Search

U ovom radu prikazana je povijest triljskog kraja u razdoblju ranoga novog vijeka, odnosno period od kraja srednjeg vijeka, osmansko doba te razdoblje mletačke vladavine na ovim prostorima. U prvom dijelu rada prikazana je kratka povijest triljskog kraja, a pobliži opis povijesnih prilika započinje s vladavinom knezova Dražojevića. . Padom Hercegovine u osmanske ruke, vrata prema Cetinskoj krajini bila su otvorena, tako da važna triljska utvrda Čačvina pada pod osmansku vlast već 1513. godine, čime započinje osmanska uprava ovog područja. U jeku mletačko – turskih ratova na triljsko područje započinju i doseljavanja kršćana iz Hercegovine i Poljica, a kao ključno doba migracija uzima se period nakon 1690. godine pa do Malog ili Sinjskog rata. U doba mletačke uprave nad triljskim područjem dolazi do poboljšanja trgovine i poljoprivrede, no uzlet je uvelike usporila pojava kuge, koja je harala Dalmacijom i Hercegovinom u nekoliko navrata, This paper presents the history of the region of Trilj in the period of the early modern age, actually the period from the end of the Middle Ages, the Ottoman era and the period of Venetian rule in these areas. In the first part of the paper, a brief history of the Trilj region is presented, and a detailed description of historical events begins with the reign of the Dražojević princes. . With the fall of Herzegovina to the Turks, the door to the Cetinje region was open, so the important Trillian fortress of Čačvina fell under Ottoman rule as early as 1513, thus beginning the Ottoman administration of this area. In the midst of the VenetianTurkish wars, Christians from Herzegovina and Poljica began to immigrate to the Trilj area, and the period after 1690 until the Little or Sinj War is taken as the key period of migration. During the period of Venetian administration over the Trilj area, trade and agriculture improved, but the rise was greatly slowed down by the appearance of the plague, which ravaged Dalmatia and Herzegovina on several occasion.

Ovaj rad bavi se pograničnim odnosima u Imotskoj krajini krajem 18. stoljeća, a temelji se na dragomanskim spisima koji se čuvaju u Državnom arhivu u Zadru. Prvi dio rada usmjeren je na mletačko osvojenje imotske utvrde 1717. godine za vrijeme Malog rata (1714.-1718.) te poratno razgraničenje. Drugi dio rada bavi se opisom administrativnog ustroja na novostečenom teritoriju Mletačke Republike pa tako i Imotske krajine. Središnji dio rada obuhvaća mletačko-osmansku korespondenciju koja baca svjetlo na prilike i neprilike mletačkih i osmanskih podanika na imotsko-bekijskome prostoru potkraj 18. stoljeća. U ovome dijelu prikazana je povijest funkcije dragomana i povijest čuvanja dragomanskih spisa te radovi drugih autora koji su se njima bavili. Također, opisane su prilike u cijelom 18. stoljeću, od gladi i epidemija do hajdučije. Posljednja dva potpoglavlja bave se vjerovničkodužničkim odnosima i razbojništvima na imotsko-bekijskom prostoru na temelju korespondencije pukovnika nadzornika Imotske krajine Francesca Danesa i osmanskih visokih dužnosnika 1792. i 1793. godine. This paper deals with border relations in the Imotski region at the end of the 18th century, and is based on Dragoman writings kept in the State Archives in Zadar. The first part of the paper focuses on the Venetian conquest of the Imotski fortress in 1717 during the Little War (1714- 1718) and the post-war demarcation. The second part of the paper deals with the description of the administrative structure in the newly acquired territory of the Venetian Republic and thus the Imotski region. The central part of the paper includes Venetian-Ottoman correspondence that sheds light on the opportunities and troubles of Venetian and Ottoman subjects in the Imotski and Bekija area at the end of the 18th century. This section presents the history of the dragoman function and the history of the preservation of dragoman writings, as well as the works of other authors who have dealt with them. Also, situations throughout the 18th century are described, from famines and epidemics to banditry. The last two subchapters deal with creditor-debtor relations and robberies in the Imotski and Bekija area based on the correspondence in 1792 and 1793 between Colonel Supervisor of the Imotski region Francesco Danese and Ottoman high-ranking officials.

Dalmacija 18. stoljeća siromašna je pokrajina nekad jake Mletačke Republike na čijem su se teritoriju vodili neki od najvećih i najrazornijih mletačko-osmanskih ratova. Ratovi su mijenjali teritorij, stanovništvo, običaje i vjeroispovijest. Stanovništvo Dalmacije, konkretno Dalmatinske zagore, prolazilo je kroz to razdoblje čvrsto braneći svoje materijalno, društveno, kulturno i duhovno dobro. Morlačko stanovništvo živjelo je duhovnost vjerujući u kršćanskog Boga, ali i prakticirajući praznovjerne običaje., In the 18th century, Dalmatia was a poor province of the once strong Venetian Republic, on whose territory some of the largest and most destructive Venetian-Ottoman wars were fought. These wars changed the territory, population, customs and religion. The population of Dalmatia, specifically Dalmatian Zagora (Hinterland), also endured that period, while also firmly defending their material, social, cultural and spiritual well-being. The Morlach population lived in their spirituality by believing in the Christian God, but also by practicing a variety of superstitious customs.

U ovom se radu analizira pravni položaj vlaha u Osmanskom Carstvu i morlaka u Mletačkoj Republici. Cilj je pokazati da su tijekom cijelog srednjeg i ranog novog vijeka, unatoč promjeni političke vlasti, vlasi uspjeli, barem u nekoj mjeri, sačuvati svoj posebni pravni položaj koji se sastojao u manjim porezima, samoupravi i obavljanju vojne službe. Usporedbom položaja osmanskih vlaha i mletačkih morlaka mogu se uočiti brojne razlike, ali neupitno je da se u oba slučaja radi o posebnoj društvenoj grupi ljudi čije su obaveze, barem porezne, lakše u odnosu na „zemljoradničko“ stanovništvo. Iako je primarna tema rada analiza pravnog položaja u navedenim novovjekovnim državama, dio je rada posvećen vlasima u razdoblju srednjeg vijeka, kad je institucija vlaha i osnovana, a sadrži informacije o njihovom načinu života i mjestu u feudalnom sustavu srednjovjekovnih balkanskih država., This paper analyses the legal status of vlachs in the Ottoman Empire and morlacs in the Venetian Republic. The aim is to show that throughout the Middle Ages and Early Modern Ages, despite the political changes, the vlachs managed, at least to some extent, to preserve their special legal status, which consisted of lower taxes, self-government and military service. Comparing the status of the Ottoman vlachs and Venetian morlacs, numerous differences can be noticed, but it is unquestionable that in both cases they are a special social group of people whose obligations, at least tax liabilities, are easier than obligations of "agricultural" population. Although the primary topic of the paper is the analysis of the legal status in these modern states, part of the paper is dedicated to the vlachs in the Middle Ages, when the institution of the vlachs was created, and contains information about their way of life and position in the feudal system of the medieval Balkan states.

U ovom radu se prikazuju događaji izravno i neizravno vezani za Imotski i Imotsku krajinu od kraja 14. do kraja 18. stoljeća. Kreće se od vremena vladanja raznih vladara Imotskim, od smrti hrvatsko-ugarskog kralja Ludovika 1382. godine do potpadanja Imotskoga s krajinom pod osmansko vrhovništvo 1493. godine. U radu su za ovo razdoblje istaknute najvažnije osobe, zatim crkvene prilike te početak prodora Osmanlija prema Imotskome. Za vrijeme osmanskog vrhovništva nad Imotskim i okolnim mjestima, prikazani su ključni događaji, migracije, crkvene prilike te uprava. Godine 1717. Imotski dolazi pod mletačku vlast, što je potvrđeno Požarevačkim mirom iz 1718. godine, te pod istom ostaje do propasti Mletačke Republike 1797. godine. U razdoblju ove vladavine kroz rad su prikazane osnovne crte uprave, crkveni položaj i stanje stanovništva u Imotskom i okolici. This paper presents events directly and indirectly related to the Imotski and Imotski's region from the end of the 14th to the end of the18th century. It is started from the reign of the various rulers under which rule Imotski was, that period lasts from the death of the Croat-Hungarian king Ludovik in 1382 to the fall of Imotski with its region under Ottoman rule in 1493. The paper highlights the most important persons for this period, followed by church circumstances and the beginning of the Ottoman penetration toward Imotski. During the Ottoman rule of Imotski and surrounding places, key events, migrations, ecclesiastical circumstances and administration are presented. In 1717 Imotski came under the Venetian rule, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, and under the same rule Imotski remains until the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797. For the duration of this reign, this paper shows the basic features of the administration, the church position and the state of the population in Imotski and its surroundings.

U ovom su radu prikazani sukobi između Mletačke Republike i Osmanskog Carstva kao temelj razgraničenja u Dalmaciji. Na osvojenim područjima Mletačka je Republika pristupala izradi katastara, a u ovom radu analizira se katastar iz 1709. godine, i to na primjeru naselja Islam Latinski. Islam je bio turska utvrda i fortifikacijski bedem Osmanskog Carstva u odnosu na Mletačku Republiku. U Državnom arhivu u Zadru nalaze se katastarski dokumenti Islama Latinskog iz 1709. godine. Na temelju katastra može se zaključiti da je pejzaž Islama Latinskog bio uglavnom neobrađen i zapušten, uz veće šumske i močvarne površine. Prenamjena okoliša u pašnjake indicirala je na bavljenje stočarstvom. Podaci iz mletačkog katastra govore i o smještaju naselja, a takav je oblik naselja do suvremenog doba ostao strukturalno identičan., This paper presents the conflicts between the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire as the basis for the demarcation in Dalmatia. The Venetian Republic ordered surveys of land on the conquered areas and drafted a cadastre. This paper analysed a 1709 cadastre of Islam Latinski. Islam was a Turkish fortification of the Ottoman Empire in relation to the Venetian Republic. Cadastral documents of Islam Latinski are stored in the State Archives of Zadar. Based on the cadastre we can conclude that the landscape of Islam Latinski was mostly untreated and neglected, with larger forests and wetlands. The environmental change in the pastures are an indication of cattle breeding. Additionally the Venetian cadastre refers to the location of the settlements, which remained structurally identical to the modern period.

Budući da su se izmjenjivale vlasti, grad Sinj i njegova okolica uvijek su bili izloženi napadima. Borbe za prevlast su se uvijek vodile između Osmanskog Carstva i Mletačke Republike. Tvrđava Sinj tri puta je napadnuta nakon što je došla pod mletačku vlast, ali nijednom nije pala u ruke neprijatelja. Najvažnija je bitka iz 1715. godine kada je domaće stanovništvo, odlučno obraniti svoje domove, uspjelo potjerati mnogobrojniju osmansku vojsku. Nakon te godine, Osmanlije nisu važnije ugrozile Cetinsku krajinu ni Sinj. Pobjeda se pripisuje Gospi, čiju su sliku donijeli franjevci iz Rame i koja je tadašnjim braniteljima Sinja dala odlučnosti i snage da potjeraju neprijatelja. U znak zahvale, branitelji su to popodne odigrali vitešku igru Alku koja će do dana današnjeg ostati spomen na slavnu pobjedu naših predaka., Since local authorities had been exchanging, the town of Sinj and its surrounding area had always been exposed to attacks. There had always been some struggles for supremacy between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic. Fortress of Sinj was attacked three times after it had come under the Venetian rule, but it had never fallen into the hands of the enemy. The most important battle took place in 1715 when the local inhabitants, determined to defend their homes, managed to repel the more numerous Turkish army. After that year, the Turks did not impose any important threat on the area around the river Cetina nor the town of Sinj. The victory is attributed to Virgin Mary, whose picture was brought by Franciscan priests from Rama and it gave determination and strength to the defenders of Sinj to repudiate the enemy. As a sign of gratitude, that same afternoon the defenders held a knight's pageant Alka which has remained up to this day as a memory in honour of the glorious victory of our ancestors.

U radu se obrađuje povijest nestaloga mletačkog kaštela kod mosta u Solinu na lijevoj obali donjega toka Rike (Jadra). Povezivanjem pisanih izvora i prikaza nastalih tijekom 16. i 17. stoljeća rekonstruira se nastanak, razvoj i izgled ove utvrde. Njezina gradnja se stavlja u povijesni kontekst neprestanih većih ili manjih sukoba Mletačke Republike s Osmanskim Carstvom u Dalmaciji te mletačkih pokušaja da očuva svoje posjede i turskih da proširi svoje. Jedan zaboravljeni nalaz (natpis splitskoga kneza Z. Pasqualiga) donosi nam dio priče o solinskoj povijesti 18. stoljeća i o mjestu na kojem je stotinu godina prije toga stajao spomenuti kaštel, a koje je do pada Republike ostalo mjesto s predstavnicima mletačke vlasti u Solinu., The paper deals with the history of the lost Venetian fortress (kaštel) near the bridge in Solin, at the left bank of the lower course of the Jadro river. By combining written sources and presentations made in the 16th and the 17th centuries, reconstructed are the fortress construction, development and appearance. The fortress was constructed as a tower, probably around 1510, and annexed in the following decades, to have received also a fortified courtyard next to the tower, with an accommodation building for soldiers and stratiots. In 1571 the fortress was taken from the Venetian mercenary garrison by the Ottoman Turks, who placed their garrison in it. The fortification was entirely or at least mostly destroyed during the Leonardo Foscolo's operations in 1647 that preceded taking of Klis in 1648, after 111 years of Ottoman rule. The Solin fortress was a fortress typical for the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Several of these have been preserved in Dalmatia, the closest analogies being found in some of the fortified mansions of Kaštela (Kaštel Kambelovac, Kaštel Novi, Nehaj) and farther on in the territory of Trogir (Seget-Malo polje, Marina). Construction of the tower, and then of the entire fortress by the bridge in Solin is to be related to the »tier« of fortifying Venetian possessions in Dalmatia, that may be dated to the last three decades of the 15th and the early 16th centuries. To the growing Ottoman threat, the Venetian administration responded by numerous measures, including introduction of new military services of scouts and spies, organisation of light cavalry – the stratiots, additional fortification of towns, building numerous sentry and watching posts. Yet, one cannot help the impression that the central government, unlike individuals (nobility and Church), was quite inert about securing its Dalmatian possession (at least in the vicinities of Split and Trogir). The Solin fortification is among the best examples of this inertia. Thus, the fortification was demolished as early as in the 17th century. In its stead left was a sort of representation of the Venetian government in Solin, till the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1789 (soldiers quarter and customs house). To this story relates the inscription that used to stand at or near the mentioned buildings, and speaks about reconstruction of the old road (over the bridge) in 1744, at the time of the executive magistrate of Split, Zuane Pasqualigo.

Nakon vojnih osvajanja Bukovice i Ravnih kotara, Osmanlije su napušteni teritorij revitalizirali novim, vlaškim stanovništvom iz Bosne, zapadne i istočne Hercegovine, te sjeverne Crne Gore koje Mlečani nazivaju Morlacima. Uživajući razne povlastice, činili su vrlo važni demografski, ekonomski i vojni faktor u najzapadnijem djelu Osmanskog Carstva. No krajem 16. i početkom 17. stoljeća njihov status se počinje mijenjati. Gubitak povlastica, na koje se nadovezala samovolja i izrabljivanje osmanskih krajiških vlastodržaca izazivaju nezadovoljstvo kod Morlaka koji se počinju otvoreno buniti protiv svojih gospodara. Odlazak na mletački teritorij, činio se kao dobra prilika za vraćanje starog statusa. Početak Kandijskog rata 1645. godine, Morlaci će iskoristiti za prelazak iz Bukovice i Kotara na mali mletački teritorij obalnih komuna i naselja, sjeverne i srednje Dalmacije. Morlački svećenici i starješine ulaze u dogovore s predstavnicima mletački vlasti i nude prelazak svojih ljudi i stupanje u vojnu službu. Mletačke vlasti su prihvatile ponudu, nakon čega Morlaci masovno migriraju na mletački teritorij. Žene, djeca i starci su uglavnom prebačeni na otoke, poput Paga ili Murtera, dok su muškarci ostali u utvrdama i naseljima na kopnu, gdje su obnašali vojnu službu. Život na malom mletačkom teritoriju u prvim godinama rata bio je izuzetno težak. Morlaci su bili izloženi osvetničkim upadima osmanske vojske, ali i nasilju nezadovoljnih starosjedioca. Nedostatak mjesta za stočarstvo i poljoprivredu uzrokovao je glad i bolest, zbog čega su preživljavali od pljačke, ratnog plijena, prodaje robova i mletačke pomoći. Kako bi ih zadržali, Mlečani su nagrađivali i stipendirali njihove najutjecajnije harambaše i starješine poput Stipana Sorića, Petra i Ilije Smiljanića i Janka Mitrovića. Osim što su osigurale lojalnost svojih ljudi, harambaše su Mlečanima činile najvažniji ofenzivni vojni čimbenik do kraja rata. Doseljenje Morlaka na mletački teritorij bio je presudni događaj u Kandijskom ratu. Mlečani su osmanlijama oduzeli važan vojni i demografski faktor kojeg su zatim upotrijebili protiv njih. Najvažnija promjena na koju je utjecao dolazak Morlaka je bila ona demografska. Zbog ratnih zbivanja, migracija i bolesti, znatan broj obalnih komuna i naselja je s vremenom opustio starosjedilačkim stanovništvom. Morlaci naseljavaju opustjela mjesta i osnivaju nova naselja. Do kraja rata, njihov broj će prerasti starosjedioce i tako radikalno izmijeniti demografsko stanje na obali i priobalju sjeverne i srednje Dalmacije. After the conquest of Bukovica and Ravni kotari, Ottomans revitalized abandoned territory with Vlachians - newcomers from Bosnia, Western and Eastern Hercegovina and the northern Montenegro – also known as Morlachs by the Venetian. They enjoyed a variety of privileges as they were an important demographic, economic and military factor in the westernmost part of the Ottoman Empire. By the end of the 16th and the early 17th century their status began to change. The loss of privileges, supplemented by tyranny and the exploitation of Ottoman border governors and nobles provoked Morlachs dissatisfaction and initiated their open protest. In order to restore lost privileges, the Morlachs departed into the Venetian territory. They seized the oportunity in the beginning of the Candian war in 1645. to move from Bukovica and Kotari to a small Venetian territory of coastal communes and settlements of northern and middle Dalmatia. The Morlach priests and elders came to terms with the representatives of the Venetian authorities and offered transition of their people and their military service. After they reached terms of agreement, Morlachs massively migrated to the Venetian territory. While women, children and the elderly were mostly transferred to the islands, such as Pag or Murter, men remained in forts and settlements on the land where they carried out military service. The life on a small Venetian territory in the first years of the war was extremely difficult. The Morlachs were not only exposed to a revenge of the Ottoman army, but also to the violent actions of the dissatisfied natives. The lack of the places for the livestock and agriculture caused hunger and disease so the newcomers were surviving on plunder, war prey, slave sales and Venetian charity. In order to keep them, the Venetians provided Morlachs most influential elders and harambaše with sallary and rewards. In addition to ensuring the loyalty of their people, the harambaše proved to be the most important offensive military factor to the Venetians by the end of war. Migration of the Morlachs to the Venetian territory was a crucial event in the Candian War as the Venetians deprived the Ottomans of an important military and demographic factor and used it against them. The most important change affected by the migration of Morlachs was the demographic one. Due to the war events, migration and the illness, a large number of coastal communes and settlements became deserted with native population. Morlachs settled down the deserted places and established their own communities. By the end of the war, their number outgrowed natives and thus radically changed the demographic situation on the coastline of northern and middle Dalmatia.

Do završnice srednjeg vijeka hrvatski su prostori, sukladno različitosti političkih, zemljopisnih, inozemnih utjecaja, iskazivali izvjesne posebnosti i razvojne neujednačenosti. Unatoč tome bili su društveno-kulturno kompatibilna cjelina stabilno ukorijenjena u vlastitoj civilizaciji te uglavnom uspijevala pratiti razvojne tokove unutar nje. Osmanskim osvajanjima, koja otpočinju polovicom 15. stoljeća, i po tom će se pitanju zbiti bitne promjene. Civilizacijski kontinuitet očuvat će se samo na obranjenim teritorijima, odnosno u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, na otočno-primorskom pojasu pod mletačkom vlašću te u Dubrovačkoj Republici. Na osvojenom tlu Osmanlije su potpuno zbrisale dotadašnju, zapadnjačku društvenu strukturu. Hrvatima tih prostora jedina spona sa vlastitom civilizacijom ostala je Crkva i to svedena na franjevački red. U ovom radu analiziraju se promjene koje su u društveno-kulturnom kontekstu zbile unutar današnje Dalmacije tijekom osmanskog nadzora nad znatnim dijelom njena teritorija te razlozi zbog kojih su, nakon oslobođenja tih teritorija, za mletačke, francuske i austrijske vlasti, uspjele očuvati promjene koje su se zbile pod Osmanlijama., Up to close of the Middle Ages Croatian areas, in consistence with different political, geographical and foreign influences manifested specific particularities and developmental unhomogeneousnesses. In spite of all that, they represented socio-cultural compatible unity, which was steadily deep-rooted in its own civilization and mainly managed to go along with developmental streams within it. With Ottoman conquests which begin in the midst of 15 century, important changes had happened in this regard. Civilization continuity was preserved only on defended territories, that is in north-west Croatia, insularcoastal belt under Venetian authotity and in Dubrovnik Republic. On the conquered territories Ottomans completely erased western social structure. For Croats in those areas the only connection to own civilization was Catholic Church, essentially restricted on the Franciscan order. In this paper we analyze the changes which in socio-cultural context took place within the framework of present-day Dalmatia during the Ottoman control of significantly part of its territory. We also analyze the reasons why these changes, which had happened during the Ottomans, succeeded to preserve its importance even after the liberation of these territories during the Venetian, French and Austrian authorities.

The article examines the multiculturaluity of the city of Kotor and its extended area. The Bay of Kotor and the Adriatic coast of present day Montenegro were divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic from the beginning of 15th to the close of 18th century. The area was populated by people of various religious confessions, who lived under extremely complex circumstances. In the Bay of Kotor, an area under the rule of the Venetian Republic which lay deep in Turkish territory, Catholics were the majority, followed by the Orthodox. The Turks, who had conquered the southern part of the coast and almos the entire territory of Montenegro, were the majority in the city of Bar, the see of the ancient Archbishopric of Bar, as well as in the cities of Risan and Herceg Novi, in the northern part of the Bay of Kotor. Under Ottoman government a Jewish community thrived in those cities. Boundaries between them had an ambiguous character, which in those circumstances promoted social and cultural interaction that is documented in municipal and ecclesiastical archives.

Knjiga daje pregled ključnih događaja koji su se zbili tijekom prijelaza s osmanske na mletačku upravu u dalmatinskom zaleđu tijekom Kandijskog i Morejskog rata u drugoj polovici 17. stoljeća. Zaleđa glavnog grada mletačke dualne provincije Dalmacije i Albanije uzeto je kao case study za ocrtavanje svih promjena vezanih uz: naselja, njihov oblik, promjene u populaciji i migracije, oblici i modeli administrativnih i političkih institucija, specifične ekonomije na granici i razvoj mletačke vojne granice kroz trgovinu s osmanskom stranom usporedno s poljoprivredom na contadu. Ovdje su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja kako je grad Zadar čiji je život bio organiziran kao u tipičnoj primorskoj komuni i kao mnoge njemu slične mletačke komune, uspio proširiti vlastiti komunalni teritorij contado i inkorporirati elemente osmanskog političkog, administrativnog i kulturnog nasljeđa zajedno s tisućama osmanskih kršćanskih podanika.

So far, most of the research of the Ottoman frontiers has been conducted by focusing on the documents preserved in the central imperial archives in Istanbul. The study of area of Triplex Confinium (the borderlands between the Ottoman and Habsburg Empire and the Venetian Republic) offers a variety of venues for the research of the local aspects of the Ottoman frontier(s). Central archives and collections that cover the frontier affairs through documents of correspondence, registers of the fortifications and garrisons, the affairs of the frontiers as reflected through sultanic decrees, and the representations of the events and developments on the frontier in various historical genres and geographical works. The local memory of the Ottoman frontier comes down to us through a variety of materials, some preserved in ordered provincial archives and registrars of the states involved, some representing oral, folk memory, and some observations and memory of particular groups in the frontier. The local materials are also recorded in a number of languages. Aside from the importance of the work and role of local dragoman (translators) offices that facilitated the communication between local Ottoman and Venetian authorities and rendered Ottoman documents in Latin and Italian, the representations and descriptions of the Ottoman governance and military power in the area were produced by local authors in all languages spoken or used by local population. The strong interest for Ottomans and Ottoman affairs among the local dignitaries, and local population resulted in a variety of literary works, and political pamphlets. While recently, within the international research project “ Triplex Confinium” a number of these works have been subject of scholarly discussion, The main difference between the memory of the frontier preserved in central imperial archives and that of the provincial archives and local literary production lies exactly in the potential of the latter provide an insight and also reframe the issues raised by this workshop. There, members of the Ottoman garrisons and provincial administrators emerge as a strong local factor rather than mere representatives of the Ottoman state. Their official role, their relationship with the government in Constantinople, and particularly their interaction with local population and local Venetian and Austrian authorities was determined by the frontier codes as much as by the conditions of their appointment. During most of the early modern period the slave trade was largely replaced (with exception of the periods of military conflict) by the practice of taking captives for the purpose of collecting ransom on the other side of the border. Similarly, the Ottoman trade in the border region relied heavily on the Ottoman outposts, mainly on Venetian territory, through the Ottoman iskeles in coastal towns. While the major routes of Ottoman international trade were directed to Venice and Dubrovnik, the coastal iskeles (with one exception of a relatively short period of the development of large scale trade through the iskele in Split) served the needs of daily trade for local Ottoman population.

Imperial military border systems of the Habsburg Monarchy, Venetian Republic and Ottoman Empire in early modern Europe have been presented and compared, paying a particular attention the the Triplex Confinium area, in which they used to confront each other for the period 16th-18th centuries.

On the basis of extensive archival research in Graz, the author attempts to present the new border realities as reflected in relations between the Imperial powers and the regions of both Lika and krbava and the northern Adriatic. Particular attention is given to the interdependencies of several processes and activities constituting the new realities on the border, like the salt trade (including smuggling, etc.), misunderstandings regarding the borderlines, suspicions regarding the intentions of the "other", etc. All these turned to be problems which determined the complex nature of the "Triplex Confinium" even before it was constituted in legal terms.