7 results on '"Pneumococcal Vaccines pharmacology"'
Search Results
2. The effect of immunization with pneumococcal conjugated vaccines on Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance patterns in acute otitis media.
- Author
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Marom T, Avraham E, Cinamon U, and Tamir SO
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Ear, Middle microbiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Israel, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Otitis Media prevention & control, Pneumococcal Infections microbiology, Pneumococcal Infections prevention & control, Pneumococcal Vaccines immunology, Streptococcus pneumoniae isolation & purification, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, Immunization, Otitis Media microbiology, Pneumococcal Infections drug therapy, Pneumococcal Vaccines pharmacology, Streptococcus pneumoniae drug effects, Vaccines, Conjugate pharmacology
- Abstract
Following the introduction of 7- and 13-pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in Israel, we demonstrated that within Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) positive middle ear cultures, obtained from young children with severe acute otitis media (AOM) episodes, there were more penicillin-susceptible and less multi-drug resistant Sp isolates in PCV immunized children., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against PCR-positive acute otitis media.
- Author
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Palmu AA, Saukkoriipi A, Jokinen J, Leinonen M, and Kilpi TM
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Child, Preschool, Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, Humans, Infant, Otitis Media immunology, Otitis Media microbiology, Pneumococcal Infections immunology, Pneumococcal Infections microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Streptococcus pneumoniae genetics, Streptococcus pneumoniae isolation & purification, Vaccines, Conjugate pharmacology, Otitis Media prevention & control, Pneumococcal Infections prevention & control, Pneumococcal Vaccines pharmacology
- Abstract
We aimed to assess the efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media (AOM) positive by pneumolysin-PCR (Ply-PCR). 1662 infants vaccinated with PncCRM or control vaccine using random allocation were followed for AOM up to 24 months of age. When AOM was diagnosed a middle ear fluid sample was obtained for etiological assays. During the per protocol follow-up period the PncCRM vaccine efficacy was 19% against Ply-PCR-positive AOM but only 3% when culture-positive cases were excluded. The data do not support effect of PncCRM on AOM in which only Ply-PCR suggests pneumococcal etiology.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and otitis media: changes in pathogenicity following widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
- Author
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Benninger MS
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Antibiosis drug effects, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Haemophilus influenzae pathogenicity, Humans, Incidence, Otitis Media epidemiology, Pneumococcal Infections epidemiology, Rhinitis epidemiology, Sinusitis epidemiology, Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity, Vaccines, Conjugate, Otitis Media microbiology, Pneumococcal Vaccines pharmacology, Rhinitis microbiology, Sinusitis microbiology
- Abstract
Objective: Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and acute otitis media are two of the most common respiratory tract infections. The common pathogenic bacteria associated with these infections are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. With the recent widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, there is evidence that there is a shift of both the pneumococcal serotypes and the distribution of pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this article was to investigate whether the literature supports changes in pathogenicity of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and otitis media after widespread use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine., Data Sources: MEDLINE search of the literature was performed between 1995 and 2007., Review Methods: Literature review of changes in distribution of pathogens, resistance rates, and pneumococcal serotype changes before and after widespread use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine., Results: There is evidence that the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes has changed after the widespread use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. There appears to be both less invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal disease and with childhood immunization there also appears to be a protective effect on adults (herd immunity). Increases in nonvaccine serotypes, some with high levels of resistance are being identified in some communities. There is also growing evidence that there may be an increasing prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae in these infections., Conclusions: Widespread use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine has led to decreasing incidence of pneumococcal otitis media and likely also acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, which may have implications for treatment recommendations for these infections.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Comparison of mucosal and parenteral immunisation in two animal models of pneumococcal infection: otitis media and acute pneumonia.
- Author
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Cripps AW and Kyd JM
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibody Formation immunology, Antibody Specificity, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Administration Routes, Immunoglobulin G immunology, Interleukin-1beta immunology, Leukocyte Count methods, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Otitis Media microbiology, Otitis Media prevention & control, Pneumococcal Infections microbiology, Pneumococcal Infections prevention & control, Pneumococcal Vaccines pharmacology, Pneumonia, Pneumococcal microbiology, Pneumonia, Pneumococcal prevention & control, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Respiratory Mucosa immunology, Streptococcus pneumoniae immunology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha immunology, Otitis Media immunology, Pneumococcal Infections immunology, Pneumococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Pneumonia, Pneumococcal immunology
- Abstract
Bacterial clearance and immune responses in a mouse model of pneumonia and a rat model of otitis media following parenteral or mucosal immunisation in both models were compared. Both the immunisation routes were equally effective in inducing bacterial clearance from the lung, upregulated the recruitment of white cells and lead to an increase in the concentration of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and specific antibody in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Both the routes of immunisation enhanced clearance of bacteria from the middle ear. Parenteral immunisation was most effective overall in enhancing bacterial clearance and recruiting white cells to the middle ear. Both the routes significantly suppressed the levels of TNF-alpha in the middle ear lavage. Mucosal immunisation induced a Streptococcus pneumoniae-specific IgA antibody response. Both the animal models gave highly reproducible disease and provided high levels of sensitivity for testing the efficacy of candidate vaccine antigens. Differences observed in the inflammatory responses require further study.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Emerging therapies for the treatment and prevention of otitis media.
- Author
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Aliphas A, Prufer N, and Grundfast KM
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drugs, Investigational chemistry, Drugs, Investigational pharmacology, Humans, Otitis Media microbiology, Pneumococcal Vaccines chemistry, Pneumococcal Vaccines pharmacology, Pneumococcal Vaccines therapeutic use, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Drugs, Investigational therapeutic use, Otitis Media drug therapy, Otitis Media prevention & control
- Abstract
Otitis media is one of the most common disorders occurring in children, and there is growing concern that bacteria are quickly becoming resistant to antimicrobials. As a result, global antibiotic treatment is no longer the standard of care and treatment of otitis media has changed dramatically in the last decade. In addition to new antimicrobials currently in development, the effects of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are just beginning to be understood. Furthermore, new surgical techniques are for the first time being tested as alternatives for tympanostomy tubes for recurrent acute otitis media. This review discusses current and emerging otitis media therapeutics, with particular attention to acute otitis media. Topics include antimicrobial use, antimicrobial resistance, effects of vaccination and new surgical techniques.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine reduces tympanostomy tube placement in children.
- Author
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Palmu AA, Verho J, Jokinen J, Karma P, and Kilpi TM
- Subjects
- Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hepatitis B Vaccines therapeutic use, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Ear Ventilation statistics & numerical data, Otitis Media prevention & control, Otitis Media surgery, Pneumococcal Vaccines pharmacology, Pneumococcal Vaccines therapeutic use
- Abstract
Background: The novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PncCRM, has been shown to prevent acute otitis media caused by vaccine serotypes and to reduce otitis surgery. Our aim was to assess long term efficacy of the vaccine on tympanostomy tube placements., Methods: Children with complete follow-up in the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial up to 24 months of age and still living in the study area (1490 of 1662 randomized at 2 months of age) were invited to a single visit at 4-5 years of age. The children had been vaccinated at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months of age with PncCRM or hepatitis B vaccine (control). Tympanostomy tube placements reported by parents at the visit were verified from hospital and private medical center records. Additionally, tympanostomy tube placements of all children were verified from the hospital discharge registry. Vaccine efficacy (VE) was estimated by comparing all events of tympanostomy tube placement between vaccine groups., Results: During the vaccine trial (2-24 months of age), VE (95% confidence interval) in preventing tympanostomy tube placement was only 4% (-19-23%). Altogether 756 children were enrolled for the follow-up study. After 24 months of age, the rate of surgery was 3.5 per 100 person-years in the PncCRM and 5.7 per 100 person-years in the control children, giving VE of 39% (4-61%). In the hospital-based data of all children (N = 1490), VE of 44% was obtained (19-62%)., Conclusions: Receipt of PncCRM vaccine at infancy was associated with a reduction in tympanostomy tube placement from 2 to 4-5 years of age.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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