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To examine whether two consecutive soccer matches would affect skin temperature (t sk) measured via infrared thermography (IRT) in under-20 (U-20) soccer athletes, as well as verify whether the t sk changes would be different between regions of interest. A cross sectional study. Ten under-20 soccer athletes [age 19.0 ± 1.0 years; height 181.3 ± 6.6 cm; body fat percentage (BF%) 9.0 ± 1.8%, body surface area 1.9 m2 and $$\dot{V}$$ O2max 56.4 ± 3.2 ml min−1 kg−1]. Skin thermal responses obtained by IRT and creatine kinase concentration (CK) were evaluated in response to two soccer matches with 3 days of recovery between each match. The t sk increased (≅1.0 °C) 24 h after the first match in all studied regions of interest (ROIs), returning to near pre-match values 48 h after the first match. However, after playing the second match, the t sk increased even more (≅1.5 °C) 24 h after in all the considered ROIs, not returning to pre-match values 48 h after. Regarding CK analysis, its course during the experiment was similar to t sk, with high values 24 h after (first match 763.8 ± 294.5 U/L; second match 784.1 ± 298.8 U/L) and recovering 48 h after (first match 526.4 ± 289.7 U/L; second match 672.2 ± 285.0 U/L) both matches. However, when the two matches are compared, CK showed a higher value 48 h after the second match in comparison to first match (P = 0.002). The t sk and CK were moderately correlated in all ROIs analyzed, with higher correlation in the anterior right leg (r = 0.425) and anterior left leg (r = 0.428). The t sk of lower limbs as well as CK markedly change in response to two consecutive matches separated by an interval of 3 days. There is indication of the highest inflammatory response after the second match, which was preceded by just a 3-day recovery. In addition, a general increase was obtained in thighs and legs in anterior and posterior views.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between lower limbs skin temperature (Tsk) recorded by infrared thermography and creatine kinase (CK) response following an official soccer game. A professional soccer player, from the first division Brazilian League, defender, 27 years and 183 cm of height was analyzed. Measures of Tsk with a thermal camera and blood CK concentrations were obtained 24 hr before (24H-PRE), 24 (24H-POST) and 48 hr (48H-POST) after an official match. The results showed that CK values were 193 U/L 24 hr before, rising to 1,083 U/L 24 hr after the game and 414 U/L 48 hr after the game. Anterior thigh Tsk was 31.5°C, 33.8°C, and 31.8°C in the moments 24H-PRE, 24H-POST, and 48H-POST, respectively. Similarly, anterior leg presented temperature of 31.2°C, 33.3°C, and 31.5°C at the same moments. Qualitative analysis of the thermograms showed that whole lower limbs are much warmer 24 hr after the match and certain areas as the right anterior thigh, the left anterior leg, both anterior ankles, and both posterior thighs have not fully recovered their initial Tsk 48 hr after the match. The results of this study indicate that participation in a professional soccer match can lead to significant increases in Tsk values measured by IRT 24 hr after the match. Considering this variable as an indicator of muscular damage, it could help in the process of training control, being part of an injury prevention program in professional soccer clubs.

da Silva, CD, Machado, G, Fernandes, AA, Teoldo, I, Pimenta, EM, Marins, JCB, and Garcia, ES. Muscle damage-based recovery strategies can be supported by predictive capacity of specific global positioning system accelerometry parameters immediately after soccer match-load. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1410-1418, 2021-Soccer match-load can be linked to recovery kinetic markers. However, match variability hinders the magnitude of relationship between parameters of interest. Therefore, we examined the correlation between 21 global positioning system accelerometry (GPS-A) parameters and changes in serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, muscle soreness (MS), and perceptive recovery quality (PRQ) assessed at baseline (1 h before) and post (0 minute, 2, 4, and 24 hours) a standardized 90-minute match-simulation in 20 university players. Global positioning system accelerometry (15 Hz) data were tested as manufacturer and configurable thresholds. Four GPS-A parameters showed moderate to very large correlations with CK changes at all time points (average speed [avgSP, r = 0.75 to r = 0.84]; running symmetry foot strikes [RSfst, r = 0.53-0.63]; running series [RunS, r = 0.53-0.61]; and acceleration distance [AccD ≥ 1.5 m·s-2; r = 0.46-0.61]). Sprint count (≥2 m·s-2), AccD (≥2.5 m·s-2) and speed exertion (SpEx) had a moderate to large correlation (r = 0.46-0.56) with CK changes from 2 to 24 hours. Changes in MS at 0 minute had large correlation with avgSP (r = 0.53) and moderate with deceleration distance (≥-2 and ≥-3 m·s-2; r = 0.47, r = 0.48, respectively). The PRQ changes had moderate inverse correlation with avgSP at 0 minute (r = -0.39) and SpEx at 2 h (r = -0.69). Our results suggest that during a simulated soccer protocol with a standard workload, only the avgSP has practical application for predicting CK changes over 24 hours, allowing for a decision-making toward a postgame recovery based on previously known CK cutoff points. Global positioning system accelerometry parameters and subjective variables did not demonstrate relevant correlation.

ResumenObjetivoPresentar los efectos de la taurina (Tau) en la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica, además de describir sus mecanismos de acción.MétodoSe ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline y SportDiscus, teniendo como criterios de inclusión estudios con humanos, publicados en lengua inglesa, entre el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 1 de septiembre de 2011. La manera de consumo de Tau fue: Tau aislada o como ingrediente de bebidas energéticas evaluada con un suplemento placebo. La calidad de los estudios seleccionados fue valorada por la escala de PEDro siendo considerados los artículos con puntuaciones por encima de 5.ResultadosFueron seleccionados 14 estudios, siendo 11 los que obtuvieron cambios en la capacidad física aeróbica y 3 en la anaeróbica. Se observaron mejoras significativas en las actividades aeróbicas (8 de los 11 artículos) de igual manera que en las anaeróbicas (2 de los 3 estudios) tras ingesta de Tau frente a placebo.ConclusiónEl consumo agudo de apenas 1g de Tau, independiente del tiempo previo de ingesta presentó un efecto positivo frente la capacidad física aeróbica y anaeróbica. El principal efecto ergogénico que se observó en el componente aerobio fue aumentar la capacidad temporal para realizar un ejercicio, sin embargo en la actividad anaerobia proporcionó una mejora en la respuesta de los iones de calcio durante la contracción muscularAbstractObjectiveDescribe the effects of taurine (Tau) on aerobic and anaerobic physical performance as well as its mechanisms of action.MethodA systematic literature review on PubMed/Medline and SPORTDiscus was performed, including studies on humans which were published in English between January 1st, 2000 and September 1st, 2011.The forms of Tau intake were as the isolated compound (Tau) or as an ingredient in energy drinks analyzed with a placebo supplement. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the PEDro scale and included articles with at least 5 points.ResultsAfter the filtering process, 14 studies were selected from which 11 presented changes in aerobic physical performance and 3 in anaerobic physical performance. Significant improvements were observed in aerobic activities (8 out of 11 articles) and in anaerobic activities (2 out of 3 studies) after intake of Tau, compared to the placebo.ConclusionThe consumption of only 1g of Tau, regardless of the time prior to intake, showed a beneficial effect on aerobic and anaerobic physical performance. The main ergogenic effect observed in the aerobic component was an increase on the temporal capacity of performing an exercise, whereas for the anaerobic activity there was a better response of calcium ions during muscle contraction.

ResumoObjetivoDescrever as alterações na temperatura da pele (Tp) durante exercício através da termografia infravermelha (TIR).MétodoRealizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando os termos (exercise) and (thermography) nas bases de dados da MEDLINE/PubMed IEEEXplore e SciELO, tendo como principais fatores de inclusão, estudos com humanos e sem nenhum tipo de comprometimento físico e metabólico durante a realização do exercício físico.ResultadosForam selecionados, após processo de filtragem, oito estudos. A Tp tende a diminuir nos momentos iniciais da execução do exercício, sendo sua magnitude dependente da duração e intensidade da atividade proposta. Em exercícios com carga progressiva observa-se uma contínua redução da temperatura da pele em comparação aos valores de repouso. Contudo, em exercícios prolongados, a Tp pode variar segundo a região corporal analisada com redução, manutenção ou mesmo aumento – como é o caso das regiões musculares principais envolvidas no exercício. A Tp apresenta respostas específicas em cada região corporal durante a realização do exercício em função da necessidade de perder calor.ConclusãoA Tp diminui na fase inicial do exercício. A forma de execução deste de perfil máximo ou submáximo irá determinar a resposta da Tp. Não existe uma resposta homogênea na Tp entre as diferentes regiões corporais indicando assim ser extremamente complexo o processo de controle da temperatura central, de forma que a TIR pode ser um instrumento valioso para analisar tanto a resposta térmica tanto local como global.AbstractObjectiveTo describe the changes on Skin Temperature (Tsk) during exercise through Infrared Thermography.MethodA systematic review of the current literature was made, using the keywords “exercise” and “thermography” on the database MEDLINE/PubMed, IEEEXplore and SciELO. The research was made including the articles done with healthy humans without any physical or metabolic impairment.ResultsAfter the exclusion process eight articles were selected. Tsk was has the tendency to decrease at the beginning of the exercise, depending on the duration and intensity of the task. In graded exercises a continuous reduction on Tsk was observed. Nevertheless, a bigger duration could lead to different thermal responses depending on the body area: reduction, maintenance or even an increase on the main regions involved on the exercise. Tsk has specific thermal responses depending on the body region and the heat loss necessities.ConclusionTsk decreases during the early stages of exercise. The thermal response will depend on the way of doing the maximal or submaximal exercise. There is a heterogeneous thermal response of Tsk between the different body regions, showing the extremely complexity of body temperature control. Therefore, Infrared Thermography could be a valuable tool in order to monitor both the local or the main thermal responses.

Introduction Soccer is among the sports with the highest injury rate. A group of international experts from the Fédération Internationale de Football Association — FIFA’s Medical Assessment and Research Centre — have developed the “FIFA 11+”, a warm-up programme whose main goal is to reduce the risk of common injuries in both male and female soccer players. Objective To conduct a literature review in order to check the efficiency of the “FIFA 11 +” warm-up programme in preventing injuries in soccer players. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies in the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect and SPORTDiscus, using the following keywords in combination with one another: “injury”, “prevention” and “warm-up”. Results Five studies met the inclusion criteria. In four studies, the authors conclude that the “FIFA 11 +” warm-up programme is effective for preventing injuries in soccer players. In one study, this protective effect was not observed. Conclusion The analyzed studies indicate that the FIFA 11+ warm-up programme for the prevention of sports injuries show positive signs that the use of the programme may help reduce the incidence of injuries in girls aged 13–17 years. In a male children population the results are inconclusive and further research is needed. Introdução O futebol está entre os esportes com maior incidência de lesão quando comparado a outras modalidades esportivas. Um grupo de especialistas internacionais da Fédération Internationale de Football Association — FIFA’s Medical Assessment and Research Centre — desenvolveram o “The 11+”, um programa de aquecimento que possui como principal objetivo reduzir o risco de lesões mais comuns de jogadores de futebol de ambos os sexos. Objetivo Verificar, por meio de revisão de literatura, a eficácia do programa de aquecimento “The 11+” para prevenir lesões em atletas de futebol. Método Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura, utilizando as palavras-chave “Injury”, “prevention” e “warm-up”, em cruzamento, nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect e SPORTDiscus. Resultados Foram selecionados após processo de filtragem cinco estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, em quatro estudos os autores concluem que o programa de aquecimento “The 11+” é eficiente para prevenir lesões em atletas de futebol e em um estudo não observou-se o efeito protetor. Conclusão Tendo em vista os estudos analisados, o programa de aquecimento voltado para prevenção de lesões esportivas “The 11+” apresenta indícios positivos de que pode reduzir a taxa de incidência de lesões em meninas na faixa etária de 13 a 17 anos. Em uma população de meninos os resultados não são conclusivos, sendo necessários mais estudos.

Background: Infrared thermography (IRT) does not require contact with the skin, and it is a convenient, reliable and non-invasive technique that can be used for monitoring the skin temperature (T SK ). Objectives: The aim of this study was to monitor the variations in the regional T SK during exercise on 28 regions of interest (ROIs) (forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, lumbar, anterior and posterior neck, and posterior and anterior views of the right and left hands, forearms, upper arms, thighs, and legs) with IRT. Patients and Methods: 12 physically active young males were monitored with IRT during the following three phases: a) 30 minutes before exercise b) while performing one hour of moderate intensity exercise on a treadmill at 60% of the VO 2max , and c) 60 minutes after exercise. Results: During pre-exercise, all T SK reached a steady-state (P ≤ 0.05), which ensured adequate thermal stabilisation. At the beginning of exercise, there was a significant reduction in the T SK in most ROIs after 10 minutes of activity, except for the lower limbs (legs and thighs). After one hour of recovery, in the anterior view of the hands and thighs and in the posterior view of the legs, there were significant increases in the T SK compared to pre-exercise. Conclusions: There were significant distinctions in the skin temperature distribution during exercise according to the activity of the area under consideration during exercise, which may be important in the development of physiological models and heat flux analyses for different purposes.

Introduction Muscle fatigue is a phenomenon associated with physical work. It is common in endurance sports, physical fitness tests and daily activities. Some tests can be directly affected by the effect of peripheral muscle fatigue, including the handgrip strength (HGS) test, which is considered baseline measure for assessing the functionality of the hand. Objectives a) verify the effect of peripheral muscle fatigue (between trials) during the testing of HGS, with a 60-second recovery interval; b) to analyze whether there is a difference in considering the mean value obtained in three trials or the best result as the final result. Materials and methods The final sample comprised 1,279 men. We followed the standard methodology and used a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Results There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the dominant hand among all the trials: first (46.5 ± 8.6 Kgf), second (46.4 ± 8.5 Kgf) and third (46.1 ± 8.6 Kgf); and also in the non-dominant hand: first (44.9 ± 8.4 Kgf), second (44.5 ± 8.3 Kgf) and third (44.0 ± 8.3 Kgf). We also found statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two ways of considering the final result. For the dominant hand, the mean of the three attempts was 46.3 ± 8.3 Kgf and the best result was 48.1 ± 8.5 Kgf, whereas for the non-dominant hand, these results were 44.5 ± 8.2 Kgf and 46.0 ± 8.2 kgf, respectively. Conclusion Peripheral muscle fatigue directly interferes in the final result. A significant reduction in strength levels occurs in course of the assessment. The best result is frequently obtained at the first trial, which indicates that the highest value obtained should be considered as the final result. Introdução A fadiga muscular é um fenômeno associado ao trabalho comum em esportes de resistência, testes físicos e em atividades diárias. Alguns testes podem ser diretamente afetados pelo efeito da fadiga muscular periférica, dentre estes a força de preensão manual (FPM) que é considerada a medida referência para avaliação da funcionalidade da mão. Objetivos a) verificar o efeito da fadiga muscular periférica, entre as tentativas, durante a realização do teste de FPM com intervalo de recuperação de 60 segundos; b) analisar a existência da diferença em considerar como resultado final o valor médio obtido nas três tentativas ou o melhor resultado. Materiais e métodos Foram medidos 1.279 homens seguindo-se a metodologia padrão e utilização de um dinamômetro hidráulico manual. Resultados Houve diferença estatística significativa (P < 0,05) na mão dominante entre todas as tentativas. Primeira (46,5 ± 8,6 Kgf), segunda (46,4 ± 8,5 Kgf), terceira (46,1 ± 8,6 Kgf) e, na mão não dominante entre todas as tentativas, primeira (44,9 ± 8,4 Kgf), segunda (44,5 ± 8,3 Kgf) e terceira (44,0 ± 8,3 Kgf), bem como foi observada diferença estatística significativa (P < 0,05) entre as duas formas de se considerar o resultado final. Na mão dominante a média das três tentativas foi de (46,3 ± 8,3 Kgf) e, considerando o melhor resultado (48,1 ± 8,5 Kgf), já na mão não dominante foram (44,5 ± 8,2 Kgf) e (46,0 ± 8,2 Kgf) respectivamente. Conclusão A fadiga muscular periférica interfere diretamente no resultado final, indicando redução significativa no decorrer da avaliação. O melhor resultado, frequentemente, é obtido na primeira tentativa, sendo indicado considerar como resultado final o maior valor obtido.

INTRODUÇÃO: Diferentes modalidades esportivas utilizam as mãos como importante seguimento corporal envolvido para o desempenho. Entre essas modalidades destacam-se judô, tênis, vela, remo, boxe, levantamento de peso e outras. A força de preensão manual é exigida nessas modalidades específicas, em que o nível de força gerado pode ser o diferencial no desempenho final. A dinamometria manual é um valioso instrumento a ser utilizado na detecção do talento esportivo, no controle do treinamento e na avaliação de recuperação de lesão. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma revisão sobre os principais aspectos metodológicos envolvidos na mensuração da força de preensão manual, utilizando o dinamômetro Jamar®, identificando os aspectos relacionados à validade, confiabilidade, precisão, posição para realização do teste, posição da alça, instruções, número de medidas, período de descanso entre as tentativas, duração do tempo de contração, aquecimento pré-teste. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um levantamento para compor uma base de dados de diferentes modalidades olímpicas: coletivas e individuais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa eletrônica da literatura utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO e LILACS, sendo utilizados os seguintes descritores: força de preensão manual, dinamometria manual e, em inglês, hand, grip, strength, dynamometer, Jamar, norms e reference values. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores de força de preensão manual apresentados pelos atletas diferem de acordo com a modalidade, sexo, peso corporal, nível do atleta, idade e tipo de treinamento. A força de preensão manual deve estar presente nas baterias de testes para identificação de possíveis talentos esportivos. INTRODUCTION: There are different sports that use the hand as a major body segment involved in performance: judo, tennis, sailing, rowing, boxing, weightlifting and others. Handgrip strength is required in sports where the level of force generated can be the difference in the final performance. Manual dynamometry is a valuable tool that can be used in the detection of sporting talents, training control and in the assessment of injury recovery. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to review the main methodological aspects involved in the measurement of hand grip strength, using the JamarTM dynamometer and identifying the features of validity, reliability, precision, position for doing the test, handle position, instructions, number of measures, rest period between attempts, duration of contraction, and pre-test heating. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search of the literature available on the area was carried out, using the databases of MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS. The keywords used were: handgrip strength, manual dynomometry, hand, grip, strength, dynamometer, Jamar, norms and reference values. CONCLUSION: The values of handgrip strength displayed by the athletes differ according to sport, sex, body weight, level of the athlete, age and type of training. Handgrip strength should be present in the batteries of tests to identify potential sporting talents.