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A novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (SWJT-9) was designed and synthesized for the detection of hypochlorite anion (ClO−) using a diaminomaleonitrile group as the recognition site. SWJT-9 had large Stokes shift (237 nm) and showed an excellent NIR fluorescence response to ClO− with the color change under the visible light. It showed a low detection limit (24.7 nM), high selectivity, and rapid detection (within 2 min) for ClO−. The new detection mechanism of SWJT-9 on ClO− was confirmed by 1H NMR, MS spectrum, and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the probe was successfully used to detect ClO− in HeLa cells.

A metabolic illness known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affects more than one-quarter of the world’s population. Bile acids (BAs), as detergents involved in lipid digestion, show an abnormal metabolism in patients with NAFLD. However, BAs can affect other organs as well, such as the brain, where it has a neuroprotective effect. According to a series of studies, brain disorders may be extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD, such as depression, changes to the cerebrovascular system, and worsening cognitive ability. Consequently, we propose that NAFLD affects the development of brain disease, through the bile acid signaling pathway. Through direct or indirect channels, BAs can send messages to the brain. Some BAs may operate directly on the central Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein bile acid-activated receptor 1 (GPBAR1) by overcoming the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 are released from the intestine FXR and GPBAR1 receptors, upon activation, both of which send signals to the brain. Inflammatory, systemic metabolic disorders in the liver and brain are regulated by the bile acid-activated receptors FXR and GPBAR1, which are potential therapeutic targets. From a bile acid viewpoint, we examine the bile acid signaling changes in NAFLD and brain disease. We also recommend the development of dual GPBAR1/FXR ligands to reduce side effects and manage NAFLD and brain disease efficiently.

Rhizoma Paridis (RP, 重楼), a traditional Chinese medicine, is the rhizoma of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPY) or P. polyphylla var. chinensis which are widely used as important raw materials for several Chinese patent drugs. However, the wild resources of these herbs have become less and less due to their slow-growing characteristics and previously excessive excavation. This review covers untiring investigations on alternative resources of RP by our research group over the past decades, including non-medicinal parts of PPY as well as other plants of Liliaceae and Liliflorae families. The arial parts of PPY and the whole plants of Trillium kamtschaticum might be alternative resources for RP based on the fact that they shared the same or similar saponins and bioactivities.

In order to utilize and protect the resources of Rhizoma Paridis rationally, we carried out a phytochemical investigation on the non-medicinal (aerial) parts of Paris verticillata that led to the isolation of fifteen steroidal saponins. Among them, three are new spirostanol saponins, named parisverticosides A-C (1-3), as well as one new cholestane glycoside, named parisverticoside D (4). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and acid hydrolysis. The aglycone of compound 1 is a new spirostane and identified as (23S,24S,25S)-spirost-5-en-1 beta,3 beta,23, 24-tetraol. The selected isolates were evaluated for induced platelet aggregation activity and compound 5 showed 62% maximal platelet aggregation rate at the concentration of 300 mu g/mL. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Three new unusual 23-spirocholestane derivatives, ypsilanogenin (1), ypsilanogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), and 4'-acetylypsilanogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), were isolated from the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica. The structures of compounds 1-3 were deduced by spectroscopic and chemical methods, and the structure of 1 was further confirmed by a single-crystal diffraction analysis. All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against HIV-1.

Phytochemical investigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra yunnanensis was carried out for the first time and led to the isolation of five new cholestanol glycosides, ypsiyunnosides A–E (1–5), and one known analogue. Their structures were determined mainly by detailed spectroscopic analysis, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR, MS and UV, as well as chemical methods. Among them, compound 1 possessed a rare 6/6/6/5/5 fused-rings cholestanol sketelon, which was identified as (23R,25R)-3β,16α,26-triol-16,23-cyclocholest-5,17(20)-dien-22-one. Their induced platelet aggregation activities and cytotoxicities were evaluated. Graphical Abstract Five new cholestanol glycosides, ypsiyunnosides A–E (1–5), were isolated from the whole plants of Ypsilandra yunnanensis. Compound 1 possessed a rare 6/6/6/5/5 fused-rings cholestanol sketelon. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, MS and chemical analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-016-0098-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A further phytochemical investigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica yielded three new spirostane glycosides, named ypsilandrosides MO (13). Their structures were established as (3 beta,11a,25R)-3,11-dihydroxyspirost-5-en-12-one 3-{O-a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?4)-O-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?4)-O-[a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside} (1), (3 beta,7 beta,25R)-spirost-5-ene-3,7-diol 3-{O-a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?4)-O-a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?4)-O-[a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside} (2), and (3 beta,7a,25R)-spirost-5-ene-3,7,17-triol 3-{O-a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?4)-O-a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?4)-O-[a-L-rhanmopyranosyl-(1?2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside} (3) by means of a combination of MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic methods, and chemical degradation. Among them, compound 3 is the first pennogenin (=(3 beta,25R)-spirost-5-ene-3,17-diol) saponin whose aglycone contains an OH group at C(7). Compounds 13 were evaluated for the inhibition of the growth of five tumor cell lines, but all of them proved to be inactive.

The whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica have been analyzed as part of a systematic study on saponin constituents of medicinal plants. This has resulted in the isolation of two new bisdesmosidic furostanol saponins, named ypsilandroside P (1) and ypsilandroside Q (2), and one new pregnane glycoside, named ypsilandroside R (3), together with nine known steroidal glycosides. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including that of 2D NMR data, and the results of acidic hydrolysis. Ypsilandroside P (1) was cytotoxicity against two human tumor cell lines. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13659-011-0039-z and is accessible for authorized users.

Five new lindenane disesquiterpenoids, chlorajaponilides A-E (1-5), together with 11 known analogues were isolated from whole plants of Chloranthus japonicus. The structure and absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the first examples of lindenane disesquiterpenoids with a C-5 hydroxy group and a C-4-C-15 double bond. Compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12 showed anti-HIV-1 replication activities in both wild-type HIV-1 and two NNRTIs-resistant strains. Shizukaol B (8) exhibited the best activity against HIV(wt), HIV(RT-K103N), and HIV(RT-K103N) with EC₅₀ values of 0.22, 0.47, and 0.50 μM, respectively. Compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12 had significant cytotoxicities against C8166 cells with CC₅₀ values of 0.020, 0.089, 0.047, and 0.022, respectively, and exhibited inhibitory activities against HIV-1 with EC₅₀ values of 0.0014, 0.016, 0.0043, and 0.0033 μM, respectively.

A minor new withanolide, named plantagiolide F, was isolated from the whole plant of Tacca plantaginea (Hance). The structure of plantagiolide F was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods including extensive 1- and 2-D NMR experiments.

Two new C(22)-steroidal lactone glycosides, ypsilactosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the whole plant of Ypsilandra thibetica. Their structures were established as (3 beta,5 alpha,16 beta,20S)-3,16-dihydroxy-6-oxopregnane-20-carboxylic acid gamma-lactone 3-(beta-D-glucopyranoside) (1) and (3 beta,16 beta)-3,16-dihydroxypregna-5,20-diene-20-carboxylic acid gamma-lactone 3-{O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside} (2) on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical degradations.

In this paper, a series of nanoparticle bonded metalloporphyrins with different saturation magnetization were synthesized by a modified silanation method. Under geomagnetic field (5 × 10−5 T), with the increase of the saturation magnetizations, the growth rate of yields of cyclohexanol in the cyclohexane oxidation with iodosylbenzene catalyzed by these nanoparticle bonded metalloporphyrins followed the order of ironporphyrin > manganeseporphyrin > cobaltporphyrin. A series of nanoparticle bonded metalloporphyrins with different saturation magnetization were synthesized by a modified silanation method. Under geomagnetic field (5 × 10−5 T), with the increase of the saturation magnetizations, the growth rate of yields of cyclohexanol in the cyclohexane oxidation with iodosylbenzene catalyzed by these nanoparticle bonded metalloporphyrins followed the order of ironporphyrin > manganeseporphyrin > cobaltporphyrin.

A new dinorclerone diterpenoid glycoside, named 1-deacetyltinosposide A (1), was isolated from the stem of Tinospora sinensis together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic techniques (MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR experiments).

A further phytochemical investigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica yielded one sapogenin and 12 spirostanol saponins. Five of these are new compounds, designated as ypsilandrosides C-G (2-6). Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR data, and by the result of a hydrolytic reaction. Compounds 2-5 were rare steroidal saponins that an apiofuranosyl unit was directly linked at C-3 of the aglycone. Selected spirostanol saponins (2-6, 9) were tested for their cytotoxic activities against K562, SPC-A-1, BGC-823, Eca-109, and AGS cell lines. Compounds 6 and 9 showed moderate inhibitory activity against all five cell lines. The antifungal properties of the new spirostanol saponins (2-6) against Candida albicans were also determined. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Four new eudesmane sesquiterpenoids endowed with an alpha,beta-unsaturated gamma-lactone five-membered ring, serralactones A - D (1 - 4, resp.), along with seven known sesquiterpenoids, were isolated from the whole plant Chloranthus serratus. Their structures and relative configurations were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses.

Two new diterpenoid alkaloids, spiramilactams A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the basic fraction of a MeOH extract of whole plants of Spiraea japonica var. ovalifolia. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses.

A new cardenolide, 12 beta, 14 beta-dihydroxy-3 beta, 19-epoxy-3 alpha-methoxy-5 alpha-card-20(22)-enolide (6), and a new doubly linked cardenolide glycoside, 12 beta-hydroxycalotropin (13), together with eleven known compounds, coroglaucigenin (1), 12 beta-hydroxycoroglaucigenin (2), calotropagenin (3), desglucouzarin (4), 6'-O-feruloyl-desglucouzarin (5), calotropin (7), uscharidin (8), asclepin (9), 16 alpha-hydroxyasclepin (10), 16 alpha-acetoxycalotropin (11), and 16 alpha-acetoxyasclepin (12), were isolated from the aerial part of ornamental milkweed, Asclepias curassavica and chemically elucidated through spectral analyses. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and Raji cell lines. The results showed that asclepin (9) had the strongest cytotoxic activity with an IC(50) value of 0.02 mu M against the two cancer cell lines and the new compound 13 had significant cytotoxic activity with IC(50) values of 0.69 and 1.46 mu M, respectively. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Six new C-21 steroidal glycosides, named curassavosides A-F (3-8), were obtained from the aerial parts of Asclepias curassavica (Asclepiadaceae), along with two known oxypregnanes, 12-O-benzoyldeacylmetaplexigenin (1) and 12-O-benzoylsarcostin (2). By spectroscopic methods, the structures of the six new compounds were determined as 12-O-benzoyldeacylmetaplexigenin 3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside (3), 12-O-benzoylsarcostin 3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside (4), sarcostin 3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-canaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside (5), sarcostin 3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-canaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-canaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside (6), 12-O-benzoyldeacylmetaplexigenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-canaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyrano side (7), and 12-O-benzoylsarcostin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl(1-->4)-beta-D-canaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranoside (8), respectively. All compounds (1-8) were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity; only compound 3 showed weak inhibitory activity against Raji and AGZY cell lines. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Three new pentacyclic steroids, taccalonolides W-Y (2-4, resp.), have been isolated from the whole plants of Tacca plantaginea. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments.

Four new podocarpane-type trinorditerpenenes, (5 beta,10 alpha)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (1), (5 beta,10 alpha)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (2), (5 beta,10 alpha)-13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (3), and (3 alpha,5 beta,10 alpha)-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-3,12-diol (4), together with four known diterpenes, 12-hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (5), spruceanol (6), ent-3 alpha-hydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-12-one (7), and ent-3 beta,14 alpha-hydroxypimara-7,9(11),15-triene-12-one (8), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Aleurites moluccana. Their structures were elucidated by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including NMR and MS. Except 8, all compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity; compound 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against Raji cells with an IC50 value of 4.24 mu g/ml.

A novel ent-atisane lactone, spiramilactone E (1), was isolated from Spiraea japonica var. acutaYU. Its structure was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and unequivocally confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Fig. 2). Compound 1 contains a gamma-lactone moiety between the 6-OH function and C(20), and beta-configuration for the 7-OH group, in contrast to known related diterpenes previously isolated from the S. japonica complex.

Two new steroidal saponins, taccaoside C (1) and taccaoside D (3), along with one known saponin (2) have been isolated from the methanol extracts of Tacca plantaginea. Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods.

Two new diterpenoids, pedunculatic acid A (=(4R,5 alpha,7 alpha)-7-ethoxy-9 beta,13 beta-dioxyabiet-8(14)-en-18-oic acid: 1) and pedunculatic acid B (=(4S,5 alpha,12 beta)-8 beta,14 beta-epoxy-12-hydroxy-11-oxototaran-19-oic acid: 2). together with three known sesquiterpenoids, were isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Callicarpa pedunculata R. BROWN. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1 D-and 2D-NMR, and by high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, sapimukoside C ( 1 ) and sapimukoside D ( 2 ), have been isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi Gaetn. Their structures have been determined, on the basis of spectral and chemical analysis, as 3- O -alpha- L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha- L -arabinopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta- D -glucopyranosyl (21,23 R )-epoxyl tirucalla-7,24-diene-(21 S )-ethoxyl-3beta-ol ( 1 ) and 3- O -alpha- L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha- L -arabinopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta- D -glucopyranosyl (21,23 R )-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24-diene-(21 S )-methoxyl-3beta-ol ( 2 ).

Six novel 5alpha-adynerin-type cardenolides, funingenosides K (1), L (2), M (3), N (4), 0 (5), and P (6), have been isolated from the roots of Parepigynum funingense. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D-and 2D-NMR techniques.

Five new tetranortriterpenoids, (11beta)-21,23-dihydro-11,21-dihydroxy-23-oxoobacunone (=21,23-dihydro-21-hydroxy-231-oxozapoterin: 2), (11beta)-21,23-dihydro-11,23-dihydroxy-21-oxoobacunone (=21,23-dihydro-23-hydroxy-21-oxozapoterin; 3), (1alpha,11beta)-1,2,21,23-tetrahydro-1,11,23-trihydroxy-21-oxoobacunone (=21,23-dihydro-23-hydroxy-21-oxoclausenarin; 4), (1alpha,11beta)-23-ethoxy-1,2,21,23-tetrahydro-1,11-dihydroxy-21-oxoobacunone (=23-ethoxy-21,23-dihydro-21-oxoclausenarin; 5); (11beta)-1,2,21,23-tetrahydro-11,23-dihydroxy-21-oxoobacunoic acid; 6), were isolated from the aerial part of Clausena excavata BURM. F. (Rutaceae). All compounds possessed 3,4-seco skeletons. Their structures were established by spectroscopic studies. Tetranortriterpenoids with a 4-hydroxybut-2-eno-4-lactone moietv are rarely found in the genus Clausena.

Two new monosaccharide steroidal saponins, named ypsilandroside S (1) and ypsilandroside T (2), have been isolated from the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica. Their structures were elucidated as heloniogenin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranoside (1) and pregna 5,16-dien-3β,12α-diol-20-one-3-O-β-D-apiofuranoside (2) by spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, MS). Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Graphical Abstract

Two new triterpenoid saponins, tanguticoside A and B along with seven known saponins vitalboside B, alpha -hederin, saponin PK, beta -hederin, saponin Pl(3), saponin PE, and ciwujianoside A were isolated from aerial part of Clematis tangutica. By chemical and spectral evidences methods, the structures of tanguticoside A and B were elucidated as 3-O-beta -D-glucopyrano-sylhederagenin 28-O-alpha -L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -->4)-beta -D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -->2)-beta -D- -glucopyranoside and 3-O-beta -D-glucopyranosyl-1 -->2)-beta -D-glucopyranosylhederagen in 28-O-alpha -L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -->4)-beta -D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -->6)-beta -D-glucopyranoside, respectively.

2-Oxo-10-carboxy-8,11,13-podocarpatriene 7, a model for carnosic acid type diterpenes has been synthesized by an expeditious synthetic route.

Four new 5alpha-steroidal glycosides with an unusual framework, funingenosides A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), were isolated from the roots of Parepigynum funingense. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The structure and relative stereochemistry of compound 1 were demonstrated by X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Rhizoma Paridis, the root of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Trilliaceae), is a Chinese traditional medicine, which resources become less and less. However, the aerial parts of this herb, which can regenerate every year, were discarded. In order to expand the resources, detailed chemical investigation on the stems and leaves of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis led to isolation of one sapogenin and 24 steroidal saponins (1-25). including 6 new glycosides, named chonglouosides SL-1-SL-6 (1-6). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and acid hydrolysis. Among them, compounds 3 and 4 are the first 23,27-dihydroxydiosgenin saponin having a sugar chain attached to C-23 or C-27, while compound 6 is the first 27-hydroxyruscogenin glycoside bearing 1, 27-di-O-sugar chains. The known compounds 10, 12, 14, 19, 20, 22, and 25 were isolated from the genus Paris for the first time. Antimicrobial testing activities of the selected compounds showed that compound 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 21, and 24 were active against Propionibacterium acnes with MIC values of 62.5, 62.5, 3.9, 16.5, 17.2, 7.8, 39.0, 17.2, 31.3, 62.5, and 31.3 mu g/ml, respectively. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Investigation of whole plants of Euphorbia fischeriana afforded three new tigliane-diterpenoid glycosides, fischerosides A-C (1-3), together with 11 known diterpenoids. Fischerosides A-C (1-3) are the first tigliane-type diterpenoid glucosides. Their structures were determined by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, MS, and acid hydrolysis. Inhibitory activity against HIV-1 was assessed for compounds 1-5. The new compound 3 showed an EC(50) value of 0.02 mu M and a therapeutic index (TI) of 17.50, while prostratin (4) and 12-deoxyphorbol-13,20-diacetate (5) showed significantly greater anti-HIV-1 activity.

By analyzing the steroidal content of fresh whole plants of Tacca subflabellata (Taccaceae), we isolated one sapogenin and eight glycosides with four kinds of steroidal skeletons including four new glycosides, named taccasubosides A-D (1-4), together with five known compounds. Among them, compound 1 is the first pentacyclic sterol glycoside with 6-6-6-5-6 fused rings. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including that of 2D NMR data, and the results of acidic hydrolysis. The cytotoxicity of the selected steroidal glycosides (1-4, 8, and 9) was evaluated in vitro against five human cancer cell lines. Compound 9 showed significant inhibitory activity against all five cell lines. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2-Oxo-10-carboxy-8,11,13-podocarpatriene 7, a model for carnosic acid type diterpenes has been synthesized by an expeditious synthetic route.

Six new highly complex lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers, chloramultiols A-F (1-6), along with six known analogues, were isolated from the whole plant of Chloranthus multistachys. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated on the basis of mass spectrometry (MS) and 1 D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Among them, compounds 1 and 6 contain a unique 18-membered macrocyclic triester ring. All compounds isolated were evaluated for the inhibition of the growth of live tumor cell lines.

Phytochemical reinvestigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica obtained five new spirostane glycosides, ypsilandrosides H-L (1-5), and a known saponin polyphylloside III (6). Among them, 1 and 2 are the first spirostane glycosides which possess novel 5(6 -> 7) abeo-steroidal aglycones. Compounds 3 and 4 are rare saponins whose aglycones contain a hydroxyl group at C-7. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidences. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on five tumor cell lines. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A new steroidal saponin, paridiformoside B (1), was obtained from the EtOH extract of the whole plant of Lysimachia Paridiformis Franch, togerher with one steroidal sapogenin (7) and seven known steroidal saponins (2-6, 8-9). Their structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR spectra.

A new eudesmane sesquiterpene glycoside, named funingensin A (1), together with a novel cyclic ether based on the cadalane skeleton, named funingensin B (2), were isolated from the roots of Parepigynum funingense. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including oneand two-dimensional NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY).

Two new xanthones, 1,6,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyxanthone (1) and 1,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyxanthone (2), have been isolated from the roots of Polygala crotalarioides. Their structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical methods.

Five new steroids, including the four new steroidal saponins ypsilandroside B (1), ypsilandroside A (2), isoypsilandroside A (4), and isoypsilandroside B (5), as well as the new steroidal sapogenin isoypsilandrogenin (3), were isolated from the whole plant of Ypsilandra thibetica FRANCH. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 2D-NMR techniques. The structure and relative configuration of ypsilandroside B (=(3 beta,12 alpha,25R)-3-[(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-apiofuranosyl)oxy]spirost-5-ene-12,27-diol; 1) was unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of 1-5 towards various types of fungi and bacteria are reported.

A new neolignan glycoside, (7R,8R)-7,8-dihydro-9′-hydroxyl-3′-methoxyl- 8-hydroxymethyl-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1′-benzofuranpropanol 9′-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (1) was isolated from the leaves of Acer truncatum along with (7R,8R)-7,8-dihydro-9′-hydroxyl-3′-methoxyl-8-hydroxymethyl-7-(4-O-α-L-rhamno- pyranosyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1′-benzofuranpropanol (2), schizandriside (3), lyoniresinol (4), berchemol (5), (-)-pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), hecogenin (7), chlorogenic acid (8) and neochlorogenic acid (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of compounds 1 was established by its CD spectrum. The antibacterial activities of compounds 1-7 were evaluated.

A new eudesmane sesquiterpene glycoside, pterodontriol D-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), together with a known compound, ainsliaside E (2), was isolated from the roots of Parepigynum funingense. The structure of 1 was determined by 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Compound 2 was isolated from this plant for the first time. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three novel 3,4-seco-podocarpane-type trinorditerpenoids, moluccanic acid (1), moluccanic acid methyl ester (2), and 6,7-dehydromoluccanic acid (3), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Aleurites moluccona. Their Structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR analysis. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1-3 was evaluated. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Six new steroidal glycosides with an unusual framework, funingenosides E (1), F (2), G (3), H (4), 1 (5) and J (6) were isolated from the roots of Parepigynum funingense. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.