co-designed a role-playing game together with the local stakeholders. The game revolves around the tension between ecological sustainability and food security—hunters' current main concern. It simulates the mosaic of activities that indigenous people perform in the wet and dry season, while also allowing for specific hunting strategies. Socio-economic conditions change while the game unfolds, opening up to emerging alternative potential scenarios suggested by the stakeholders themselves. Do hunters give up hunting when given the opportunity of an alternative income and protein source? Do institutional changes affect their livelihoods? We played the game between October and December 2016 with 39 players—all of them hunters—from 9 different communities within the Ticoya reserve. Our results show that providing alternatives would decrease overall hunting effort, but impacts are not spatially homogenous. Legalizing trade could lead to overhunting except when market rules and competition come into place. When it comes to coupled human-nature systems, the best way forward to produce socially just and resilient conservation strategies might be to trigger an adaptive process of experiential learning and scenario exploration. The use of games as “boundary objects” can guide stakeholders through the process, eliciting the plurality of their strategies, their drivers and how outside change affects them., Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, ISSN:2296-701X

We report on the long-distance movements of subadult female buffalo within a Transfrontier Conservation Area in Africa. Our observations confirm that bovine tuberculosis and other diseases can spread between buffalo populations across national parks, community land, and countries, thus posing a risk to animal and human health in surrounding wildlife areas.

On a global scale, protected areas (PAs) are one of the main tools used for biodiversity conservation. However, accelerated biodiversity loss and lack of social acceptance of PAs call into question their ability to reach long-term biodiversity conservation objectives. To address this, conservation scientists and practitioners have moved from segregative to integrative models of PAs. When the segregative model sees PAs as human exclusion zones, the integrative model considers conservation and development projects and multiple partnerships with local stakeholders within and outside PAs. Given this paradigmatic evolution, a PA and its surrounding landscape are increasingly regarded as a single social-ecological system (SES). This development brings new challenges for conservationists: How should these complex and dynamic systems be managed, and how can their pathways be described and piloted? Using French nature reserves (NRs) as case studies, we propose a framework for analyzing the integration pathways of PAs within their social-ecological context. We identified the pathways of 10 NRs according to their degree of integration in the surrounding landscape (spatial), their management objectives (sectoral), and their governance systems (institutional). We analyzed these pathways using three metaphors associated with resilience thinking (adaptive cycle, adaptation, and transformation). We discussed how these 10 NRs have changed over time, revealing how practitioners anticipate future pathways and avoid undesirable states. Through an exploration of the totality of an SES’s spatial, sectoral, and institutional pathways, the framework we propose is a potential tool for identifying opportunities and constraints for long-term conservation actions.

Xu et al. (1) make a most useful contribution to the debate on protected areas (PAs) in China and make a welcome focus on ecosystem services rather than threatened species. Nonetheless, their continued focus is on the establishment of PAs, rather than wider landscape-scale approaches, which are more suitable to the Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals. In particular, they say, “First, there is no PA type particular to ecosystem services conservation and directly aimed at enhancing ecological security for human beings. Nature reserves are established primarily for biodiversity conservation, not for ecosystem services. Second, important areas for conservation of biodiversity and … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: peter.bridgewater{at}canberra.edu.au. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Protected areas are often burdened with conflicts between environmental managers and neighboring rural communities. Unsuccessful top-down approaches for conservation may be replaced by alternative forms of systemic management involving local actors in the design and implementation of conservation management. Although theoretically sound and appealing, the involvement of local residents in the management of protected areas is often impaired in practice by scale mismatches, conflicting values and interests, power imbalance, and a lack of trust among actors. In this paper, we describe a process initiated in Zimbabwe to create a fair and balanced locally designed arena where local communities and protected area managers may collaborate to produce effective management plans. Adopting the Companion Modeling approach, we conducted a participatory modeling experiment to codesign a role-playing game that simulates the interactions between farming activities, livestock herding practices, and wildlife in a virtual landscape reproducing local social-ecological dynamics. After 18 months of intensive ethnographical fieldwork to gain knowledge and legitimacy, we spent one year codesigning the first version of the game with a group of volunteer villagers. The game, called Kulayijana (teaching each other), was tested and validated by other members of the rural communities and subsequently presented to protected area managers. We show how this approach allowed the negotiation of uncertainties and their inclusion in a model that constitutes a shared representation of farmers' interactions with the protected area. We emphasize the fact that working with marginalized actors first increased participation, appropriation, and confidence of rural communities to engage in a multistakeholder debate, thus reducing power imbalance among actors. We conclude by discussing the next phase of our work: the necessary involvement of conservation actors in the Kulayijana team, and the implementation of Kulayijana with higher hierarchical levels.

Contains fulltext : 160988.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Biosphere reserves are an example of social-ecological systems that combine biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic development with knowledge generation and dissemination (both scientific and local). We review lessons learned from case studies biosphere reserves in western African and France, highlighting the importance of early stakeholder engagement to build knowledge for achieving sustainable development. We discuss the evolution of the concept of biosphere reserves and its application over time in different socioeconomic and cultural settings. The diversity of stakeholders and their different needs and perceptions about nature conservation complicate implementation processes, sometimes resulting in conflicts about the objectives and zonation of biosphere reserves. Dialogue among the different stakeholders must start at an early planning phase and be based on the principle of social and ecological solidarity. Dialogue must then be pursued, formalized, ritualized, and translated both in terms of biosphere reserve management and in terms of political support. Tools and methods exist that can facilitate such dialogue and colearning. 9 p.

Background In the great Limpopo transfrontier conservation area (GLTFCA), there is an increased interface between wildlife and domestic animals, because rural households move their cattle into the game park in search of grazing and watering resources. This creates opportunities for inter-species transmission of infectious diseases, including zoonoses like brucellosis and tuberculosis, which may also pose a health risk to the local rural communities. This study investigated the awareness, perceptions and practices on zoonoses amongst rural cattle owners, commodity chain- and health-workers in three different localities around Gonarezhou National Park (GNP), Zimbabwe, where the interface between wild and domestic animals varies. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Malipati, Chikombedzi and Chiredzi that are considered to be high-, medium- and low-domestic animal-wildlife interface areas, respectively. Data was collected from cattle owners, commodity chain and health-workers using a semi-structured questionnaire. To determine the public health risk of food-borne zoonoses, their practices with regard to meat and milk consumptions, and measures they take to prevent exposure to infections were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. Results Most respondents (52.8 %, 102/193) were cattle owners, followed by health (30.1 %, 58/193) and lastly commodity chain workers (17.1 %, 33/193). Overall 67.4 % (130/193) of the respondents were aware of zoonoses with respective 48, 81.8, and 93.1 % of cattle owners, commodity chain, and health workers, being aware. Significantly more cattle owners (P

During the Bukavu Conference on flora and fauna conservation (26-31 October 1953), a French delegation submitted a recommendation, which was unanimously adopted, calling for an overall policy for nature protection in Africa. The 1933 London Convention, which only addressed the “conservation of fauna and flora in their natural state”, no longer seems adequate: the conservation of a few animal or plant species and the creation of national parks and nature reserves only address particular areas of nature conservation, which need to be extended to protect the whole environment in which African people live. This includes spontaneous vegetation, which protects water and soils and forms not only forests but also indeterminate “bush”. A specific convention for Africa is justified because nature in Africa is different and more seriously endangered than elsewhere. It is in danger because of the extreme climate, but also from bush fires and slash-and-burn agriculture that cannot sustain the undernourished population. Savannah encroachment, soil erosion and impoverishment and desertification are gaining ground. A common policy for all African territories has become essential to ensure their protection, and also to fight epidemics. Africa's nature forms a whole that has no boundaries, but natural regions that interact climatically. Over and above a Charter for nature protection in Africa, the issue is that of protecting Africa's populations, but without subjecting them to scientific planning that disregards their customary practices. Abstract adapted by the editorial team.

Pastoralism and agriculture have affected rangeland ecosystems over the past millennia, including many ecosystems that are currently protected as reserves. However, the legacy of these land-use practices on current ecosystem functioning remains unclear. We studied legacy effects of former human land use on soil physical and chemical properties in a South African savanna. We did this by comparing soil properties in grazing lawns (patches of short grass maintained by the positive feedback between grazing intensity and forage quality) with the surrounding less grazed bunch grasslands within three different human land-use history contexts: (i) Abandoned bomas: permanent stone enclosures where livestock were kept overnight, and dung and urine accumulated for several years or decades. (ii) Old fields: areas where vegetation was cleared, soil tilled, and cultivated, but received little or no fertilization. (iii) Natural grasslands: not cultivated but grazed by livestock before the establishment of the reserve and wildlife thereafter. Former human land use rather than soil texture was the main determinant of grazing lawn location. Moreover, lawn soil properties also varied among land-use histories. In all grazing lawns, soil nutrient concentrations were higher than in adjacent grasslands but abandoned bomas contained three times more phosphorus, and twice as much nitrogen and carbon than old fields and natural grassland lawns. In addition to past land use, soil texture influenced lawn soil nutrients: Concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total nitrogen, and carbon in lawns were higher on clayey soils than sandy soils, whereas phosphorus, C:N ratio, and pH did not change with soil texture. Our study confirms previous findings on the effect of human land use on savanna heterogeneity, but also highlights how legacy effects may vary among different historic land-use practices.

During the last four decades, nature conservation in protected areas (PAs) has been characterized by major changes. Early PAs have often been perceived as human-exclusion areas, whereas modern PAs have been designated more as integrated conservation and development projects. This evolution has involved major changes in objectives, management practices, governance systems, and relationship of PA’s to their surrounding environments. Nowadays, PA managers take into account processes that go beyond PA boundaries, investigate economic and social issues of development, and pay a special attention to local involvement. Here, we focus on French Nature Reserves (NRs), one of the main regulatory tools of the French nature protection policy. We characterize the interactions between NRs and the socioecosystems in which they interact. This study focus on two scales: the national scale and all of the 277 nature reserves, and the local scale with 10 case studies. At the national scale, we show how the emergence of sustainable development discourses in the nature reserve network have led us to analyze institutional, organizational, cultural and political issues. We describe the distribution of NR practices along a gradient going from a traditional model to an integrative model. We explain the observed practices as a combination of three types of variables : (i) general geographical characteristics of the NRs; (ii) value systems and perceptions of managers and (iii) characteristics of surrounding environments. On the basis of 10 case studies, we characterize the socioecosystems constituted by NRs and their surroundings territories. We analyze the articulation identified at the national scale between conservation practices, characteristics of NRs, territories and managers, both inside the reserves and beyond their spatial and functional boundaries. On the basis of frameworks for analyzing sustainability of complex socioecosystems, ecological solidarity, political ecology and institutional approaches, we identify the key variables in the implementation of collective action and adaptive management of both NRs and socioecosystems. Our analysis illustrates the limits of the implemented institutional arrangements. We conclude on the idea of NR trajectories, and on the practical implications of this work for the French NR system.; Les politiques de conservation de la nature ont largement évolué ces quarante dernières années. Si les premières aires protégées ont été créées selon un modèle ségrégatif, elles s’inscrivent aujourd’hui dans des modèles intégratifs. De fait, les aires protégées et leurs gestionnaires ne jouent plus les mêmes rôles au sein des socioécosystèmes. Leurs objectifs, leurs pratiques de conservation, les modes de régulation et de prise de décision, l’articulation avec les territoires environnants ont évolué. Nous nous concentrons ici sur les réserves naturelles françaises (RN), l’un des principaux outils réglementaires de protection de la nature en France. Nous caractérisons les interactions entre RN et territoires et les enjeux qui y sont liés, dans la perspective de cette transition ségrégatif – intégratif. Cette étude porte sur deux échelles distinctes : l’échelle nationale et l’ensemble des 277 RN, et l’échelle locale avec 10 études de cas. À l’échelle nationale, l’analyse de l’émergence des thématiques liées au développement durable des territoires dans le réseau des RN met en évidence les enjeux institutionnels, organisationnels, culturels et stratégiques de ce réseau, et permet de discuter la thèse d’une institutionnalisation inachevée. Nous montrons ensuite qu’il existe différents types de RN selon les pratiques mises en œuvre par les gestionnaires. Nous analysons ces investissements variés sur la base de trois types de facteurs : (i) les caractéristiques géographiques des RN ; (ii) le gestionnaire : son système de valeur et son profil socioculturel et (iii) les caractéristiques du territoire environnant. Avec nos 10 cas d’étude, nous caractérisons les socioécosystèmes constitués par les RN et les territoires environnants. Nous analysons dans le détail l’articulation identifiée à l’échelle nationale entre perceptions des acteurs, pratiques, caractéristiques des sites, des territoires et des gestionnaires, à l’intérieur des RN, mais également au-delà de leurs limites spatiales et fonctionnelles. À l’aide des cadres d’analyse des socioécosystèmes complexes, de la solidarité écologique, de la political ecology et de l’analyse institutionnelle, nous identifions les interactions entre RN et territoire, et mettons en lumière les limites des arrangements institutionnels mis en œuvre. Nous concluons sur la notion de trajectoire des sites, et dans une perspective de recherche appliquée, sur les implications de nos résultats pour le réseau des RN.

Présentation de l'éditeur : The introduction of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) in southern Africa was based on an enchanting promise: simultaneously contributing to global biodiversity conservation initiatives, regional peace and integration, and the sustainable socio-economic development of rural communities. Cross-border collaboration and eco-tourism became seen as the vehicles of this promise, which would enhance regional peace and stability along the way. However, as these highly political projects take shape, conservation and development policymaking progressively shifts from the national to regional and global arenas, and the peoples most affected by TFCA formation tend to disappear from view. This book focuses on the forgotten people displaced by, or living on the edge of, protected wildlife areas. It moves beyond the grand 'enchanting promise' of conservation and development across frontiers, and unfounded notions of TFCAs as integrated social-ecological systems. Peoples' dependency on natural resources - the specific combination of crop cultivation, livestock keeping and natural resource harvesting activities - varies enormously along the conservation frontier, as does their reliance on resources on the other side of the conservation boundary. Hence, the studies in this book move from the dream of eco-tourism-fuelled development supporting nature conservation and people towards the local realities facing marginalized people, living adjacent to protected areas in environments often poorly suited to agriculture. Contents: Foreword (Professor Marshall W. Murphree). 1. People at wildlife frontiers in Southern Africa. 2. TFCAs and the invisible peoples. 3. Defining the edge: boundary formation and TFCAs in Southern Africa. 4. Population and livelihoods on the edge. 5. Ethnic heterogeneity and its implications for natural resources management on the edge. 6. On the edge of state and economy. 7. Resource gradients and movements across the edge of transfrontier parks. 8. Consequences of animals crossing the edges of transfrontier parks. 9. Land and natural resource-based livelihood opportunities in transfrontier conservation areas. 10. Whither TFCAs and people on the edge in Southern Africa? Index

International audience

La présentation des deux RB de Fontainebleau et du Gâtinais et de La Campana-Péñuelas dans le cadre des relations qu'elles entretiennent avec leur contexte régional, montre en quoi l'existence de RB en région métropolitaine est essentielle à la réflexion pour la construction du développement durable. Après un positionnement scientifique sur les Services Ecosystémiques qui cherche à prendre de la distance avec le cadre conceptuel du Millenium Ecosystems Assessment (MEA) pour appréhender les SES, nous mettons en évidence qu'il permet de souligner les interactions entre systèmes sociaux et naturels mais qu'il se focalise trop sur les services environnementaux, sans prendre en considération les différences de capacités de conversion des individus de ces derniers en terme de fonctionnements. Dans cette recherche sur le terrain de deux réserves de biosphère au Chili et en France, nous mettons en oeuvre un cadre méthodlogique innovant qui croise les concepts de capacités d'A. Sen et de fonction environnementale. L'application de cette nouvelle approche sous forme d'enquêtes auprès d'acteurs variés du territoire des réserves de biosphères se révèle bien adaptée pour appréhender, en plus de la dimension sociale, économique et politique, la dimension écologique du bien-être humain. Cette innovation dans la mise en oeuvre concrète du concept de services écosystémique ouvre un nouvel espace d'évaluation du bien-être que représente celui des capacités élargies à la prise en compte de l'écologie. En conclusion, le regard porté sur le territoire et sur soi via cet objet intermédiaire qu'est le service écosystémique génère de nouvelles pistes de recherche pour utiliser ces résultats dans des espaces de discussion afin de générer un dialogue efficient sur des conflits identifiés et spatialisés.

The way a household makes a living depends on the available options in terms of assets, activities and the context in which a household operates. People in the buffer zone of La Amistad Biosphere in Costa Rica live under conditions that differ from the national standard. While many are cultivating a piece of land, the remoteness of the area makes it unprofitable to cultivate for the market and limits access to public services. In order to fulfil basic needs many households in rural areas depend on goods collected from nature such as food, timber and medicine. The households in the buffer zone of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve are restricted by law, in cultivating and collecting food products and timber on land that was previously freely available to them. Hunting is forbidden and for lodging permission is necessary. Knowledge on the different types of livelihood strategies that exist, and comprehending the driving factors of each livelihood strategy is crucial for improving mechanisms creating a better balance between nature conservation and poverty alleviation. After conducting a hierarchical cluster analysis, a non-hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the basis of income shares of different activities. Five distinct livelihood strategies were identified. A Non-parametric test showed that there is no significant relation between livelihood strategies and outcomes in terms of gross annual income, except for day labourers. Day labourers are significantly poorer compared to those who earn income from non-farm activities and coffee producers. Non-farm workers are on average the richest group and have higher education and more often a loan, if compared to the other strategies. Assets between those pursuing strategies based on agriculture (coffee production, day labour, niche market) differ not significantly. The binary choice model determining what factors influence the choice for forest conservation revealed that nonfarm- income is insignificant. Thus, agriculturalists are not less likely to conserve forest than those pursuing non-agricultural strategies. Yet, total farm size and owning land with a legal title is significantly positively affecting the choice for forest conservation.

The immediate periphery of the Park of W (Burkina-Faso, Niger and Benin) constitutes a space that has various stakeholder groups of permanent actors (farmers and managers of the protected area) or temporary actors (trans-human breeders and hunter tourists). For the farmers, it is about a space of food production, cash crops and land appropriation; it must play an agro-ecological role. For the other stakeholders it is: a sort of large corridor for the breeders¿ cattle; a tank of a specific fauna for the hunter; and a space for maintenance of landscape mosaic and biodiversity gradients on the interface of the protected area anthropogenic zone for the land managers. The parkland system is the principal mode of land utilization, or at least the one which influences the landscape structure the most In this, it is seen to be assigned a multifunctional role. The contribution of the parkland system to multipurpose agriculture and a multifunctional space will be analysed under three aspects: 1) an evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of expectations of the different actors; 2) a graphic modelling of the space-time organization of the agroforestry space-resources of the village territory; 3) other chorems which integrate the level of integration of the different uses on this territory. (Texte intégral)

La forêt marécageuse de Lokoli a été prospectée en 2006 pour établir un premier inventaire des Odonata, Coleoptera Cetoniidae et Lepidoptera Rhopalocera: sur 24 espèces d'Odonates recensées, 13 sont nouvelles pour le Bénin, parmi lesquelles Oxythemis phoenicosceles Ris, espèce rare, et Ceriagrion citrinum Campion, classée comme vulnérable sur la liste rouge de l'UICN et justifiant à elle seule la protection du site. Douze espèces de Cétoines ont été recensées, pour la plupart typiquement forestières; Cyprolais aurata (Westwood) s'avère être une espèce typique de forêt inondée et Grammopyga cincta Kolbe n'est connue au Bénin que de Lokoli et de la vallée de l'Ouémé; sur 75 espèces de Rhopalocères, 28 sont nouvelles pour le Bénin et 9 seulement sont strictement inféodées à des milieux forestiers. Eurema hapale Mabille, E. desjardinsii regularis Butler et Acraea encedana Pierre, espèces peu communes, sont inféodées aux milieux humides. La forêt marécageuse de Lokoli, unique au Bénin sur le plan écologique et contribuant à la biodiversité régionale, devrait impérativement être élevée au statut de réserve naturelle.

Ce manuel de terrain s'adresse aux visiteurs des aires protégées du Complexe WAP, parc régional du W, réserve nationale d'Arly et parc national de la Pendjari, désireux de découvrir le monde des oiseaux. Après une présentation assez complète de la région et de ses enjeux de conservation, les caractéristiques de l'avifaune sont exposées. Il s'agit notamment des fluctuations d'abondance, très variables selon les espèces et les saisons, complétées par des conseils pour mieux les observer. Illustrées par 240 photos inédites, 128 espèces parmi les plus remarquables et les plus communes y sont décrites en détails : critères d'identification, habitats fréquentés, modes de reproduction, statut dans chacune des aires protégées

La biodiversité en Amazonie est menacée par le modèle dominant de mise en valeur, qui fait peu cas de ses caractéristiques intrinsèques. La mondialisation accentue la progression d'une agriculture qui ronge le massif forestier. Au Brésil, la déforestation moyenne atteint 20 000 km2 par an. La destruction des habitats est la principale cause de la perte de biodiversité. Malgré les critiques, les aires protégées restent le meilleur moyen de lutter contre cette dégradation. Tous les pays de la région misent sur le renforcement et l'élargissement de leur système national d'aires protégées. Face aux menaces plus pressantes, cette dernière décennie, les méthodes de conservation ont aussi évolué. Cependant, l'efficacité et la représentativité des aires protégées de la région doivent s'améliorer. Des aménagements méthodologiques sont nécessaires et surtout une évolution de la conception de la conservation: une plus large participation de la société et l'intégration des aires protégées dans le développement régional sont nécessaires pour assurer la durabilité de ces systèmes, menacés par la banqueroute financière et dépendants de la coopération internationale. Dans un contexte de globalisation, un changement d'échelle est également nécessaire en matière de conservation de la biodiversité et la nouvelle Organisation du traité de coopération amazonienne devrait offrir une opportunité aux pays de la région. Une approche régionale devrait permettre de revoir l'efficacité des aires protégées sous un nouvel angle, en dépassant les frontières, et surtout de regrouper les forces des pays "méga-divers", afin que leurs voix se fassent entendre dans tous les forums.

Local ecological knowledge and know-how play a central role in the negotiations on the Convention on Biological Diversity. Here the authors present and analyze the specific characteristics of the French approach on the subject: the concepts of terroir and heritage, a reinterpretation of indigenousness, and diverse forms of conservation; all of these are often tied to enhancing the status of products via the market.

Les savoirs et savoir-faire naturalistes locaux occupent une place centrale dans les négociations de la Convention sur la diversité biologique. Les auteurs présentent et analysent les spécificités de l'approche française en la matière: les concepts de terroir et de patrimoine, une relecture de l'autochtonie, des modes de conservation divers, souvent Iiés à une valorisation des productions qui passe par le marché.

Ce guide se veut un manuel de terrain, et est destiné à répondre aux attentes de tous les visiteurs des Parcs du Complexe WAP. Après avoir introduit succinctement le Complexe WAP (parcs du W, de l'Arii et de la Pendjari), il présente les principales espèces de grands mammifères qui peuvent y être observées. Les termes "grands mammifères" désignent ici un ensemble de mammifères terrestres allant de l'éléphant aux plus gros rongeurs. Les micromammifères (rongeurs et insectivores de petite taille) et les Chiroptères (chauves-souris) ne sont pas traités. Les espèces sont regroupées par division taxinomique: Super-ordre, Ordre, Famille, Sous-famille, Genre. Les principales caractéristiques de chacun des groupes taxinomiques représentés dans le Complexe WAP sont exposées avant l'étude particulière des espèces. A l'intérieur de chaque division, celles-ci sont classées par ordre alphabétique. Chaque espèce fait l'objet d'une fiche. Les astérisques renvoient au glossaire.

Les îles de la Petite Terre (commune de la Désirade, Guadeloupe) sont situées au large de la pointe des Châteaux et de la Désirade. Elles comprennent deux îlots, Terre de Bas (117,1 ha) et Terre de Haut (31,5 ha). Depuis septembre 1998, elles ont acquis le statut de réserve naturelle et l'un des gestionnaires, l'Office national des forêts, a initié plusieurs études afin de compléter les éléments scientifiques disponibles sur la biologie et l'écologie des espèces qui y vivent, ainsi que sur leur statut. Pour contribuer à cet objectif, ce document présente les résultats de l'étude menée, entre 2000 et 2002, par les gardes-animateurs de la réserve naturelle et AEVA, sur les vertébrés fréquentant le site. L'objectif de ce travail a été de compléter l'inventaire des espèces de reptiles, d'oiseaux et de mammifères de Petite Terre, de réaliser une estimation quantitative pour les populations de certaines d'entre elles (tortues marines, Iguane des Petites Antilles, oiseaux limicoles). Les sorties de l'association ont notamment permis de dénombrer les iguanes. Les gardes ont, en particulier, inventorié et dénombré les tortues marines et les oiseaux limicoles. Les données collectées et analysées permettent de poser un diagnostic d'ensemble quant au statut des espèces présentes, d'identifier les menaces existantes et de proposer des mesures conservatoires pour cet écosystème insulaire fragile et exceptionnel.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of France requested CIRAD to coordinate a study of contemporary trends in management of protected areas and their living resources in order to develop a new strategy for sustainability and international cooperation. The foundations of the strategy are based on a renewed vision for protected areas, which are destined to serve as sites vital to the implementation of policies for sustainable development. These policies simultaneously address challenges to protect the environment, fight against poverty, and promote social justice. The study concludes that the concept of “protected areas” remains valid. Support to these areas has frequently had limited results in improving their management and dealing creatively with new and different actors in this field. Another perspective is emerging that joins the objectives of conservation of biological diversity and sustainable development within an integrated approach to regional land-use (“aménagement du territoire” in French). The justification for such areas is thus no longer uniquely focused on the protection of wild species or threatened landscapes. In order to succeed, protected areas management must be implemented over the long term and at different biological scales, ranging from the circulation and distribution of genes to the influence of human and climatic factors on landscapes. The scales also vary, moving from the local to the global. Unfortunately, international support is generally allocated from a short or mid-term perspective. A viable strategy must incorporate such support into a much wider vision adapted to the intrinsic environmental and social characteristics of protected areas and their peripheries., Le ministère des Affaires étrangères a confié au CIRAD le soin de coordonner une réflexion sur la gestion durable des espaces protégés et de leurs ressources vivantes pour bâtir sa stratégie de coopération. Les fondements de la stratégie devraient se baser sur une vision renouvelée des espaces protégés, considérés comme des lieux privilégiés de mise en œuvre des politiques de développement durable alliant protection de l’environnement, lutte contre la pauvreté et pour la justice sociale. Le concept d’espace protégé n’est pas dépassé mais du fait des résultats souvent décevants des coopérations pour leur gestion et de l’émergence de nouveaux acteurs, une recomposition est en cours dans une perspective de conciliation entre la conservation de la biodiversité et le développement durable sous contrainte d’aménagement du territoire. Leur justification n’est donc plus uniquement centrée sur la protection d’espèces ou de paysages menacés. La gestion des espaces protégés ne peut se concevoir que dans une perspective de très long terme et à différentes échelles d’organisation biologique, allant des flux de gènes aux dynamiques des paysages sous l’influence des évolutions anthropiques ou climatiques, du local au global. Or, les instruments de coopération sont généralement conçus pour gérer sur le court et le moyen terme. Ils doivent donc être intégrés dans une perspective plus large et être adaptés aux particularités de la gestion des espaces protégés., Babin Didier. Entre recherche et diplomatie : fondements et recommandations d’une stratégie française de coopération pour les espaces protégés . In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 59, n°1-2, 2004. pp. 57-65.

Quiconque découvre Cousin a peine à imaginer que ce merveilleux espace de vie sauvage dérive d'une vaste opération de réhabilitation écologique. La végétation d'origine y fut en effet autrefois détruite pour y planter une cocoteraie. Seule île à abriter la rarissime fauvette des Seychelles, Cousin fut rachetée en 1968 par BirdLife International et aussitôt aménagée en réserve naturelle. Flore et faune indigènes s'y sont aujourd'hui en grande partie reconstituées.