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In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of carob extract against intratesticular histological, apoptotic, biochemical and spermatogenic changes in rats exposed to nicotine. Twenty‐eight rats were divided into four groups and were administered saline, nicotine, carob, or nicotine + carob once a day for 35 days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX), GSH, total anti‐oxidative status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), IL‐6, TNF‐α and seminal parameters were evaluated. Johnsen's testicular histopathological examination, factor VIII protein (angiogenesis marker) and the number of apoptotic cells were determined in the testicular tissues. The spermatogenic and histopathological examination revealed that nicotine + carob group had significant positive changes in seminal parameters, Johnsen score, apoptotic cell count and factor VIII protein compared to nicotine group. Biochemical test results indicated that the nicotine + carob group had significantly lower TAS levels compared to the control group; however, those levels were higher than those of the nicotine group. Nicotine caused a significant increase in IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels compared to the control group, but carob seems to significantly counteract that increase. In conclusion, carob extract had positive effects on spermatogenesis and reduced testicular parenchymal damage, apoptosis and angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of embryonal developmental disorders. In addition, melatonin reduces oxidative stress in the body and is known as a potential treatment for adverse effects of caffeine on fetal development. In this study, we aimed to investigate the teratogenic effect of caffeine on fetal kidney development and the protection of melatonin against the teratogenicity in terms of biochemical parameters. Methods: 5-7 months old Wistar-Albino rats (n=24) weighing 180-220 g were divided into seven groups for control, caffeine, melatonin, and caffeine+melatonin (co-injection). Control group: Serum physiological (SF) as 1 mL/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.), Sham group: 0.1 ml hanks as i.p., Low dose caffeine group: 30 mg/kg caffeine as gavage, Low dose caffeine+melatonin group: 30 mg/kg dose gavage with 10 mg/kg melatonin as i.p., High dose caffeine group: 60 mg/kg caffeine as gavage, High dose caffeine+melatonin group: 60 mg/kg dose gavage with 10 mg/kg melatonin as i.p., and Melatonin group: 10 mg/kg melatonin as i.p. Results: Total antioxidant status (TAS) values were 0.49±0.02 in the control group and 0.14±0.00 in the high dose caffeine group. In addition, total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), calcium (Ca), vitamin D and GSH/GSSG levels were examined (p<0.001). Conclusion: Melatonin has shown that caffeine has an essential role in reducing teratogenic effects and also reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, melatonin is a potential treatment for oxidative stress and caffeine teratogenicity in embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]