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The genus Gryllotalpella is redescribed, and Gryllotalpella mendesi n. sp. is described from the Brazilian Amazon. The key to the species is also updated, and the status of the specimen identified as Gryllotalpella minor by Rehn in 1917 is clarified. Finally, a map with the distribution of the currently known species is provided, and the status of the species described in past centuries is discussed.

In this contribution to the subfamily Pseudophyllinae in the Neotropics, we focus on reviewing the status of the genus Brachyauchenus and its four included species. After this revision, the genus remains monotypic, including only B. castaneus (type species), so it is necessary to provide a new diagnosis, since the current has characteristics of species that in the past was moved to Triencentrus, in addition to the characteristics of the species that are being excluded here. B. castaneus is redescribed to complement the characteristics of the genus, the unknown female is described, and new distribution data are provided, refuting the presence of this species in Bogotá, Colombia, its type locality. Brachyauchenus festae and B. minutus are grouped into the new genus Mikrischyrum n. gen. (Platyphyllini) which is similar to Baliophyllum and Drepanoxiphus, and a key is provided to differentiate these species. Brachyauchenus varicosus is being moved to the genus Stenoschema (Pleminiini), restricting the distribution of Brachyauchenus to the center and north of the eastern slope of the Colombian Andes and the new genus in Panama and the Peruvian Amazon. A map is included with the distribution data of the species studied here. Finally, the variation of the coloration of some species and the current taxonomic panorama of the tribe Platyphyllini are discussed.

Aclodes paz Cadena-Castañeda & Castellanos-Morales n. sp. (Figs. 1–6) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:518317 Type material. Holotytpe. Male. Colombia, Santander, La Paz, Vda San Pablo, La Cuchara 2 (spoon—2 cave), 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales. Paratypes. La Cuchara —2 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 2 male and 2 female, La Cuchara —1 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 06°10’46,5”N, 73°34’30,4”W. elev. 1.836 m. 27 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 4 male, 4 females, 1 female subadult, and 3 immatures La Remolina —1 cave (“ Swirl cave —1”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°07’23.3”N, 73°34’35.4”W. elev. 1.890 m. 8 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 female adult and 2 female subadult, 4 males. Melchor Cave, Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’38”N, 73°35’43,7”W. elev 1.867 m. 5 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 male, 1 male immature, 7 female immature, 2 female subadults. El Tigre cave (“ Tiger cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’32,8”N, 73°35’19,6”W. elev 1.959 m. 6 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male, 1 female and 1 female subadult. El Toro cave (“ Bull cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’12,9”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.611 m. 14 Dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 females. La Lajita —1 cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°06’58,6”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.612 m. 1 4 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 males. El Indio cave (“ Indian cave ”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°08’48,4”N, 73°37’30”W. elev 2.132 m. 20 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro. leg. 1 female. El Molino cave (“ Mill cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’50.7”N, 73°35’02.8”W. elev. 1767 m. 10 dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 immatures. Hoyo Colombia (“ Colombia pit cave”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’13.7”N, 73°35’15.4”W. elev. 1858 31 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. Gedania cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°08’7.9”N, 73°35’50.4”W. elev. 1870 7 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro leg 2 male, 2 female and 3 immatures. Colombia, Santander, El Carmen de Chucurí, La Peña cave, 06°06´24.42”N, 073°26´38”W. 1177 m. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male and 2 females (CAUD). Etymology. This species is named after the La Paz municipally (type locality). But we also want to dedicate the name of this species to the desire for peace of Colombians and many people from other countries, who have various conflicts in their territories. We keep “ paz ” as a specific epithet for the type locality, but it also means peace in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, coming from the Latin “ Pax ”. Description. Male. Mid-sized (Figs. 1A,B). Body predominantly ochre brown with dark brown and yellow stripes. Head brown with almost yellowish and grey spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, flagellum dark brown without light spots (Fig. 1C). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc with few yellow-brown stripes (Fig. 2A), lateral lobes dark brown (Fig. 1D). Fore and middle femora and tibiae brown spotted, with rings, to the femora with one or two rings on the mid-distal section, to the tibiae with three rings, one on the base, the next on the middle, and the last at the apex. Hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost ochre. Tegmina brown with several yellow short hairs (Fig. 1E). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown with diffuse ochre spots (Fig. 2D). Head rounded, almost as wide as high in frontal view (Fig. 1C); maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, dilated from the middle to the apex, and distally truncated (Fig. 1D). Thorax. Pronotal disc rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2A), lateral margins curved and most prominent at the anterior part and upcurved to the posterior margin (Fig. 1D). Meso- and metanotum without glands or modifications. Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, only on inner side, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia with three inner spurs and four outer spurs dorsally, and between them with small spines; apex with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the others one; the mid and ventral spurs almost similar in length and longer than the dorsal one. First tarsomere of the hind leg, with one spine on inner side close to apex and four dorsal spines on outer side, apex armed with a spur on both sides, the inner spur longer than the outer one. Tegmina ovoid, reaching to the third abdominal tergite (Figs. 1E, 2A). Mirror subtriangular, wider than long, with reticulated veins; harp with four or five dividing veins; chordal with two main veins (Fig. 2B); lateral field with three to four veins; stridulation file with 135–148 teeth (Fig. 2C). Abdomen with a pair of tentorial depressions for each tergite (Fig. 2D). Epiproctus rectangular longer than wide with the apex almost straight (Fig. 2E). Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid-undulation. Male genitalia. Ps.s. with the distal edge wavy in dorsal view and with a notch in the center (Fig. 3A). Ps.a.l. cylindrical, slightly curving towards the dorsal margin and latero-laterally flattened, with a few hairs on its surface, more conspicuous at the apex (Figs. 3A,B). Ps.p. quadrangular, ventrally with a small hook-shaped extension; distal edge wavy and longer on the outer edge (Fig. 3B). Ec.f. elongated and sclerotic, thickening from the anterior to the posterior region, diverging distally and connecting with a rounded prolongation and abundant microstructures (Fig. 3B, C). En.s. connecting with the ec.f., and sclerosed (Fig. 3B). Ec.a. dorsoventrally flattened rod-shaped, connected anteriorly with endophalic cavity, and posteriorly with ps.p. (Figs. 3B, C). R. wide and sclerotic, internally concave (Fig. 3B). Female. Similar to the male in shape and size, ocher or yellowish regions with lighter shades than the male (Fig. 4), being more noticeable on the face (Fig. 5A). Tegmina reduced (Fig. 5B), located on each side and covering the mesonotum and the base of the metanotum (Figs. 5C, D). Tenth tergite unmodified with rounded posterior edge. Epiproctus rectangular, wider than long, with two semicircular scars dorsally (Fig. 5E). Subgenital plate subtriangular, with the apex truncated (Fig. 5F). Ovipositor almost as length to the posterior femur; apex in dorsal view flattened and with denticulations on outer edges of upper valves, lower valves protruding into middle of upper valves, and with rounded distal edge (Fig. 5G); in lateral view, the apex of the ovipositor is lanceolate in shape and gently widens towards the apex (Fig. 5H). Variations. The main variation noted is between the two sexes; females have lighter shades than males in the yellowish and ocher areas. Some males have four or five veins dividing the harp. Measurements (in mm.). male/female: LB: 22–25/20–27. Pr: 3.5–4/4–4.5. Teg: 6–7/1–1.5. HF: 15–18/15– 19. HT: 17–20/17–20. Ov: 12–15. Comparison. Aclodes paz n. sp. is related to some species included in the subgenus Euacla (sensu Gorochov, 2007). Regarding the genitalia, the closest species is Aclodes chamocoru Nischk & Otte, 2000, which differs from the new species. Its tegmina cover the abdomen, and the harp has nine; the mirror is subovoid, wider than long, and crossed with two veins. In contrast, A. paz n. sp. has four or five veins on the harp, the mirror is subtriangular and with reticulate veins. The Ps.al. of A. chamocoru, is conical, and Ps.p. without ventral accessory extension; En.s. is tubuliform, and Ec.f. it does not expand, and difference in the connection area of these two structures. Comments. The specimens of the type series are slightly variable in size, as has been observed for other species of the genus. But one of the males from the “Colombian Hole” is unusually small. This male has all diagnostic characteristics to be identified as A. paz n. sp., such as wing venation and genital structure. Measurements of this specimen were not included in the species measurement ranges previously provided and are included below. Measurements (in mm.). LB: 14. Pr: 3. Teg: 6. HF: 12. HT: 13. Ecological data from type cave. The cave La Cuchara —2 is situated around four kilometers east from the La Paz town, on the eastern side of the Colombian Andean Mountain range. An area of different sedimentary lithostratigraphic units from the Cretaceous age, which are gathered in the formations: Rosablanca, Paja, Tablazo, Simiti and Luna (Medoza-Parada et al. 2009). The La Cuchara cave has a circular-shaped entrance of around 1.5 meters with narrow, rocky, passageways, stalagmites, and stalactites few developed were observed. Inside the cave, there is a narrow stream with shallow pools forms. The bottom of each well is rocky and contains abundant fine sediment. The water temperature was 17.9°C, the cave temperature 18.1°C, and the water pH was 6.7. The fauna is scarce; there were a few colonies of bats (cf. Carollia sp.) inhabiting the cave ceiling. The base of the food chain is probably limited to crickets and their predators, spiders. Crickets usually occupy the middle and upper parts of rocky cave walls, where they form groups of varying sizes and different stages of development (Fig. 6). This cave has not as yet been registered in any recent speleological inventory of Santander (Castellanos-Morales & Moreno 2018, Dulcey-Ulloa & Lasso 2019)., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on pages 571-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Castellanos-Morales, C. A. & Moreno, F. (2018) Cuevas, hoyos y grutas del municipio de La Paz (Santander, Colombia). Maria Elina Bichuette [and others authors], Castellanos-Morales & Moreno (academic editors), Villavicencio, Universidad Santo Tomas, Manila, Metro Manila, Colombia, 104 pp.","Dulcey-Ulloa, J. & Lasso, C. A. (2019) Estado del conocimiento, uso y conservacion de las cuevas y cavernas del departamento de Santander (Andes), Colombia. In: Lasso, C. A., Barriga, J. C. & Fernandez-Auderset, J. (Eds.), Biodiversidad subterranea y epigea de los sistemas carsticos de El Penon (Andes), Santander, Colombia. VII. Serie Fauna Silvestre Neotropical. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogota, D. C., pp. 227 - 255."]}

Aclodes paz n. sp. a new troglophilous species from the caves of the municipalities of La Paz and San Vicente del Chucurí, Santander, is described. An overview of the taxonomic history of the tribe Aclodini and the genus Aclodes is provided, to understand the recent taxonomic changes in the group. The species is named in honor of La Paz’s municipality and the desire of Colombians and other inhabitants of the world who have conflicts in their territories (the cricket of peace). Finally, the habitat and taxonomy of the genus are discussed.

Tribe Aclodini Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 Comments. This tribe was proposed by Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), initially as the group “Aclodae”, including Aclodes Hebard, 1928, Paraclodes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Uvaroviella Chopard, 1923. The author defines the group and suggests that two species of Heterogryllus Saussure, 1874, H. crassicornis Saussure, 1878, and H. bordoni Chopard, 1970, were located in Aclodes and Paraclodes, respectively. Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), mentions that Heterogryllus only includes H. ocellaris Saussure, 1874, represented by a female collected in Brazil, without precise locality, and that, due to its morphological characteristics, it should be included in Neoaclini (sensu Desutter 1987). Nischk & Otte (2000) described several taxa for Ecuador, one species for Paraclodes and three species for Aclodes. Otte (2006) describes five additional species from Costa Rica. Otte & Perez-Gelabert (2009) added 16 species to Uvaroviella, distributed on several Caribbean islands. Subsequently, several taxa described by the above authors will be reassigned to other genera or synonymized, and not all species will retain their original combinations. Gorochov (2007) proposed that the Aclodae group comprises a single genus. Uvaroviella, the oldest genus, retained generic status, the others as subgenera: four originally described as genera (Acla Hebard, 1928, Aclodes, Paraclodes, and Uvaroviella s.s.) and five as new subgenera (Subacla, Euacla, Reacla, Holacla, and Topacla). The same author adds six species in Uvaroviella s.l., and keeps this taxon in the tribe Phalangopsini; for Paragryllini, it gives a new status, including subtribes described as tribes by Desutter (Paragryllina s.s., Neoaclina and Strogulomorphina). This contribution initiated some synonymization of taxa described by Otte and other authors (Gorochov 2011). Gorochov (2014) proposed a classification for the Phalangopsinae subfamily group. Uvaroviella and Heterogryllus are included in the subtribe Heterogryllina (Phalangopsini), sugesting the probable relationship between both taxa, and indicating that Aclodae is probably junior synonym of Heterogryllina (Gorochov 2014, 2015). Desutter-Grandcolas (2014) officially proposed Acla, as a synonym of Aclodes, something that apparently was missing in the author’s contribution of 1992, where A. crassicornis (Saussure, 1878) is included in Aclodes, without any formal nomenclatural act. Recently, Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon (2020) revalidated and elevated Aclodini (=Aclodae) to tribal status and provided the initial opinion on the position of Heterogryllus and the non-relationship with the other Aclodini (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992). Likewise, they contrast with the Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) molecular study and other unpublished studies, highlighting that the Aclodini are a well-defined monophyletic clade within the Paragryllinae, thus supporting the new tribal status (Desutter-Grandcolas 2014, Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon 2020). Also, they morphologically redefine Aclodini, returning to the 1992 classification, assigning generic status to Aclodes and Paraclodes, and synonymizing all the subgenera proposed by Gorochov (2007). They emphasize the incomplete study of morphological characters and that monophyly was not reflected in Gorochov’s proposal (Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon 2020). As noted in the history of the classification of the Aclodae / Aclodini / Heterogryllina, cricket taxonomy remains in constant debate and turmoil. At the Neotropical level, it is based on the classification proposed either by Desutter-Grandcolas or Gorochov. Based on the author a tribe can be a genus or subtribe, and according to the opinion of some other authors the taxa can be in different subfamilies (Cadena-Castañeda & Tíjaro 2020, Cadena-Castañeda & García García 2020, Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2021b)., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1928) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Fifth paper. Orthopterous family Gryllidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 54 (2), 79 - 124.","Desutter, L. (1987) Structure et evolution du complexe phallique de Gryllidea (Orthopteres) et classification des genres neotropicaux de Grylloidea. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 23 (3), 213 - 239.","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418.","Otte, D. & Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2009) Caribbean crickets. The Orthopterists' Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, iii + 792 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087","Gorochov, A. V. (2011) New and little known Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) 7. Neotropic taxa of the tribes Paragryllini and Luzarini. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 90 (9), 1055 - 1069.","Gorochov, A. V. (2014) Classification of the Phalangopsinae subfamily group, and new taxa from the subfamilies Phalangopsinae and Phaloriinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 23 (1), 7 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2014.23.1.7","Gorochov, A. V. (2015) New and little-known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 8. The genus Paragryllodes and notes on the subfamily classification. Entomological Review, 95 (5), 600 - 611. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 001387381505005 X","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2014) New taxa and data for Neotropical Phalangopsidae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea). Zootaxa, 3866 (3), 398 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.3.5","Chintauan-Marquier, I., Legendre, F., Robillard, T., Hugel, S., Nel, A., Grandcolas, P., Zuccon, D. & Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2016) Laying the foundation of a new, phylogenetic classification of crickets (Insecta, Orthoptera): a multilocus phylogenetic approach. Cladistis, 32 (1), 54 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12114","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & Tijaro, M. H. (2020) Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: New taxa of smallest field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae). Zootaxa, 4809 (3), 571 - 581. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4809.3.10","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & Garcia Garcia, A. (2020) Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: Gigagryllus, a new genus of giant field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with comments on current Neotropical field crickets classification. Zootaxa, 4830 (2), 273 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4830.2.3"]}

Genus Aclodes Hebard, 1928 Comments. This genus is very speciose, and currently includes 35 species, with a wide distribution from Costa Rica to Peru and northern South America, with a presence on a couple of islands near Venezuela (Cigliano et al. 2022). It differs from the morphologically similar genus Paraclodes, in that the males have the tegmina projecting from the middle of the abdomen onwards and with strong parallel longitudinal veins. The females are distinguished by their tegmina, often reaching the first abdominal tergite posterior margin (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992), except Aclodes cryptos (Nischk & Otte 2000), with the tegmina reaching the middle of the abdomen. Uvaroviella, is a Caribbean genus with 17 species that need to be re-studied. Possibly, the three continental species still included in Uvaroviella, which are only known from their females, should be included in the future in Aclodes, after finding the respective males that allow their generic affiliation to be identified. For Colombia, Hebard (1928) mentions the presence of Aclodes maculatum (Caudell 1918), described initially from Peru but with notable morphological differences. Hebard, at that time, did not study the internal genitalia; it was not a common practice of the time for the descriptions of Orthoptera. Perhaps with the study of the male genitalia it will be possible to resolve this problem, with the tegmina moderately developed, as occurs in many recently described species. Recently, Cadena-Castañeda et al. (2016) recorded the presence of Aclodes nebulosa (Gorochov, 2007) (then known as Uvaroviella (Holacla) nebulosa Gorochov, 2007), in the Rio Ñambi Nature Reserve, south of the department of Nariño. This is the only species with a reliable and confirmed record for Colombia. Now the second species of Aclodes for the country is described, coming from the caves of the Andes in northern Colombia., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on pages 570-571, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1928) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Fifth paper. Orthopterous family Gryllidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 54 (2), 79 - 124.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2022) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 30 April 2022)","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J., Gutierrez, Y. & Bacca, T. (2016) New and little known Orthoptera (Ensifera and Caelifera) from the Nambi River Natural Reserve, Narino, Colombia. Zootaxa, 4162 (2), 201 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4162.2.1","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087"]}

Gryllotalpella mendesi Cadena-Castañeda n. sp. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:517988 (Figures 1 and 2) Type material. Holotype. Female. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Adolpho Ducke, 02°55’48” S, 59°58’30” W. 02.V.2014. A.M. Silva-Neto col. (INPA). Paratypes. 1 female. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Base. 02°55’46.3” S, 59°58’29.3” W. 22–24. V.2015. A. Régo col. 1 female, Amazonas, Novo Airão, 02°43’58.4”S, 60°44’33.5”W, 19. VI.2014, D. Nogueira col. (CAUD). 1 female, Amazonas, Manaus, Bairro Nova Esperança, 03°08’42.55”S, 60°05’93.88”W, 11.VI.2015, D.M. V. Pereira col. 1 female, Manaus, AM-010- km 50 ramal Vó Leuda, 14–16.VI.2013, F.F. Xavier F, P. Grossi & D.M.M. Mendes col. 1 female, Manaus, INPA, Campus I, 03°05’41.2”S, 59°59.22’2”W, 07. VI.2014, S.S. Azevedo col. (INPA). Etymology. This species is dedicated to Diego Matheus de Mello Mendes, a dear friend of the first author, in recognition of his significant contributions to the Orthoptera of Brazil, especially in the Amazon region of such a wonderful country. Description. In addition to the characters of the genus: Female. Medium to large-sized compared to the other species of the genus (Fig. 1). Body predominantly dark brown, forelegs yellowish-brown, dactyls black with ocher base (Figs. 1A, 2A), tympanum whitish (Fig. 2B). Mid-legs yellowish, hind legs with faded brown spots on an ocher background (Fig. 1B). Tegmina and hindwings yellowish-white, with yellowish-brown veins (Fig. 2D). Head slender with mouthparts ending in a conical shape when closed and covered by clipeus and labrum. Ovoid ocelli, medium size, greatest diameter 0.20–0.21 mm.; interocellar distance 1.5 times the maximum width of one of the ocelli. Ocellar-ocular distance less than one ocellar length; interocular distance slightly greater than the length of compound eyes (Fig. 2A). Thorax. Pronotum elongated oval, almost twice as long as wide (Fig. 1A). Legs. Forefemur 1.8 times longer than wide. Process of fore femur almost as long as wide, apex rounded (Figs. 2B,C). Tympanum ovoid and elongated occupying 80% of the tibia base (Fig. 2B). All dactyls pointed, the longest and most prominent being the mobile dactyls, with similar length; immobile dactyls of the tibia shorter than the articulated dactyls, the smallest being the ventral one (Fig. 2B). Tarsal dactyl with rounded apex, the proximal or ventral dactyl is the longest, with the ventral margin uniformly curved; middle or dorsal dactyl as long as a quarter of the length of the ventral dactyl, with slightly wavy posterior edge; last tarsomere not modified, reduced, cylindrical and with two small distal claws (Fig. 2C). Wings. Tegmina covering up to the second tergite, vein A2 not forked, anal 1 and 2 regions with numerous cross-veins, anal region 1 with three or four cross-veins; first cubital area with 2 or 3 crossveins (Fig. 2D). Hind wings surpass the length of the abdomen (Fig. 1). Abdomen. Edges of the dorsal groove of the last tergites with conspicuous setae, reddish and turning inwards. Epiproct triangular, wider than long. Subgenital plate wider than long and with a rounded edge. Male. Unknown. Measurements (in mm). Tl: 24–29, Ol: 0.20–0.21, Id: 0.30–0.32, Ood: 0.12–0.15, Pl: 4–7, Pw 4.5–6: Pf: 0.9, Teg: 8–9, Hf: 4.5–5, Ht: 3–3.5. Comparison. G. rehni is the closest known species to the new species. The new species differs from G. rehni by a more elongated pronotum, ovoid ocelli, pointed dactyls, and tegminal venation. In contrast, G. rehni has circular ocelli; moderately elongate pronotum; dactyls with the apex not sharp, and tympanum occupies 90% of the tibia base. Anal region 1 with five or six cross-veins; first cubital area with four cross-veins vs. anal region 1 with three or four cross-veins; first cubital area with 2 or 3 cross-veins to the new species., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Trujillo, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Ariza, Jeison Eduardo García, 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: A new Gryllotalpella species (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from Brazilian Amazon, pp. 483-489 in Zootaxa 5124 (4) on pages 485-488, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6413708

Gryllotalpella Rehn, 1917 http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:25032 Type species. Neocurtilla minor Bruner, 1916; by monotypy and original designation. New description. Body slender and small (16-31 mm.), cylindrical and elongated. The body’s general coloration is brown, with the ventral surface yellowish, usually with a couple of yellowish spots on the pronotum. Body surface soft and velvety. Head conical, tapering from posterior region to mouthparts. Eyes ovoid, medium-sized, compared to other genera of New World mole crickets. Ocelli always present (only lateral ocelli, central one absent), located between the dorsal margins of the eyes, variably shaped from small and round to ovoid and conspicuous. Antennae situated on the inner side of the ventral margin of the eyes, projecting to the middle of the body; escape three to four times as long as the pedicel. Maxillary palpi slender and long, third and fourth segments cylindrical and of similar length, fifth segment a little longer than the fourth segment, and dilated apex. Thorax. Pronotum ovoid is longer than wide; the anterior margin is concave and narrower than the posterior margin. Prosternum narrow and almost entirely covered by forelegs; mesosternum narrow and with a central septum from the anterior to the posterior margin; metasternum ovoid with a broad upper lobe and a lower as wide as one-third the length of the upper lobe. Wings. Tegmina covering the first or second tergite; distal portion of the radial area widened, distal portion of the subcostal area narrow, costal veins non-reticulate. Hind wings absent or extending beyond abdomen. Legs. Forelimbs small and soft; process of fore femur trigonal. Tympani totally exposed. Hind femora as long as a fourth of the abdomen length; dorsal margin of the hind tibia without spines. Abdomen cylindrical, 2 to 2.5 times the length of the head and thorax together. Dorsal margin of four last tergites with a groove into which the hindwings fit in macropterous specimens. Epiproct triangular, and cerci as long as hind femur. Male. Unknown. Comparison. Gryllotalpella is easily distinguished from the other genera of Gryllotalpinae distributed in America, due to its small size, open tympana, cylindrical and elongated shape, in contrast to genera such as Gryllotalpa and Neocurtilla, which are larger and more robust. It differs from Neocurtilla and Leptocurtilla, by the process of the anterior femur, which is trigonal in shape, resembling the process of Gryllotalpa. However, this process for this last genus, the apex is pointed and not rounded as in Gryllotalpella. Key to known Gryllotalpella species 1. Second pair of wings well-developed; ocelli ovoid or circular mid-sized.......................................... 2 - Second pair of wings reduced and vestigial, ocelli round and very small................................... G. minor 2. First cubital area of the tegmina with one or two cross-veins, first and second anal area fused............... G. lawrencei - First cubital area of the tegmina with three to six cross-veins, first and second anal area not fused...................... 3 3. Size 31 mm. Pronotal disc completely brown. Subcircular tympani, not elongated........................... G. tindali - Size between 24–29 mm. Pronotal disc with a yellow spot on each side, in some specimens little developed. Tympani ovoid, elongate............................................................................................. 4 4. Ocelli circular; apex of dactyl not pointed; anal region 1 with five or six cross-veins; first cubital area with four cross-veins............................................................................................... G. rehni - Ocelli ovoid; apex of dactyls pointed; anal 1 and 2 regions with numerous cross-veins, anal region 1 with three or four cross veins.................................................................................. G. mendesi n. sp., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Trujillo, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Ariza, Jeison Eduardo García, 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: A new Gryllotalpella species (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from Brazilian Amazon, pp. 483-489 in Zootaxa 5124 (4) on pages 484-485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6413708, {"references":["Rehn, J. A. G. (1917) The Stanford Expedition to Brazil, 1911. J. C. Branner, Director. Orthoptera II. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 43 (1), 89 - 154.","Bruner, L. (1916) South American crickets, Gryllotalpoidea and Achetoidea. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 10, 344 - 428."]}

Here, we contribute to the study of the subtribe Paragryllina, recovering as valid, taxa previously described as subfamilies or tribes of Paragryllidae (currently considered as a synonym of Phalangopsidae), but which are well delimited and can be considered as genera groups of Paragryllina: Paragryllae n. stat., Rumeae n. stat., and Benoistellae n. stat.. Alfarogryllus n. gen. is described to accommodate Eneoptera panoplos. Paragryllus is divided into three subgenera: Paragryllus s.s., Melloius n. subgen., and Souzaius n. subgen.. Paragryllus (Paragryllus) lyrae n. sp. (from southern Costa Rica) is described. Paragryllus cocos is considered as nomen nudum; Paragryllus arima n. syn. is synonymized under Paragryllus insolitus and transferred to the genus Ectecous, as the new combination Ectecous insolitus n. comb.; Eneoptera spodios n. syn. is synonymized under Lerneca digrediens, remaining only the Eneoptera species known before the contribution by Otte (2006). Dambachia is included in the subtribe Paragryllina. This genus stands out for the modification of its subapical spur of the hind tibia and its asymmetric genitalia. Keys for the genera and genera groups of Paragryllina, and subgenera of Paragryllus are provided. Finally, the taxonomy of Neotropical crickets is discussed.

Souzaius Cadena-Casta��eda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516604 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E4FE5E6-9928-43EE-8D45-069913923CBF Diagnosis. Small size (15.5 mm). Harp of the tegmina with 4���5 veins and mirror divided by seven veins, apical area reduced (Fig. 3E). Pseudepiphallic lobes without bristles and poorly pronounced. Ectophallic fold protruding markedly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs 3F���G). Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, and with the ventral branch obliquely truncated ventrally, rectangular and with similar width from the base to the apex in ventral view (Fig. 3H). Endophallic sclerite well developed; ectophallic fold considerably prolonged in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3F���G). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus Gorochov, 2009 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Pedro Guilherme B Souza-Dias, friend and great Brazilian orthopterist, in recognition of his contributions to the crickets of his country. The gender of the name is being established as neuter., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2009) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 5. Neotropical taxa of the tribe Paragryllini. Entomological Review, 89 (5), 564 - 577. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873809050066"]}

Alfarogryllus Cadena-Casta��eda n. gen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516605 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 016524AB-D0B8-4128-B0D6-AFA3ECA765FB Type species: Alfarogryllus panoplos (Otte, 2006) n. comb., by monotypy and original designation. Description. Body mid-sized (19 mm) (Fig. 6A), color grey, banded frons, top of the head and between the eyes dark brown; pronotum dorsum with black bands along frontal and posterior margins; lateral lobes with the downward arching broad with a black band through the middle section; forewing with pale veins and darker cells; legs distinctly banded. Head wider than pronotum, rounded and smooth; almost as wide as high in frontal view; vertex convex; fastigium almost 0.5 times as wide as scape; eyes ovoid, not protruding; ocelli rounded, frontal ocellus reduced in contrast to lateral ocelli; antennal sockets located at the level of the lower margin of the eyes; maxillary palps elongated in comparison to the other genera of the subtribe, the last segment dilated and with a rounded apex. Thorax. Pronotal disc as wide as long, covered by small bristles; anterior and posterior margins straight; lateral lobes squared, as wide as high, and with rounded margins. Legs elongated and thin, fore tibia with a small inner and a small outer tympanum, and with two apical and ventral spurs, small compared to tarsomeres; mid tibia with two ventral apical spurs; hind tibia with three inner subapical spurs, the mid apical spurs longer than other two ones of the inner and outer margins, ventral and dorsal outer spurs of both sides subequal; hind tarsomeres with a single row of spines, and distally armed with a spur. Wings surpassing the apex of the abdomen, apical area very long. Male tegmina: mirror and harp slightly membranous, with a similar thickness to the rest of the tegmina and with reduced size; dividing veins moderately defined, harp with five veins and mirror with five cross veins (Fig. 6A). Female tegmina: CuP vein, clearly dividing the anterodorsal margin of the tegmina; dorsal field with numerous transverse veins. Abdomen. Male and female epiproctus without processes or notable modifications; cerci extremely long, 1.5 times longer than the body; female ovipositor well-developed, as long as the hind femur, without apical modifications. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallus fused as an almost tubular section (Figs. 6B���D), most notably in dorsal view and with striae or channels in the distal area, in ventral and lateral view (Fig. 6B). Pseudepiphallic arms long, slightly branching at the apex (Fig. 6C), lateral margins wavy, apex obliquely truncated in ventral view; median lobe rectangular in lateral view, lateral lobe with a long spine, almost as long as the medial prolongation of the pseudepiphallus (Fig. 6D); ectophallic fold membranous, thin, and not surpassing the apex of the median prolongation of pseudepiphallus; endophallic sclerite broad, membranous and translucent (Fig. 6C), ectophallic apodeme thin and short; rami longer than the ectophallic apodeme (Fig. 6B���C), curving inward at the dorsal margin and apex. Female. As the male in appearance and coloration. Dorsal area of the tegmina with parallel veins, the area between the CuA vein and the anal border with poorly defined veins (Fig. 6E). Elongated cerci, twice as long as the body. Slender ovipositor and a little longer than the posterior femur, without modifications. Etymology. This new genus is dedicated to the memory of Anastasio Alfaro Gonz��lez (1865���1951), for his valuable contributions to Costa Rican science, and the creation of the National Museum of Costa Rica, the institution he directed from 1887 to 1930. The dedication of this genus also involves his great-great-grandson Jim C��rdoba Alfaro, who has followed in the footsteps of Anastasio Alfaro and makes valuable efforts to contribute to the conservation in Costa Rica. The Latin word ��� gryllus is added to the end of the genus name, which means ���cricket��� and is usually used in cricket names. Although the last component of the name is masculine, the gender of the name is being established as neuter. Comparison. This new genus differs from the other genera of the Paragryllina subtribe by the texture and thickness of the tegmina, thicker than in the other taxa, and very long cerci, 1.5 times longer than the body (the cerci of the other genera it does not exceed the total length of the body) (Fig. 6A). Regarding the male genitalia, Alfarogryllus n. gen., contrasts with the other genera of the subtribe, because the medial portion of the pseudepiphallus is prolonged as an aedeagus, the lateral lobe is cylindrical and elongated (Figs. 6B���D), which is absent in the other taxa. Although the lateral lobe of Paragryllus s.l., is medium or small-sized, the pseudepiphallic arms have a similar appearance as Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus; they are parallel throughout their length and do not intertwine from the mesal portion to the apex, as in Paragryllus s.s. and Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Melloius Cadena-Castañeda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516603 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5874E715-AC87-4B22-86CE-414E2E852182 Diagnosis. Medium size (19 mm). Harp and mirror of the tegmina divided by five veins, apical area little pronounced (Fig. 3A). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles (Figs. 3B), with a pronounced lower branch in lateral view (Figs. 3C–D). Pseudepiphallic arm long, branching at the apex and with wavy dorsal margin in lateral view (Fig. 3D). Endophallic sclerite reduced and ectophallic fold short and slightly overhanging in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Fig. 3C). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus Saussure, 1878 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello, a legendary orthopterist, in recognition of a lifetime in the study of crickets in his country, and a pioneer in the systematics of crickets in Brazil, teacher of many fellow orthopterists. The gender of the name is being established as neuter.

Paragryllus Gu��rin-M��neville, 1844 Comments. The species of this genus are distinguished by their well-developed wings, males with numerous arched veins; female tegmina with a vein separating the dorsal area from the lateral one; in the dorsal area, the veins are irregular. The males have the third internal apical spur of the hind tibia widened, possibly of a glandular type; epiproctus with ornamentations. Regarding the male genitalia, the endophallic sclerite has an inverted ���V��� shape, accompanied by two terminal apodemes, the endophallic cavity is membranous and more or less compressed; the ectophallic apodemes, rami, pseudepiphallus, and its parameres are well developed. The copulatory papilla of the female is compressed, subrectangular, curved at the apex, which can be straight or divided (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992; Gorochov, 2007; 2014). Three recently described species from Trinidad and Tobago have taxonomic conflicts. Paragryllus cocos Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009 nomen nudum: there is no valid original description that meets the minimum requirements of the zoological nomenclature code. Only the repository collection and a couple of photographs were cited for this species, without morphological information. Paragryllus arima Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009 n. syn. is proposed as a synonym under Ectecous insolitus (Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009) n. comb. ( originally described as Paragryllus). Both species have the same male genital structure and wing venation. The two species fit the diagnostic characters of Ectecous Saussure, 1878 (Paragryllini: Neoaclina), such as the presence of the elongated tympanum on the outer margin of fore tibia, and male genitalia with pseudepiphallic sclerite regressed, without a median process; dorsal valves more or less hypertelic (Desutter- Grandcolas, 1992). E. insolitus n. comb. is the first species of the genus known for Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean region. The species currently known are distributed from French Guyana (Cayena) to Brazil (Espirito Santo), and with this new record, their distribution should be even wider in northern South America. Paragryllus is the most widely distributed of the tribe, occurring from Mexico to Brazil, including islands from the Caribbean region, and two species of doubtful affiliation from Africa, which must be studied to clarify their status. Based on the differences found in the species with neotropical distribution, they are grouped into three subgenera. African species are kept as incertae sedis (Paragryllus simplex Chopard, 1948 and Paragryllus tricaudatus (Fairmaire, 1858)), and possibly should be included in a different genus., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1992) Les Phalangopsidae de Guyane francaise (Orthopteres, Grylloidea): systematique, elements de phylogenie et de biologie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A Zoologie, Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 14 (1), 93 - 177.","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) Taxonomic study of Mexican Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 16 (2), 177 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2007.16.2.177","Gorochov, A. V. (2014) Classification of the Phalangopsinae subfamily group, and new taxa from the subfamilies Phalangopsinae and Phaloriinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 23 (1), 7 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2014.23.1.7","Otte, D. & Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2009) Caribbean crickets. The Orthopterists' Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, iii + 792 pp.","Saussure, H. (1878) Melanges orthopterologiques. VI. fascicule Gryllides. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 25 (2), 369 - 704."]}

Paragryllus (Paragryllus) eclogos Otte, 2006 Comments. Unfortunately, this species is very poorly described, and the sparse data are confusing, perhaps erroneous and not informative: e.g., ��� File teeth with long wings��� (how can a stridulatory file or teeth file have long wings? There is evidence of a lapse in character, perhaps the author was referring to the fact that the insect has long wings.). ���With no obvious metanotal glands. With small inner and no outer tympanum��� (this character must be reviewed in the type specimen; once the other described and valid species have tympana on both sides of the fore tibia). ���Antennae with bristles ���. It is necessary to redescribe this species, detailing and reviewing the morphological characteristics. Another problem is the holotype specimen which was designated a female, but it is actually a male. The female is not known., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Souzaius Cadena-Castañeda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516604 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E4FE5E6-9928-43EE-8D45-069913923CBF Diagnosis. Small size (15.5 mm). Harp of the tegmina with 4‒5 veins and mirror divided by seven veins, apical area reduced (Fig. 3E). Pseudepiphallic lobes without bristles and poorly pronounced. Ectophallic fold protruding markedly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs 3F–G). Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, and with the ventral branch obliquely truncated ventrally, rectangular and with similar width from the base to the apex in ventral view (Fig. 3H). Endophallic sclerite well developed; ectophallic fold considerably prolonged in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3F–G). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus Gorochov, 2009 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Pedro Guilherme B Souza-Dias, friend and great Brazilian orthopterist, in recognition of his contributions to the crickets of his country. The gender of the name is being established as neuter.

Melloius Cadena-Casta��eda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516603 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5874E715-AC87-4B22-86CE-414E2E852182 Diagnosis. Medium size (19 mm). Harp and mirror of the tegmina divided by five veins, apical area little pronounced (Fig. 3A). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles (Figs. 3B), with a pronounced lower branch in lateral view (Figs. 3C���D). Pseudepiphallic arm long, branching at the apex and with wavy dorsal margin in lateral view (Fig. 3D). Endophallic sclerite reduced and ectophallic fold short and slightly overhanging in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Fig. 3C). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus Saussure, 1878 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello, a legendary orthopterist, in recognition of a lifetime in the study of crickets in his country, and a pioneer in the systematics of crickets in Brazil, teacher of many fellow orthopterists. The gender of the name is being established as neuter., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Saussure, H. (1878) Melanges orthopterologiques. VI. fascicule Gryllides. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 25 (2), 369 - 704."]}

Paragryllus (Paragryllus) lyrae Cadena-Casta��eda n. sp. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516602 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0AA05DFB-E3CD-4079-AA22-E3464A75E43B (Figures 4���5) Etymology. Dedicated to the memory of Carmen Lyra, pseudonym of Mar��a Isabel Carvajal Quesada (1887���1949), in recognition of her valuable contributions to Costa Rican education and literature, as well as the defense of her political cause. A historical, heroic, and fighter woman. Type material. Holotype. Male. Costa Rica, Puntarenas, District of Golfito, Guaycar��, La Gamba Biological Station. 8��42���2.49���N, 83��12���7.79���W. 80 m. April 2018. F. Etl. (CAUD). Description. In addition to characters to the genus and subgenus. Male. Mid-sized. Body predominantly ocher brown with dark brown and yellow stripe (Figs 4A���C). Head ochre with almost grey-brown spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, and dark brown antennal flagellum having sparse, small, and almost indistinct lightish spots (Fig. 4B). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc ochre, posterior margin of pronotal disc outlined in yellow. Fore and middle femora brown spotted; hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost dark brown. Tegmina with lateral and anterior part ochregrey, not dark; veins of lateral field gold; hind wings greyish (Fig. 4C). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown. Head almost as wide as high in frontal view; maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, slightly dilated from the base to the apex. Pronotum rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 4C). Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, on both sides, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia dorsally with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the modified spur on the inner side. Tegmina with oval and transverse mirror, wider than long, with six dividing veins; harp with eight dividing veins; apical area moderately pronounced (Fig. 4C); stridulation file with 178 teeth (Fig. 4E). Abdomen. Epiproctus with long paired processes, 2.5 times longer than epiproctus, digitiform, and dorsoventrally flattened. Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid and small notch. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallic sclerite with bristles on median lobes (Fig. 5); lateral lobe conical, with apex rounded, and slightly curved downward (Figs 5A, D). Pseudepiphallic paramere is divided into two branches, slim and thin ventral branch with a sharp ventrolateral prolongation before the apex; dorsal branch lanceolate with a ventral and small prolongation at the mid of its length in lateral view (Fig. 5D). In dorsal view, arc with a mid-U-shaped notch (Fig. 5A). Ectophallic fold cylindrical, with rounded apex, moderately long, prolonged to median lobe level (Figs. 5A���B). Endophallic sclerite flattened, and divergent (Fig. 5B). Rami as a lateral plate curved inward on ventral and dorsal margin (Fig. 5D). Ectophallic apodeme mostly membranous, longer than rami, and with the same thickness from the base to the apex (Figs 5A, B, D). Female. Unknown. Measurements (in mm). Holotype: LB: 24. Pr: 4.2. Teg: 18.5. HF: 17. HT: 18. Comparison. P. (P.) lyrae n. sp. is the second species of the genus reported for Costa Rica (south of the country, near the Pacific coast), the first species was P. (P.) eclogos (south of the country, near the Atlantic coast). The new species is closer to P. (P.) eclogos, but this differs from the new species because, according to its original description, it only has a small inner and no outer tympanum. Also, the ectophallic fold is short, slightly apparent in the middle of the pseudepiphallic sclerite in dorsal view; on the other hand, the branches of the pseudepiphallic paramere do not have the additional and pointed ventral prolongations, which are present in the new species. P. (P.) lyrae n. sp., is smaller (24 mm) and with fewer teeth in the stridulatory file (178 teeth) vs P. (P.) eclogos 25 mm length and 299 teeth., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299

Paragryllus (Paragryllus) Gu��rin-M��neville, 1844 s.s. Diagnosis. Medium to large size (19���28 mm.). Harp of the tegmina with 5���6 veins; the mirror of the tegmina divided by more than six veins (only P. circularis with five veins), apical area pronounced or moderately reduced (Figs. 3I, 4C). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles, well-pronounced and with cylindrical or conical shape in lateral view. Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, tapering towards the apex, and ending in a hook; in ventral view, intersecting with the other parallel branch. Endophallic sclerite well���developed and ectophallic fold arising slightly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3J���L). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Paragryllus) martinii Gu��rin-M��neville, 1844 (Type species), P. (P.) circularis Gorochov, 2007 (with two subspecies), P. (P.) concolor Gorochov, 2007, P. (P.) rex Saussure, 1874, P. (P.) eclogos Otte, 2006, P. (P.) elapsus Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 (with two subspecies), P. (P.) ovalis Gorochov, 2007 and P. (P.) lyrae Cadena-Casta��eda n. sp., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2007) Taxonomic study of Mexican Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 16 (2), 177 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2007.16.2.177","Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1992) Les Phalangopsidae de Guyane francaise (Orthopteres, Grylloidea): systematique, elements de phylogenie et de biologie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A Zoologie, Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 14 (1), 93 - 177."]}

Alfarogryllus panoplos (Otte, 2006) n. comb. (Figure 6) Comments. Unfortunately, this species is briefly described in its original description, but the description of Alfarogryllus n. gen., which includes this unique species, will allow better identification of this taxon. On the other hand, there are some inconsistencies in the designation of type specimens provided by Otte (2006). He designated the female as the holotype but in the brief description or recognition (according to the author), he focused on the male, and there are no specific characters for the female.Also, in the legend of figure 58, the male is mentioned as the holotype and the female as a paratype. In the measurements, priority is also given to the male. In the ‘specimens’ section, he mentioned a holotype and a paratype, both female. With the previous notation, the author intended to designate the male as a holotype and the female as a paratype, as is usual in most Orthoptera taxa since, in general, this sex is the one that contributes with more characters for species identification. The author was clearly confused when designating the type specimens, and the male with code 122 should be considered the holotype and the female with code 123 as a paratype. Although the female had been erroneously established as the holotype of Alfarogryllus panoplos n. gen. et comb., the main characteristics we used to diagnose this new genus are based on the male specimen. Robillard & Desutter-Grandcolas (2013), in their list of Eneopterinae from Costa Rica, doubted that Eneoptera panoplos Otte, 2006 belonged to the genus Eneoptera Burmeister, 1838, suggesting that it could be included in the genus Lerneca Walker, 1869. The same authors designated Eneoptera spodios Otte, 2006 as a species inquirenda since it did not fit either the diagnostic characters of Eneoptera, but when reviewing the type specimen of E. spodios, it fits the diagnostic characters of Lerneca. So, here we consider the type specimen as a conspecific female of Lerneca digrediens (Otte, 2006), originally described in Amphiacusta Saussure, 1874, but reclassified by Desutter- Grandcolas (2014). Therefore, we designate Eneoptera spodios Otte, 2006 n. syn., as a new synonym under Lerneca digrediens (Otte, 2006). With the previously mentioned taxonomic changes, the status of the Central American Eneoptera species is clarified, and the species studied by Robillard & Desutter-Grandcolas (2005) for the Neotropical region are preserved, although the status of Eneoptera fasciata (Scudder, 1869), had not yet become clear.

Key to Paragryllina genera (modified from Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Desutter-Grandcolas & Feberon, 2020) 1. Hind tibiae with three outer and two or three inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one in Rumea, in which the second inner spur can be regressed or even absent). Species not so flattened (head deeper than wide in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes longer). Forewings exceeding abdominal tip in males and females. Fastgium narrow, half as wide as the first antennal segment. Median ocellus nearly apical............................................................................ 2 - Hind tibiae with three outer and one inner subapical spur. Species flattened (head wider than deep in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes very short). Forewings not exceeding or slightly exceeding abdominal tip. Fastigium broad, as wide as first antennal segment. Median ocellus subapical on fastigium........................................ Benoistellae n. stat....3 2. Hind tarsomeres mostly with a single row of spines. Hind tibiae mostly with three inner subapical spurs. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres not regressed; ectophallic fold simple, membranous, its apex visible dorsally between pseudepiphallic parameres. Female forewings: transversal veins as marked as longitudinal veins.... Paragryllae n. stat....5 - Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Hind tibiae with two inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one). Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres regressed; ectophallic fold hypertelic, sclerotized (Figs. 1A���C). Female forewings: longitudinal veins stronger than transversal veins........................................ Rumeae n. stat.... Rumea 3. Tympanum present on both sides of the fore tibia. Tibiae very short, and hind tibiae thick. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres elongated and not curved on the dorsal margin, obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe rounded at the distal edge and undivided. Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at the apex (copulatory papilla of Izerskya species, unknown)....................................................... 4 - Fore tibia with a prominent inner tympanum and no outer tympanum. Tibiae more elongated, not or little thickened. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres short, curving distally, not obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe moderately divided in lateral view, with an upper lobe larger than the lower one (Figs. 1D���F). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla barely sclerotized, long, plicated over its whole length (Fig. 1G)................................... Silvastella 4. Mid-size (12���15 mm). General coloration of body yellowish with some veins bluish green. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite short, with two large membranous areas; pseudopiphallic parameres conical and parallel; ectophallic fold not reduced (Figs. 1H���J). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at apex (Fig. 1K).................................................................................................. Benoistella - Small-size (8���10 mm). General coloration of body greyish with some veins white or grey. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite without membranous areas. Pseudopiphallic parameres thin and divergent distally. Ectophallic fold strongly reduced (Figs. L���N).................................................................................... Izerskya 5. Fore tibia with tympanum on both sides. Hind tibia without spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with a single row of spines. Male genitalia symmetrical............................................................ 6 - Fore tibia with tympanum only on the outer side. Hind tibia with the last outer subapical spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Male genitalia highly asymmetrical (Figs. 2A���C).................. Dambachia 6. Male genitalia tubular and elongated���shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe..................................................................................................... 7 - Male genitalia not tubular���shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe not connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe....... 8 7. Mirror and harp membranous and occupying much of the tegmina, with clearly defined veins. Pseudepiphallus not fused in its tubular section, without conspicuous streaks or channels; lateral lobe without long spine or if it is present, as a very short prolongation (Figs. 2D���F)..................................................................... Aclogryllus - Mirror and harp slightly membranous, with similar thickness of the rest of the tegmina and with reduced size; dividing veins moderately defined (Fig. 6A). Pseudepiphallus fused much as a tubular section, most notably in dorsal view and with striae or channels in the distal area. Lateral lobe as a long spine, almost as long as the medial prolongation of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 6B���D).............................................................................. Alfarogryllus n. gen. 8. Male epiproctus with a pair of thin and long processes (Figs. 3N). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with three inner and three outer spurs; one conspicuous and glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically with ventral edge bearing denticles.................................................................................... Paragryllus - Male epiproctus without processes or notable modifications (Fig. 3M). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with less than three spurs on both margins; no glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically without denticules............................................................................................................ Bolivacla, Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1992) Les Phalangopsidae de Guyane francaise (Orthopteres, Grylloidea): systematique, elements de phylogenie et de biologie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A Zoologie, Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 14 (1), 93 - 177.","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. & Feberon, L. (2020) Phalangopsidae crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea) from the Mitaraka biological survey, French Guiana. Zoosystema, 42 (32), 739 - 797. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2020 v 42 a 32"]}

Caudafistulus rubrinervosus (Serville, 1838) n. comb. (Figs. 1���4) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:21665 Comments. In Griffini���s contribution (1910), the author provides an informative description of the species, including a drawing of the male subgenital plate. For the reasons mentioned here, a description is given that adds characters not observed by Griffini and that are useful for the identification of the species. The holotype specimen deposited in Vienna is in poor condition and is not useful for comparison and identification of additional material. Emended description. Male. In addition to the characters mentioned for the generic description: Coloration. Body predominantly pink, with some whitish-pink spots on the external face of the hind femur and pronotum, more noticeable when the insects are alive (Fig. 4). Conspicuous frontal ocellus, round, whitish, and with a pink point in the center (Fig. 2A). Dark purple eyes (Figs. 2B, C). Tegmina veins with basal two-thirds pink, distal third dark red (Fig. 2F). Head. Dorsal edge of vertex rounded and protruding upwards (Figs. 2A���C) Labrum triangular, clypeus ovoid; symmetrical mandibles (Fig. 2A); maxillary palps with the third and fourth segment subequal, fifth segment longer than the third; last segment of the labial palp rounded, and with the inner edge flattened (Fig. 2C). Pronotum. Smooth and shiny, pronotal disc rounded, with anterior margin slightly protruding forward, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2B), lower border of lateral lobes straight (Fig. 2C). Legs. Hind femur ventrally armed with five to seven spines on the outer margin and three to five on the inner margin placed from the middle of the femur towards the apex (Fig. 2E). The inner surface of the hind femur without denticulations. Hind tibia dorsally armed with conspicuous spines two to three outer and three inner spines. Wings. R vein bifurcating over the last distal third of the tegmina, Rs vein dividing near the apex into three veins. Vein MA differentiating from the main trunk in the first third of the length of the tegmina and bifurcating distally near the apex. Subsequently, the MP vein branches about half the length of the wing, followed by the branch of the CuA1 and CuA2 veins. CuP and anal veins originating independently and without branches (Fig. 2F). Abdomen. Tenth tergite with rounded posterior border, distal processes as long as half the length of the epiproctus, triangular, curving moderately inward, and with a pointed apex (Fig. 2I). Epiproctus being kept under the tenth tergite in the same way as the triangular processes, being necessary for its observation to push them out, the epiproctus is prominent, triangular as wide as long (Figs. 2I, J). Paraprocts membranous, without modification. Cerci thin and as long as the subgenital plate, without modifications or ramifications (Fig. 2J). Subgenital plate rectangular, distal edge with articulated, cylindrical and thin stylli on each side, in the middle of these, arises a prolongation as a tubular fold of medium length, ventrally the prolongation curves (Fig. 2G), folds and forms a channel-like groove, the posterior edge has three small lobes, one on each side and the middle one, more conspicuous than the other two (Fig. 2H). Phallic complex. Dorsal lobe (dl) quadrangular, with small and sclerosed marks on its surface, connecting with the titillaitors (ti) that are located on the dorsal face of the phallus as two parallel and yellowish moderately sclerosed furrows (Fig. 3B); ldl located sideways and surrounding (Figs. 3A, B). TS similar in shape to the same structure for Diaphanogryllacris species, arising from the ventral and inner border of the dl, the base has two lateral projections, and in the center a long flagellum-like prolongation that arises ventrally (Fig. 3A), curves upward and backward, progressively tapering from the base towards the apex, elongating markedly and exceeding the length of the phallus (Fig. 3C). Ejd tubular and broad, ejv conspicuous and ovoid (Figs. 3A, B); up.vl and lw.vln moderately thickened, covering the base of TS (Fig. 3A). AP in the form of arched rods, located on each side of the ventral face of the phallus (Figs. 3B, C). Female. Not seen. Measurements (mm) males: LB: 14���16. Pr: 4���4.5. Teg: 14���15.5. HF: 9���10. HT: 9.5���10. SP: 4���4.5. Variation. The only variation observed in the series of specimens examined is the size of the males studied. The number of spines on the hind femur and tibia, the femur rnge from five to seven in the outer ventral margin and three to five in the inner margin, the most common number is five spines in the outer margin and three on the inner. A specimen studied did not have a prominent ocellus, possibly it was modified when it was preserved for a long time in alcohol, although the terminalia of this male did not have variation in contrast to the other specimens studied. Specimen examined. Museum specimens: Colombia, 2 males. ANTIOQUIA, Caldas, 2100 m. 6��4���46.00���N, 75��36���52.29���W. 15 may 1996. R. Miranda. 1 male. Pe��ol, 1900 m. 6��13���4.47���N, 75��14���8.86���W. 29 october 1995 L. Dary C. (CAUD). INaturalist records: ANTIOQUIA, Santa Elena, 1 female (https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/96288013) (Fig 4A). La Ceja, 1 female (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73615039). El Carmen de Viboral, 2 males (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70702660, https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/56279864) and 1 female (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85852888). El Santuario, 1 female (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71357943)., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodr��guez, Diana Marcela Trujillo & P��ez, Geraldine, 2021, Studies on raspy crickets: Caudafistulus rubrinervosus (Serville, 1838) n. comb (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae), pp. 249-258 in Zootaxa 5067 (2) on pages 252-254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5677957, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. P. Dumenil, Paris, xviii + 776 pp."]}

Caudafistulus n. gen. is described to accommodate Brachybaenus rubrinervosus, a species of Raspy Cricket from the Colombian Andes, endemic to the highlands of the Aburra Valley and the eastern subregion of the department of Antioquia. Caudafistulus rubrinervosus n. comb. differs from Brachybaenus species, due to its conspicuous frontal ocellus, male terminalia with processes on the tenth tergite, subgenital plate modified, and genitalia with sclerotized areas, being one of the few genera of gryllacridids known with this peculiarity in the world. Finally, the similarity of copulatory structures with old-world taxa and their possible function for mating is discussed.

Caudafistulus Cadena-Casta��eda n. gen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516417 Type species. Caudafistulus rubrinervosus (Serville, 1838) n. comb., here designated. Taxa included. Caudafistulus rubrinervosus (Serville, 1838) n. comb. by original monotypy and designation. Etymology. The name is the combination of the Latin words cauda (tail) and fistula (tube). The name of this genus refers to the shape of the male���s subgenital plate. The gender of the name is being established as neuter. Description. Medium size (body length 14���16 mm) and robust (Fig. 1). Coloration. The only known species with a predominantly pink body. Head. Space between antennal sockets 1.5 times the wider than the antennal scape (Figs. 2A, B); median ocellus conspicuous, occupying much of the space between the antennae, lateral ocelli ovoid, reduced with a diffuse edge (Fig. 2A); maxillary palps elongated with the last segment slightly dilated at the apex; labial palpi robust, the last segment noticeably dilated and with rounded apex (Fig. 2C). Thorax. Pronotum narrow and smooth, with quadrangular disc and lateral lobes (Fig. 2B); humeral notch not developed; auditory spiracle below the lower margin of the lateral lobe of the pronotum and armed with a triangular tubercle, attached on the mesothorax (Fig. 2C). Sternum lobes rounded and narrow, without prolongations. Legs. Fore coxa armed with a spine dorsally. Fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four spines on each ventral margin and one spine on each side of the ventral-apex (Fig. 2D); hind femur robust, ventrally armed; hind tibia armed with spines dorsally only, apex with three spurs on each side, being the mid one the most conspicuous (Fig. 2E). Wings. Lanceolate and exceeding the apex of the abdomen and hind femur (Figs. 1, 2F). Abdomen. Stridulatory apparatus absent. Subgenital plate rectangular, with a long posterior border as a tubular shape; styles located on the side edges (Fig. 2G, H). Ninth tergite without modification; tenth tergite with two triangular processes, one on each side of the posterior margin (Fig. 2I), cerci, and paraprocts without modification or branches (Fig. 2J). Phallic complex. Predominantly membranous, with flagellum-like sclerite (TS), and cylindrical plates, sclerosed on each side (AP) (Fig. 3). Female. Tenth tergite without modification, cerci cylindrical and thin, subgenital plate rectangular without modifications, last abdominal tergite with a fold that occupies the entire posterior border; ovipositor longer than the hind femur, gently curving upward, smooth edges, rounded apex. Distribution. The Colombian Andes, on the central Andean slope in the Aburra Valley, in the vicinity of the city of Medell��n and nearby towns from the eastern high-plateau. Comparison. Caudafistulus n. gen. differs from the other Brachybaenus species, by its unusual terminalia, none of the other species has the tubular prolongation of the posterior border of the subgenital plate, nor the triangular processes of the posterior border of the tenth tergite. Regarding Brachybaenus longstaffi (Griffini, 1909) (type species of Brachybaenus), the new genus differs, because it does not have the last abdominal segments prolonged, nor the cerci or paraprocts branching., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodr��guez, Diana Marcela Trujillo & P��ez, Geraldine, 2021, Studies on raspy crickets: Caudafistulus rubrinervosus (Serville, 1838) n. comb (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae), pp. 249-258 in Zootaxa 5067 (2) on pages 250-252, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5677957, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. P. Dumenil, Paris, xviii + 776 pp."]}

Caudafistulus rubrinervosus (Serville, 1838) n. comb. (Figs. 1–4) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:21665 Comments. In Griffini’s contribution (1910), the author provides an informative description of the species, including a drawing of the male subgenital plate. For the reasons mentioned here, a description is given that adds characters not observed by Griffini and that are useful for the identification of the species. The holotype specimen deposited in Vienna is in poor condition and is not useful for comparison and identification of additional material. Emended description. Male. In addition to the characters mentioned for the generic description: Coloration. Body predominantly pink, with some whitish-pink spots on the external face of the hind femur and pronotum, more noticeable when the insects are alive (Fig. 4). Conspicuous frontal ocellus, round, whitish, and with a pink point in the center (Fig. 2A). Dark purple eyes (Figs. 2B, C). Tegmina veins with basal two-thirds pink, distal third dark red (Fig. 2F). Head. Dorsal edge of vertex rounded and protruding upwards (Figs. 2A–C) Labrum triangular, clypeus ovoid; symmetrical mandibles (Fig. 2A); maxillary palps with the third and fourth segment subequal, fifth segment longer than the third; last segment of the labial palp rounded, and with the inner edge flattened (Fig. 2C). Pronotum. Smooth and shiny, pronotal disc rounded, with anterior margin slightly protruding forward, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2B), lower border of lateral lobes straight (Fig. 2C). Legs. Hind femur ventrally armed with five to seven spines on the outer margin and three to five on the inner margin placed from the middle of the femur towards the apex (Fig. 2E). The inner surface of the hind femur without denticulations. Hind tibia dorsally armed with conspicuous spines two to three outer and three inner spines. Wings. R vein bifurcating over the last distal third of the tegmina, Rs vein dividing near the apex into three veins. Vein MA differentiating from the main trunk in the first third of the length of the tegmina and bifurcating distally near the apex. Subsequently, the MP vein branches about half the length of the wing, followed by the branch of the CuA1 and CuA2 veins. CuP and anal veins originating independently and without branches (Fig. 2F). Abdomen. Tenth tergite with rounded posterior border, distal processes as long as half the length of the epiproctus, triangular, curving moderately inward, and with a pointed apex (Fig. 2I). Epiproctus being kept under the tenth tergite in the same way as the triangular processes, being necessary for its observation to push them out, the epiproctus is prominent, triangular as wide as long (Figs. 2I, J). Paraprocts membranous, without modification. Cerci thin and as long as the subgenital plate, without modifications or ramifications (Fig. 2J). Subgenital plate rectangular, distal edge with articulated, cylindrical and thin stylli on each side, in the middle of these, arises a prolongation as a tubular fold of medium length, ventrally the prolongation curves (Fig. 2G), folds and forms a channel-like groove, the posterior edge has three small lobes, one on each side and the middle one, more conspicuous than the other two (Fig. 2H). Phallic complex. Dorsal lobe (dl) quadrangular, with small and sclerosed marks on its surface, connecting with the titillaitors (ti) that are located on the dorsal face of the phallus as two parallel and yellowish moderately sclerosed furrows (Fig. 3B); ldl located sideways and surrounding (Figs. 3A, B). TS similar in shape to the same structure for Diaphanogryllacris species, arising from the ventral and inner border of the dl, the base has two lateral projections, and in the center a long flagellum-like prolongation that arises ventrally (Fig. 3A), curves upward and backward, progressively tapering from the base towards the apex, elongating markedly and exceeding the length of the phallus (Fig. 3C). Ejd tubular and broad, ejv conspicuous and ovoid (Figs. 3A, B); up.vl and lw.vln moderately thickened, covering the base of TS (Fig. 3A). AP in the form of arched rods, located on each side of the ventral face of the phallus (Figs. 3B, C). Female. Not seen. Measurements (mm) males: LB: 14–16. Pr: 4–4.5. Teg: 14–15.5. HF: 9–10. HT: 9.5–10. SP: 4–4.5. Variation. The only variation observed in the series of specimens examined is the size of the males studied. The number of spines on the hind femur and tibia, the femur rnge from five to seven in the outer ventral margin and three to five in the inner margin, the most common number is five spines in the outer margin and three on the inner. A specimen studied did not have a prominent ocellus, possibly it was modified when it was preserved for a long time in alcohol, although the terminalia of this male did not have variation in contrast to the other specimens studied. Specimen examined. Museum specimens: Colombia, 2 males. ANTIOQUIA, Caldas, 2100 m. 6°4’46.00”N, 75°36’52.29”W. 15 may 1996. R. Miranda. 1 male. Peñol, 1900 m. 6°13’4.47”N, 75°14’8.86”W. 29 october 1995 L. Dary C. (CAUD). INaturalist records: ANTIOQUIA, Santa Elena, 1 female (https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/96288013) (Fig 4A). La Ceja, 1 female (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73615039). El Carmen de Viboral, 2 males (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70702660, https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/56279864) and 1 female (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85852888). El Santuario, 1 female (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71357943).

Stenoschema varicosus (Piza, 1980) n. comb. (Fig. 8) Comments. Piza (1980) describes this species within the genus Brachyauchenus, and its existence remained unknown for a long time to entomologists due to the restricted diffusion of the journals in which Piza published his contributions. It was so difficult to achieve some contributions of the author, that in the review of tettigonids from the Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr collection, this species was cataloged as a “phantom species” because the references were not available (Chamorro-Rengifo & Braun, 2010). Recently, some of Piza’s contributions were made available online, but even the identification task is arduous; due to the brief descriptions and, in many cases, without drawings of the diagnostic characters. Brachyauchenus varicosus (Platyphyllini) is here transferred to Stenoschema (Pleminiini). The characters observed in the type specimens compare more with the diagnostic characteristics of this genus than Brachyauchenus. When comparing the other species described in Stenoschema, it is confirmed that this species is not synonymous with any of the other species already described and remains a valid taxon. Thus, Stenoschema has seven valid species, with a mainly Amazonian distribution, but also with some records from the Andes and Atlantic Forest (Cigliano et al., 2021). The habitus and other characters are typical of the taxa of the tribe Pleminiini, as mentioned by Braun (2012), in a scrutiny of the Orthoptera Species File.

Brachyauchenus castaneus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 (Figs. 1–6) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:5035 Redescription. Male. General coloration reddish-brown (Fig. 1); in life, the face is grayish-green (when preserved in alcohol, this coloration disappears); in museum specimens, the face is reddish-brown (Fig. 1C). Dorsal surface of the stridulatory area of both wings distinctly black, bordered by a light-yellow line (Figs. 1B, 2A, 2B). Costal area of the tegmina is blurred and outlined by black regions, forming yellowish triangular portions that contrast with the rest of the tegmina (Fig. 1A). Body covered by abundant hairs on all its surface (Fig. 1). Head. Frons and vertex smooth, quite narrow fastigium; in dorsal view, a little bit shorter than the margins of the antennal sockets, and dorsally sulcate. Lateral ocelli reduced and not very visible between antennal basins and fastigium; frontal ocellus very reduced, inconspicuous being only a small diffuse point between the antennal sockets; eyes rounded both in lateral or frontal view; antennal scape with a spine at the apex on the dorsal margin, pedicel unarmed. Pronotum notably granulated, pronotal disc flat, with deep grooves, with anterior margin projected onto the neck and with a more conspicuous distal granulation; posterior margin straight (Fig. 1B); ventral margin of lateral lobes thick, remarkably widening from the anterior to the posterior border, and separated from the propleura (Figs. 1A, 1B). Sternum. Proesternum armed with two triangular and conspicuous spines; mesosternum rectangular, and with a tubercle elevated on each margin of the lateral lobe; metasternum without elevated tubercles. Legs. Fore-femur ventrally armed with four spines only on the inner margin; fore-tibia armed with seven spines on each ventral margin. Mid-femur with five ventral spines on the outer margin and mid-tibia with seven ventral spines on each ventral margin. Hind femur with seven ventral spines on the outer margin; hind tibia with ten dorsal spines on each margin, and twelve spinules on the ventral margins. All genicular lobes armed, except the outer genicular lobe of the mid-femur; all spines of the femora and hind tibiae black (Fig. 1A, 1C). Wings not surpassing the apex of the abdomen, reaching the sixth or seventh abdominal segment. Veins M and R of the tegmina never converge, and Rs vein originating near the apex of the tegmina (Figs. 1A, 1B). Left stridulatory file (= vein A1) short, almost straight, but with the distal third (towards the anal margin) notably sinuous, bearing 155‒160 elongated and flattened teeth (Fig. 2C). When the tegmina are at rest position, the stridulatory file is covered under the pronotum (Fig. 2A). Mirror on the right tegmen ovoid and small (Fig. 2B); non-functional stridulatory file of the right tegmen ventrally in the form of a fold with few and small visible denticulations. Hindwings faded brown. Abdomen. Tenth tergite unmodified, without prolongation nor any ornamentation, cupuliform (Figs. 2D, 2F), with the division between the tenth tergite and the epiproct little differentiated (Fig. 2G). Epiproct ovoid, membranous and strongly attached to the paraprocts, with a longitudinal groove on the dorsal region and rounded posterior border (Fig. 2G). Cerci tumescent, cylindrical with a small distal inward spine (Fig. 2D). Subgenital plate mostly rectangular, narrow, notably longer than wide, and with a deep and narrow U-shaped notch (Fig. 2E), styli as long as the subgenital plate, upcurved and club-shaped (Figs. 2E, 2F). Male genitalia. Lateral edges produced into two lobes corresponding to the lw.vl.; up.vl reduced in dorsal view; df narrow, dl with divergent lateral margins from the distal portion to the base, internally with various microstructures like small denticulations; ti tubular and with two distal-lateral regions with microstructures like small scales; ejv ovoid and connected by a small conduit internally to the ejd. Female (nov). Similar in shape and color to the male (Fig. 4), but the tegmina reach only the fifth abdominal segment (Fig. 4A, 4B). Tenth tergite with a slightly concave posterior margin, flanked by two small prolongations; epiproct with a semicircle shape, wider than long and with a rounded posterior border (Fig. 5A); cerci cylindrical, progressively tapering towards the apex (Figs. 5A, 5B). Subgenital plate triangular, at the apex with a small notch (Fig. 5C). Ovipositor a little longer than the hind femur, slightly curved, and with an acuminated apex (Fig. 5B). Dorsal valve with serrulations from the middle to the apex, and ventral margin of the lower valve convex (Fig. 5B). Variation. The studied specimens did not show significant variations, the number of spines on the legs did not vary in number. A female had the hind femur with black and gray spots (Fig. 6), which, when placed in alcohol, disappeared, acquiring the same coloration as the rest of the body, as happened with museum specimens. Possibly this coloration is lost post-mortem, as occurs with the coloration of the face. Type specimen. Holotype. Male, Colombia, Sta. Fe de Bogotá, Alen Linding. Code. 4808 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NMW). Specimens examined. 1 male and 1 female, Colombia, Boyacá, Coper, Vereda Turtur, Sector San Ignacio, 1600 m. 5°25’32.03”N, 74° 0’15.24”W. December 2015. O.J. Cadena-Castañeda leg. (CAUD) 1 male, Cundinamarca, Pacho, 1680 m. 5° 9’14.32”N, 74° 9’8.61”W. October 2009 (CAUD). 1 female, Santander, Oiba, 1790m. 6°14’12.21”N, 73°16’58.55”O (CAUD). 1 male and 1 female, Santander, Charalá, Virolín, 6°17’14,10”N, 73°9’10,7”W. ICN-OR 00973 and ICN-OR 00984 (ICN). 1 male, Santander, San José de Suaita, 1500m. 9 May 1999, 6.167 6, -73.4672 (Det. H. Braun, December, 2009) (ICN). Measurements (mm). Male / Female: LB: 30–33/38–40, Pr: 6.5–7/8–8.5, Teg: 21–23/27–29, HF: 16– 16.5/17–18, HT: 17.5–18/19–20, SP: 4.5–5/2–2.5, Ov: 20–21. Comments. The female of the species is reported and described for the first time, with additional material (until now only the male type specimen was known). According to the specimens collected in Coper, Boyacá, it was observed that they have twilight and nocturnal activity, being present in the vegetation and tree trunks at the understory level, preferring humid areas. When they were collected, the male sang, and due to the visible movement of its wings and the fact that the sound was not audible to a large extent, its song must be mostly ultrasonic. Unfortunately, it was not possible to record the specimen on that occasion. With specimens collected in Santander, it was observed that, during the day, they prefer to be between holes in the trunks, with the forelegs and the antennae arranged forward and the mid and hind legs backward (Fig. 6). The type locality of the species was originally Santa Fe de Bogotá (former name of the capital of Colombia, now known only as Bogotá) (Chamorro-Rengifo et al., 2011). However, the place is above 2500–2650 m., with a cold climate, unlike the other reliable records of the specimens studied here, of middle lands with a warm climate between Cundinamarca, Boyacá, and Santander (Fig. 9). Possibly, the type specimen could be collected in midland localities near Bogotá. However, at that time, collectors used to mention that the specimens were sampled in more recognized towns or cities of Colombia, even if the collection places were many kilometers away from the locality mentioned on the specimens labels, with flora, elevation, and conditions very different (Rehn, 1930). A recent case that corroborates the statement presented here, concerns Bactrophora dominans Westwood, 1842. The locality of this species is “ Santa Fe de Bogotá ”, but this species inhabits the Amazon rainforests and localities of the Guyanese shield, where the biomes are opposite to those found in the Bogotá savanna, or the rest of the Cundiboyacense highlands. For this reason, that record was not taken into account by entomologists (Rehn, 1930; Silva et al., 2021), and, for the same reason, we discarded the presence of B. castaneus in the forests that surround the city of Bogotá., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Rodríguez, Nixon Oscar Parra, Res, Gustavo Costa Tava-, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Trujillo & Arias, Ronald Fernando Quintana, 2021, Studies on Neotropical Pseudophyllinae: The status of the genus Brachyauchenus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 and its species (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae: Platyphyllini), pp. 546-562 in Zootaxa 5027 (4) on pages 549-556, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5027.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5453427, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1895) Monographie der Pseudophylliden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 45, 282 pp.","Chamorro-Rengifo, J., Cadena-Castaneda, O. J., Braun, H., Montealegre-Z, F., Romero, R. I., Serna Marquez, F. H. & Gonzales, R. (2011) Checklist and new distribution records of katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Colombia. Zootaxa, 3023 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3023.1.1","Silva, D. S. M., Tavares, G. C, Fianco, M. & Gonzalez, J. M. (2021) First report of the rare arboreal grasshopper Bactrophora dominans Westwood, 1842 (Insecta, Orthoptera, Caelifera, Romaleidae) from Brazil. Check List, 17 (3), 895 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 17.3.895"]}

Tribe Platyphyllini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 Comments. This tribe comprises 19 genera and 73 valid species, with a continental distribution between Brazil and Mexico, and a unique insular and monotypic genus, Antillophyllum Beier, 1960, from Jamaica (Cigliano et al., 2021). Platyphyllini differs from the other tribes by the following characteristics: 1. Anterior margin of pronotum convex and usually projected forward. 2. Striae of the mesosternum in a mid-caudal direction, extending from the anterior margin, into the lateral portion of the transverse sulcus, wich is usually long. 3. Metafurcal furrow as a groove with paired holes in a widely separated internal process. 4. Costal margin of tegmina uniformly narrowed, anal margin more strongly curved than the costal margin, which is slightly straight. 5. Main veins frequently indistinct, very fine, and densely reticulated, giving a stippled appearance to the tegmina. 6. Male terminalia without conspicuous modifications, with some exceptions in some species of Triencentrus and Xiphophyllum Beier, 1960. 7. Ovipositor as long as hind femur or longer, wide, usually straight or slightly curved, and with some denticulations on the dorsal margin., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Rodríguez, Nixon Oscar Parra, Res, Gustavo Costa Tava-, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Trujillo & Arias, Ronald Fernando Quintana, 2021, Studies on Neotropical Pseudophyllinae: The status of the genus Brachyauchenus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 and its species (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae: Platyphyllini), pp. 546-562 in Zootaxa 5027 (4) on page 548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5027.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5453427, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1895) Monographie der Pseudophylliden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 45, 282 pp.","Beier, M. (1960) Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Pseudophyllinae II). In: Mertens, R., Hennig, W. & Wermuth, H. (Eds.), Das Tierreich. 74, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, pp. 396.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2021) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 12 June 2021)"]}