Search

Most osteoarticular infections (OAI) occur via the hematogenous route, affect children under 5 years of age old, and include osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondylodiscitis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are needed to avoid complications. Children with suspected OAI should be hospitalized at the start of therapy. Surgical drainage is indicated in patients with septic arthritis or periosteal abscess. Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in OAI in children at all ages; Kingella kingae is a very common causative pathogen in children from 6 months to 4 years old. The French Pediatric Infectious Disease Group recommends empirical antibiotic therapy with appropriate coverage against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) with high doses (150 mg/kg/d) of intravenous cefazolin. In most children presenting uncomplicated OAI with favorable outcome (disappearance of fever and pain), short intravenous antibiotic therapy during 3 days can be followed by oral therapy. In the absence of bacteriological identification, oral relay is carried out with the amoxicillin/clavulanate combination (80 mg/kg/d of amoxicillin) or cefalexin (150 mg/kg/d). If the bacterial species is identified, antibiotic therapy will be adapted to antibiotic susceptibility. The minimum total duration of antibiotic therapy should be 14 days for septic arthritis, 3 weeks for osteomyelitis and 4-6 weeks for OAI of the pelvis, spondylodiscitis and more severe OAI, and those evolving slowly under treatment or with an underlying medical condition (neonate, infant under 3 months of old, immunocompromised patients). Treatment of spondylodiscitis and severe OAI requires systematic orthopedic advice., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: Studies on bone and joint infections (BJI) in infants under three months are rare. We described the clinical and paraclinical features and outcomes of infants hospitalised with BJI under three months of age., Methods: The French National Hospital Discharge Database provided data on BJIs in infants under three months of age from January 2004 to 2015 in three Parisian Paediatric teaching hospitals., Results: We included 71 infants under three months of age with BJI, the median age was 25 days, and the interquartile range (IQR) was 17-43 days. The most common infection sites were the hip (32%) and knee (32%). Symptoms included pain (94%), limited mobility (87%) and/or fever (52%). There were 11 (15.5%) cases of nosocomial BJI. A pathogen was identified in 51 infants (71.8%), including Streptococcus agalactiae (45%), Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Escherichia coli (18%). The initial median C-reactive protein test rate was 31 mg/L (IQR 17-68). Of the 34 infants followed for more than one year, four developed severe orthopaedic conditions such as epiphysiodesis, limb length discrepancy, bone necrosis and/or impaired limb function., Conclusion: Streptococcus agalactiae was the most common cause of BJI in infants under three months. Orthopaedic sequelae were rare, but severe, and required long-term follow-up., (©2018 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Acute hematogenous bone and joint infections (osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, osteoarthritis, and spondylodiscitis) affect more frequently children younger than 5 years of age. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are needed to limit the risk of complications. Children with suspected bone and joint infections (BJI) should be hospitalized at the beginning of treatment. Surgical drainage is indicated in patients with septic arthritis and in those with periosteal abscess. Staphylococcus aureus is involved in BJIs in children at all ages; Kingella kingae is a very common causative pathogen in children under 4 years of age. The French Pediatric Infectious Disease Group recommends in children > 3 months of age empirical antibiotic therapy with appropriate coverage against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus with high doses (150mg/kg/day) of intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime or cefazoline. In most children with uncomplicated BJI, short intravenous antibiotic therapy for 3 days can be followed by oral therapy. The minimum total duration of antibiotic therapy should be 10 days for septic arthritis and 3 weeks for osteomyelitis., (© 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.)

Objective: To document more fully the characteristics of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in pediatric patients, to collect data on the outcomes and management of the disease, and to define prognostic factors., Methods: One hundred seventy-eight patients were included (123 female patients and 55 male patients), with a mean ± SD age at diagnosis of 10.9 ± 2.9 years. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of CRMO, evidence of at least one lesion of osteitis confirmed by imaging, and development of the syndrome before age 18 years., Results: Longitudinal clinical and imaging studies revealed that only 12 of 178 CRMO patients (7%) had unifocal lesions at the last medical visit. We were able to apply the clinical chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis score to 110 of 178 patients (62%), which indicated that bone biopsy could have been avoided in 27 cases (25%). At the last medical visit, disease was in remission in only 73 of 171 patients (43%) (41% receiving therapy) after a mean ± SD of 47.9 ± 38.9 months; 44 of 171 patients (26%) experienced sequelae. Using cluster analysis, the CRMO cohort was separated into 3 homogeneous phenotypes (severe, mild, and intermediate). Patients with the severe phenotype had the worst prognosis. This group was entirely composed of male patients, most of whom had the multifocal form of CRMO and inflammatory syndrome. Patients with the mild phenotype had the best prognosis. This group was primarily composed of female patients with a unifocal form of CRMO and infrequent clavicle involvement and inflammatory syndrome. Patients with the intermediate phenotype had a good prognosis but greater reliance on treatment. This group primarily included female patients with multifocal lesions and inflammatory syndrome., Conclusion: This is the largest CRMO cohort described in the literature to date. Clinical evolution and imaging investigations confirmed the multifocal pattern of the disease. Three distinct subgroups of CRMO patients were distinguished, with very different prognoses., (Copyright © 2015 by the American College of Rheumatology.)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an uncommon cause of osteoarticular infections (OAI) in children. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of pneumococcal OAI before and after the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Data were retrospectively collected from children aged <16 years who were hospitalized for pneumococcal OAI between 1997 and 2007 in four Parisian teaching hospitals. Forty-three children were included (32 with arthritis and 11 with osteomyelitis) and the median age of these children was 12.5 months (range 3 months to 14 years). Serotypes were available for 19/43 strains (44 %) from 1997 onwards and for 12/13 strains (92 %) from 2005 onwards. Seven unvaccinated children were infected with vaccine serotypes and we observed only one vaccine failure. After the introduction of PCV7, we noted an increase in short-term complications and the emergence of serotype 19A, which was penicillin-intermediate in 86 % of cases. After PCV7 introduction, serotype 19A was the most frequent serotype implicated in pediatric pneumococcal OAI. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in France in June 2010 should cover the emerging serotype.

The diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis is a clinical one. Acute-phase reactants, such as white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are useful to help the clinicians at the time of initial diagnosis. The WBC count may be normal in up to 80 % of cases and it is not a reliable indicator. The ESR is elevated in 80 % of cases. CRP is elevated more than 80 % of cases. CRP rises rapidly within 48 hours of admission and returns to normal within a week after appropriate therapy. Its rapid kinetics is useful for follow-up of the response treatment. Patients who require surgical drainage procedures have prolonged time to normalization of CRP. PCT is a useful specific marker for predicting severe infection but its sensibility to detect bone and joint infections seems to be low.

La plupart des infections ostéo-articulaires (IOA) surviennent par voie hématogène, touchent les enfants de moins de 5 ans et comprennent l'ostéomyélite, l'arthrite septique, l'ostéo-athite et la spondylodiscite. Un diagnostic précoce et un traitement rapide sont nécessaires pour éviter les complications. Les enfants chez lesquels on suspecte une IOA doivent être hospitalisés dès le début du traitement. Le drainage chirurgical est indiqué chez les patients souffrant d'arthrite septique ou d'abcès périostique. Staphylococcus aureus est impliqué dans l'IOA chez les enfants de tous âges ; Kingella kingae est un agent pathogène très commun chez les enfants de 6 mois à 4 ans. Le Groupe français d'infectiologie pédiatrique recommande une antibiothérapie empirique avec une couverture appropriée contre les S. aureus sensibles à la méthicilline. S. aureus (MSSA) avec de fortes doses (150 mg/kg/j) de céfazoline intraveineuse. Chez la plupart des enfants présentant une IOA non compliquée présentant une évolution favorable (disparition de la fièvre et de la douleur), une antibiothérapie intraveineuse courte pendant 3 j peut être suivie d'un traitement oral. En l'absence d'identification bactériologique, le relais oral se fait avec l'association amoxicilline/clavulanate (80 mg/kg/j d'amoxicilline) ou la céfalexine (150 mg/kg/j). Si l'espèce bactérienne est identifiée, l'antibiothérapie sera adaptée à la sensibilité aux antibiotiques. La durée totale minimale de l'antibiothérapie doit être de 14 j pour les arthrites septiques, de 3 semaines pour les ostéomyélites et de 4 à 6 semaines pour les ostéoarthrites du bassin, les spondylodiscites et les ostéoarthrites plus sévères, ainsi que celles qui évoluent lentement sous traitement ou qui présentent une pathologie sous-jacente (nouveau-né, nourrisson de moins de 3 mois, patients immunodéprimés). Le traitement de la spondylodiscite et de l'IOA sévère nécessite un avis orthopédique systématique. Most osteoarticular infections (OAI) occur via the hematogenous route, affect children under 5 years of age old, and include osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondylodiscitis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are needed to avoid complications. Children with suspected OAI should be hospitalized at the start of therapy. Surgical drainage is indicated in patients with septic arthritis or periosteal abscess. Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in OAI in children at all ages; Kingella kingae is a very common causative pathogen in children from 6 months to 4 years old. The French Pediatric Infectious Disease Group recommends empirical antibiotic therapy with appropriate coverage against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) with high doses (150 mg/kg/d) of intravenous cefazolin. In most children presenting uncomplicated OAI with favorable outcome (disappearance of fever and pain), short intravenous antibiotic therapy during 3 days can be followed by oral therapy. In the absence of bacteriological identification, oral relay is carried out with the amoxicillin/clavulanate combination (80 mg/kg/d of amoxicillin) or cefalexin (150 mg/kg/d). If the bacterial species is identified, antibiotic therapy will be adapted to antibiotic susceptibility. The minimum total duration of antibiotic therapy should be 14 days for septic arthritis, 3 weeks for osteomyelitis and 4–6 weeks for OAI of the pelvis, spondylodiscitis and more severe OAI, and those evolving slowly under treatment or with an underlying medical condition (neonate, infant under 3 months of old, immunocompromised patients). Treatment of spondylodiscitis and severe OAI requires systematic orthopedic advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis is a clinical one. Acute-phase reactants, such as white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are useful to help the clinicians at the time of initial diagnosis. The WBC count may be normal in up to 80 % of cases and it is not a reliable indicator. The ESR is elevated in 80 % of cases. CRP is elevated more than 80 % of cases. CRP rises rapidly within 48 hours of admission and returns to normal within a week after appropriate therapy. Its rapid kinetics is useful for follow-up of the response treatment. Patients who require surgical drainage procedures have prolonged time to normalization of CRP. PCT is a useful specific marker for predicting severe infection but its sensibility to detect bone and joint infections seems to be low. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction et objectifs: Nous relatons l’épidémiologie bactérienne des IOA communautaires survenues à l’hôpital R. Debré entre 2000 et 2008 chez les enfants de moins de 15 ans. Matériels et méthodes: Ces infections ont été documentées par culture des prélèvements, par PCR universelle à partir de 2005 et PCR spécifique vis-à-vis de Kingella kingae à partir de 2006. Résultats: 177 IOA ont été documentées. Douze sont survenues chez des patients présentant des facteurs de risques (drépanocytose, immunodépression) et ont été exclus des analyses suivantes. Les 165 IOA restantes (57 avant 2005, 108 après 2005) comprenaient 43 ostéomyélites, 119 arthrites et 3 arthrites + ostéomyélites chez des enfants âgés de 17 jours à 15 ans (médiane : 28 mois, sexe ratio : 1,46). Avant 2005, Staphylococcus aureus était le germe majoritaire tout âge confondu (52,5 %). Après 2005, il rétrocède à la seconde place (36 %) derrière K. kingae (41,5 %). Le diagnostic moléculaire a permis, en effet de multiplier par 4 la fréquence de K. kingae. Chez les nourrissons < 3 mois (n =6), les bactéries retrouvées sont exclusivement Streptocoque du groupe B et E. coli. Entre 3 mois et 3 ans, K. kingae prédomine largement (48 %) suivi par 3 germes de fréquence proche (12-16 %) : S. aureus, Streptocoque A et Streptococcus pneumoniae. Après 3 ans, S. aureus est de loin le pathogène majoritaire (75 %), le gène codant pour la leucocidine de Panton et Valentine était présent chez 26 % des souches et le taux de résistance à la méticilline était de 12 % sans augmentation notable dans le temps de ces deux variables. Conclusion: S. aureus et K. kingae constituent les cibles majeures de l’antibiothérapie probabiliste de ces infections. La prévalence préoccupante des S. aureus résistant à la méticilline impose une surveillance régulière pour évaluer la pertinence de leur prise en compte dans le traitement probabiliste. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]