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Numerous factors can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Oxidative stress (OS), a fairly common ND symptom, can be caused by more reactive oxygen species being made. In addition, the pathological state of NDs, which includes a high number of protein aggregates, could make chronic inflammation worse by activating microglia. Carotenoids, often known as "CTs", are pigments that exist naturally and play a vital role in the prevention of several brain illnesses. CTs are organic pigments with major significance in ND prevention. More than 600 CTs have been discovered in nature, and they may be found in a wide variety of creatures. Different forms of CTs are responsible for the red, yellow, and orange pigments seen in many animals and plants. Because of their unique structure, CTs exhibit a wide range of bioactive effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The preventive effects of CTs have led researchers to find a strong correlation between CT levels in the body and the avoidance and treatment of several ailments, including NDs. To further understand the connection between OS, neuroinflammation, and NDs, a literature review has been compiled. In addition, we have focused on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of CTs for the treatment and management of NDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common term for cis-o-hydroxy cinnamic acid lactones, which all possess the fundamental structure of the benzo a-pyranone mother nucleus, is coumarins. Especially in Umbelliferae, Rutaceae, Daphne, and Oleaceae, coumarins are extensively dispersed in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of higher plants. A few coumarins are also detected in certain microbes and mammals. Certain coumarin molecules may also be synthesized artificially. We have discussed the probable mechanisms behind coumarins' anti-diabetic benefits. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies show that coumarins may treat diabetes by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, enhancing pancreatic function, and reversing aberrant insulin signaling. As a result, they are useful and need further study and development. In conclusion, it is clear that coumarins have a range of biochemical and pharmacological characteristics, some of which have potential therapeutic value that may be useful against diabetes and its consequences. To sum up, improvements in the area have allowed for the isolation or chemical design of novel advantageous compounds with coumarin cores as candidates against diabetes and its consequences; nevertheless, additional study is necessary before safe and effective coumarin medications are employed in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]