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Background and purpose: Oral candidiasis is one of the most common infections affecting the mucosal surfaces and skin, specifically involving the oral mucosa. This disease is primarily caused by various species of Candida, including Candida albicans. Current treatments with polyene and azole antifungal drugs can affect patient cells, and there are also several limitations in treating fungal infections. These limitations include the shortage and high cost of antifungal drugs, their side effects, and the increasing resistance to azole drugs among Candida species. Given these challenges, researchers are exploring new antifungal drugs, particularly heterocyclic compounds. Heterocyclic compounds are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Thiazolidinone derivatives can weaken the fungal and bacterial resistance caused by many antibiotics and drugs. Additionally, oxindoles show significant pharmacological and biological activity. Given these factors and the notable biological properties of thiazolidinones and oxindoles, their potential for developing new antifungal drugs has gained interest among researchers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of synthetic indole-hydrazono-thiazolidinones on Candida isolates obtained from oral infections. Materials and methods: Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted on 100 clinical isolates of Candida, including 53 Candida albicans isolates, 22 Candida tropicalis isolates, 17 Candida parapsilosis isolates, and 8 Candida glabrata isolates. The susceptibility of these isolates to 4a and 4b indole-hydrazonothiazolidinone derivatives and nystatin was assessed using the broth microdilution method, based on CLSIM27S4 guidelines for determining drug sensitivity in yeasts. Species identification was performed using phenotypic chrome agar and genetic PCR-RFLP methods. The compounds and antifungal drugs were tested at a dilution range of 0.016–16 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the concentration that resulted in at least 50% inhibition of growth compared to the positive control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software, with a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The results showed a significant difference in MIC values between the indole-hydrazonothiazolidinone derivatives 4a and 4b, and nystatin against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis. There was also a significant difference in the average MIC values of the derivatives. However, no significant difference was observed in MIC values between these derivatives and nystatin against Candida glabrata. Conclusion: The antifungal activity of the indole-hydrazono-thiazolidinone derivatives was lower than that of nystatin against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis. However, the activity against Candida glabrata was comparable to that of nystatin. Further studies on the cytotoxicity and side effects of these derivatives may pave the way for the development of new antifungal drugs and treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major causes of disability and death. Maintenance use of inhaled bronchodilator(s) is the cornerstone of COPD pharmacological therapy, but inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are also commonly used. This narrative paper reviews the role of ICSs as maintenance treatment in combination with bronchodilators, usually in a single inhaler, in stable COPD subjects. The guidelines strongly recommend the addition of an ICS in COPD subjects with a history of concomitant asthma or as a step-up on the top of dual bronchodilators in the presence of hospitalization for exacerbation or at least two moderate exacerbations per year plus high blood eosinophil counts (≥300/mcl). This indication would only involve some COPD subjects. In contrast, in real life, triple inhaled therapy is largely used in COPD, independently of symptoms and in the presence of exacerbations. We will discuss the results of recent randomized controlled trials that found reduced all-cause mortality with triple inhaled therapy compared with dual inhaled long-acting bronchodilator therapy. ICS use is frequently associated with common local adverse events, such as dysphonia, oral candidiasis, and increased risk of pneumonia. Other side effects, such as systemic toxicity and unfavorable changes in the lung microbiome, are suspected mainly at higher doses of ICS in elderly COPD subjects with comorbidities, even if not fully demonstrated. We conclude that, contrary to real life, the use of ICS should be carefully evaluated in stable COPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be associated with oral mucosal diseases, including oral candidiasis and HPV infection, which are putative indicators of the immune status. Aim and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of HIV-related oral mucosal lesions in a cohort of Italian HIV+ patients regularly attending the Clinics of Infectious Diseases. Results: One hundred seventy-seven (n = 177) patients were enrolled and 30 (16.9%) of them showed HIV-related diseases of the oral mucosa. They were mainly found in male patients over 35 years old, undergoing Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), and with CD4+ count < 500/µL. Oral candidiasis was the most common HIV-related oral lesion. No significant correlations could be detected between the prevalence of HPV infection and other clinical parameters (lymphocyte count, cART treatment and viral load). Conclusions: HIV-related oral mucosal diseases can correlate with immunosuppression. Early diagnosis and management of oral lesions in HIV+ patients should be part of the regular follow-up, from a multidisciplinary perspective of collaboration between oral medicine and infectious disease specialists, in an attempt to reduce morbidity due to oral lesions and modulate antiretroviral therapy according to the patient's immune status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to characterize biofilms formed by Candida spp. clinical isolates (n = 19), isolated from the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients. For characterizing the biofilms formed by several Candida sp. strains, isolated from HIV-positive patients, in terms of formed biomass, matrix composition and antifungal susceptibility profile, clinical isolates (n = 19) were collected from oral mucosa and identified. The biofilm of the samples was cultured with fluconazole (1250 mg/L), voriconazole (800 mg/L), anidulafungin (2 mg/L) or amphotericin B (2 mg/L). Afterwards, the quantification of the total biomass was performed using crystal violet assay, while the proteins and carbohydrates levels were quantified in the matrix. The results showed a predominance of C. albicans, followed by C. krusei. Around 58% of the Candida spp. biofilm had susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole (800 mg/L), 53% to anidulafungin and 74% to amphotericin B. C. krusei presented both the lowest and the highest biofilm matrix contents in polysaccharides and proteins. The low resistance to antifungal agents reported here was probably due to the fact that none of the participants had a prolonged exposure to these antifungals. A predominance of less virulent Candida spp. strains with low or no resistance to antifungals was observed. This can be attributed to a low fungal selective pressure. This most probably happened due to a low fungal selective pressure but also due to a good adherence to HAART therapy, which guarantees a stable and stronger immune patient response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Itraconazole (ICZ) was prepared in a self-microemulsifying (SM) gel. This gel was intended for use in the oral mucosa, where low volume and flow of saliva result in limited solubility and absorption of drugs that are poorly water-soluble. The drug-loaded gel formulation (ICZ-SM) was selected as a clear solution in the ternary phase diagram to improve the solubility of ICZ. Seven ratios (S1–S7) were prepared by mixing polyoxyl 35 castor oils (P35), a medium chain with a blend of mono-, di-, and triglycerides (MCT), and water. Phase separation of large-sized emulsions by countering with artificial saliva were observed in dilution tests for the formulation contained MCT, P35, and water at the ratios of 70:20:10 (S1), 10:80:10 (S3), and 20:60:20 (S4). Formulations in the ratios of 15:50:35 (S5) and 19:43:38 (S6) produced strong ICZ-SM gels, as shown by rheology tests, whereas the formulations at the ratios of 30:60:10 (S2) and 10:43:47 (S7) exhibited no elasticity. A model of zero-order kinetic (S5) and first-order kinetic (S6) were found to best fit the release kinetics of ICZ from the gels. Time-killing assays revealed that S5 and S6 required less time compared with S2 and the ICZ solution. Furthermore, S5 exhibited the highest increase in cell uptake compared with S2, S6, and the ICZ solution. These findings suggest that the ICZ-SM gel was a free polymer capable of delivering an ICZ for the treatment of oral candidiasis, and that ICZ-SM gels applied locally exhibit enhanced absorption into cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to study the immunomodulatory and clinical properties of the drug in patients with RAS. In order to assess the effect of the LAZOLEX on the clinical course of RAS, 2 groups of patients were formed (In total 50 patients): 1) The first group (control), which included 20 patients, who received a traditional treatment (application of A and E vitamins, cedar oil, Solcoseryl dental adhesive paste); 2) The second group (main), which included 30 patients, who were treated with LAZOLEX. (5% gel was applied to the damaged areas of the lips and oral mucosa, daily for 10 days). Examination of patients with RAS revealed noticeable changes in the immune system, affecting all its factors, which largely depended on the severity of the process, i.e., the most severe immunosuppression was recorded in patients with severe stomatitis. Therefore, the obtained fact was a sufficient justification for the use of immunomodulatory agents as adjuvant therapy, in a particular case - LAZOLEX. We note that this drug significantly increases the effectiveness of traditional treatment, and from an immunological point of view, we can reasonably assert that it contributes to the immunorehabilitation of patients. Conducted clinical, laboratory and immunological studies allow us to recommend LAZOLEX for active use in dental practice for RAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aydin Dental Journal is the property of Aydin Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine the effect of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) on the severity of denture stomatitis (DS) and the counts of Candida spp. in older people (OP) wearing removable prostheses (RP). Materials and methods: This randomized, controlled and triple-blind study included forty-three OP presenting DS. The control group was treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and the experimental group with MCFA, 2 × /day for 15 days. Intraoral examination and counts of Candida spp. were performed at 0, 7, and 15 days. The differences between both groups in the decrease of the severity of DS and the viability of Candida spp. were determined clinically and microbiologically, respectively. Results: OP carriers of RP treated with MCFA presented remission of the clinical signs of DS, but the Candida spp. counts only decreased significantly in the CHX-treated group at 7 days of treatment (p < 0.05). Besides, MCFA was shown to reduce the clinical signs of DS after the first week of application, while CHX after the second week. Conclusions: The MCFA is effective in reducing the clinical signs of DS associated with oral candidiasis in subjects with RP. Both treatments showed a significant decrease in severity, for MCFA after the first week and for CHX two weeks after starting the corresponding treatment. Clinical relevance: The MCFA is an effective, harmless, and accessible treatment alternative against DS, since it manages to reduce the severity of the lesion in the milder cases of DS in the oral mucosa of OP carriers of RP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and clinical aspects of oral candidiasis in patients hospitalised in the intensive care unit. Methods: This is a longitudinal and prospective study that included 48 participants hospitalised in the intensive care unit. Sociodemographic data, presence of systemic disorders, use of medications, laboratory tests, cause of hospital admission, type of breathing, and length of hospital stay were obtained from medical records. Oral clinical inspection and cytopathological examinations were performed on all participants. The diagnosis of clinical candidiasis was based on the presence of clinical alterations together with positive cytopathological examination results. The diagnosis of subclinical candidiasis was based on the absence of clinical lesions and a positive cytopathological examination. The absence of oral candidiasis was considered when the participant did not present oral lesions and had a negative cytopathological examination. Results: Clinical candidiasis was present in 18.8% of the 48 participants, and 45.8% of them had the subclinical form. Levels of urea (P = 0.005), creatinine (P = 0.009), haemoglobin (P = 0.009), haematocrit (P = 0.011), bands (P = 0.024), international normalised ratio (INR; P = 0.034), types of breathing (P = 0.017), length of hospital stay (P = 0.037), and outcome (P = 0.014) demonstrated statistically significant differences between the groups with and without oral candidiasis. Conclusions: Clinical and subclinical forms of oral candidiasis are frequent in intensive care unit patients. Levels of urea, creatinine, haemoglobin, haematocrit, bands, INR, type of breathing, length of hospital stay, and outcome can be associated with the presence of candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma is a chronic, heterogeneous respiratory pathology characterized by reversible airway inflammation. Therapeutics focus on symptom reduction and control, aimed at preserving normal pulmonary function and inducing bronchodilatation. The objective of this review is to describe the adverse effects produced by anti-asthmatic drugs on dental health, according to the reported scientific evidence. A bibliographic review was carried out on databases, such as Web of science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Most anti-asthmatic medications are administered using inhalers or nebulizers, making it impossible to avoid contact of the drug with hard dental tissues and oral mucosa, and thus promoting a greater risk of oral alterations, mainly due to decreases in the salivary flow and pH. Such changes can cause diseases, such as dental caries, dental erosion, tooth loss, periodontal disease, bone resorption, as well as fungal infections, such as oral candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomechanics of oral mucosa is the changing shape and properties of the mucosal tissue when given a force or pressure. Clinical implications of oral mucosal biomechanics in removable denture treatment have clinical relevance with static, dynamic, volumetric, and interactive responses. These responses are related to clinical factors used as benchmarks in designing and planning removable dentures. This study aimed to analyze the biomechanical aspects of the oral mucosa in planning removable dentures. Articles searches referred to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metaanalyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), through PubMed, Science Direct, and Google scholar with the publication 2011-2021. Articles are filtered for eligibility, and screening by checking for duplication, reading titles, abstracts, and full text. A total of 14 articles were included in this scoping review, consisting of experimental studies (n=8) and clinical studies (n=6). Based on the results of the review, the suggested biomechanical response values for denture planning are as follows, static response with elastic modulus parameter (2.5-54.8 MPa), dynamic response with viscoelasticity indicator (8.0 ± 3.0) × 10-5 GPa, the Coefficient of Friction as an interactive response is 0.213 for the hydrated mucosa and 0.40 for the case of xerostomia mucosa, volumetric response with the Poisson ratio parameter is 0.402. Considerate the biomechanics of oral mucosa used in selecting compatible denture materials by allowing for the values of elastic modulus, viscoelasticity, Poisson's ratio, and coefficient of friction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diyala Journal of Medicine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina Pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Menopause in women is a physiological state that gives rise to adaptive changes at both the systemic and oral levels. The oral manifestations of postmenopausal women may vary for each patient. It occurs in the form of burning mouth syndrome, xerostomia, periodontitis, etc., We aimed to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations in the postmenopausal population, to know the nature and severity of oral manifestations occurring in postmenopausal women, and to assess the systemic conditions of these postmenopausal women with oral manifestations. The study was designed to assess the oral manifestation in postmenopausal women of Maharashtra, Western region. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of oral medicine and radiology. A total of 90 patients were included. A detailed clinical examination was done using a mouth mirror and probe. The clinical pro forma recorded demographic data, including the duration of menopause and different oral manifestations like xerostomia, periodontitis, lichen planus, oral candidiasis, etc., Collected data were entered into MS Excel and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: In the study, there were a total of 90 patients. These patients were distributed into three groups based on their age groups. The majority of the oral manifestations were reported in patients belonging to Group 2 (60--70 years age group). Conclusion: Overall, 76.6% of patients reported oral mucosal changes; of which 20.2% of patients reported xerostomia, 15.9% reported periodontitis, 13% showed altered taste, 8.6% of patients had lichen planus, and 7.2% patients reported oral candidiasis and space infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To identify the main types of oral lesions associated with psoriasis. Methods and Results: It was a systematic review, based on a search performed in the PubMed/Medline, and Scielo databases, and an associated manual search. Descriptors were selected from DeCs/MeSH and the PICOS strategy (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design) was applied. Randomized clinical trials and retrospective and prospective studies published from 2000 to 2022 were included, according to the PRISMA parameters (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis), registered in the PROSPERO platform. The STROBE quality scale (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) was also used. One hundred fourteen articles were identified using the search strategy, and nine articles were found in the manual search. Of the sixty‐six preselected articles, seven were included in the study. Although it was not possible to identify a specific oral lesion associated with psoriasis, there was a greater occurrence of geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and Candida sp. infection Conclusion: Evidence shows that although patients with psoriasis may exhibit lesions in the oral mucosa, they are not specific to this condition. Further epidemiological studies are needed to address the association of psoriasis with possible changes in the oral mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic strains offer a novel and potentially effective approach to treat oral candidiasis. Buccal mucoadhesive films have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their unique ability to adhere and persist on the oral mucosa, while gradually releasing their encapsulated drug content. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop mucoadhesive films containing probiotic extract for treatment of oral candidiasis. Mucoadhesive films were fabricated with hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). Then, films were evaluated regarding their thickness, pH, tensile strength and elongation, swelling, in vitro release and antifungal activity. The type of polymer used had an impact on the mechanical properties, swelling and release of the films. Films prepared using PVA showed significantly higher tensile strength and elongation at break values compared to those prepared using HPMC. However, swelling index increased with enhancing HPMC concentration in the films. The release of probiotic extract from the film prepared with HPMC occurred slowly. Based on these results, films containing 54 % HPMC and 26 % PVA were selected as optimal formulation. Moreover, it was found that optimal film containing probiotic extract could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Regarding to the obtained results, probiotic oral adhesive mucoadhesive films can be considered as a promising alternative to traditional methods in the treatment of candidiasis. • The type of polymer used had an impact on the mechanical properties, swelling and release of the films. • Films prepared using PVA showed significantly higher tensile strength and elongation at break values compared to those prepared using HPMC. • Swelling index increased with enhancing HPMC concentration in the films. • It was found that optimal film containing probiotic extract could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. • Probiotic oral adhesive mucoadhesive films can be considered as a promising alternative to traditional methods in the treatment of candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coptidis rhizoma , first recorded in the "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic", is one of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to treat infectious diseases, with reputed effectiveness against oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Studies have demonstrated the inhibitory properties of C. rhizoma (CRE) against Candida albicans , yet there is limited information available regarding its treatment mechanism for OPC. Our previous research has suggested that CRE can prevent the formation of C. albicans hyphae and their invasion of the oral mucosa, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on OPC. Nevertheless, the precise therapeutic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Previous studies have revealed that a receptor for globular heads of C1q (gC1qR), a crucial co-receptor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), facilitates the EGFR-mediated internalization of C. albicans. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential mechanism of action of CRE and its primary component, berberine (BBR), in treating OPC by exploring their effects on the gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor. To identify the chemical components of CRE, we utilized Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MSE), revealing the presence of at least 18 distinct components. To observe the therapeutic effects of CRE on OPC at the animal level, we employed hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, scanning electron microscopy, and fungal load detection. Subsequently, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of CRE and its main component, BBR, in treating OPC. This was achieved through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) both at the animal and cellular levels. Additionally, we assessed the ability of C. albicans to disrupt the epithelial barrier of FaDu cells by studying the protective effects of BBR on the fusion barrier using the transwell assay. To further explore the underlying mechanisms, we analyzed the effects of BBR on the gC1qR-EGFR/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/c-Fos signaling pathway at the cellular level using qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, we validated the effects of BBR on the gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor through ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blotting. Finally, to confirm the outcomes observed at the cellular level, we validated the impact of CRE on the gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor in vivo using qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. These comprehensive methods allowed us to gain a deeper understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of CRE and BBR in treating OPC. Our findings indicate that CRE and its primary component, BBR, effectively alleviated the symptoms of OPC by modulating the gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor. The chemical composition of CRE and BBR was accurately identified using UPLC-Q/TOF-MSE. The gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor plays a crucial role in regulating downstream signaling pathways, emerging as a potential therapeutic target for OPC treatment. Through both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we explored the therapeutic potential of CRE and BBR in OPC. Additionally, we employed overexpression and silencing techniques to confirm that BBR can indeed influence the gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor and regulate the gC1qR-EGFR/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/c-Fos signaling pathway, leading to improved OPC outcomes. Furthermore, the significance of CRE's effect on the gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor was validated in vivo. Our study demonstrates that CRE and its main component, BBR, can effectively alleviate OPC symptoms by targeting the gC1qR-EGFR heterodimer receptor. This discovery offers a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of OPC. CRE and its main component BBR can play a therapeutic role in OPC by influencing the gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor to regulate the EGFR/ERK/c-Fos signaling pathway. [Display omitted] • GC1qR is necessary for intact C. albicans to interact with EGFR. • CRE or BBR have shown significant efficacy against OPC. • CRE or BBR can affect the expression of gC1qR-EGFR co-receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition is a public health problem in developing countries, affecting the child population, which favors the appearance of infections such as oral candidiasis. In Mexico, information on the presence of oral colonization by Candida spp. in asymptomatic children is scarce. The present study aimed to determine the presence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of asymptomatic preschool Mexican children and its association with their nutritional status. A sample of oral mucosa was obtained using a sterile swab and then inoculated in Sabouraud dextrose agar with antibiotics, and the yeast growth was phenotypically identified. The anthropometric profile of children was performed based on the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. In addition, eating habits were investigated. The possible associations between the variables were determined through the chi-square test (IC95%, p < 0.05) (GraphPad Prism 8.0). Among the 743 assessed children (403 boys and 340 girls), the average age was 4.6 years, and the average nutritional status was normal (53.7%), followed by undernutrition (28.4%), overweight (12.4%) and obesity (5.5%). In 52 children, Candida was isolated, and the identified species were C. albicans (87.8%), C. glabrata (11.5%), C. krusei (5.8%) and C. parapsilosis (1.9%). The frequency of colonization was greater in males of six years (69.23%). There was no significant association between the colonization by Candida spp. and the nutritional status; however, a relation was observed with a high intake of simple carbohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral mucosal biopsies might harbor candidal hyphae (CH) in the absence of any clinical signs or symptoms. Aim: To assess oral mucosa biopsies for the frequency of unexpected CH and characterize their clinico-pathological features. Materials and Methods: All biopsy reports (2004–2019) were searched using CH/candida/candidiasis as key words. Cases with clinical diagnosis of oral candidiasis (OC) were excluded. Demographic data, health status, smoking habits, clinical features and diagnoses were collected. Statistical analysis included the chi-square test; significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Of all the biopsies, 100 (1.05%) reported microscopical evidence of CH without typical clinical signs/symptoms of OC. Fifteen cases were from healthy, non-smoking patients. CH was common on buccal mucosa (38%) and lateral tongue (23%). The tip of tongue (OR = 54.5, 95% CI 9.02–329.4, p < 0.001) and lateral tongue (OR = 3.83, 95% CI 2.4–6.09, p < 0.001) were more likely to harbor CH-positive lesions. CH-positive lesions were diagnosed as epithelial hyperplasia (55%) and exophytic reactive lesions (30%). No correlation was found between CH and the grade of epithelial dysplasia. Conclusions: Microscopic evidence of CH embedded into oral epithelium without typical signs/symptoms of OC is rare, especially in healthy, non-smokers. Since CH was occasionally found in oral sites prone to local trauma and in association with reactive lesions, in absence of host co-morbidities, the contribution of local mechanical forces to CH embedment cannot be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush), erythematous candidiasis, and fungal esophagitis are infections of the barrier mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The majority of these infections are caused by Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that frequently exists as a harmless commensal on mucosal surfaces lining the gastrointestinal tract. Oral infections are initiated in the superficial stratified squamous epithelium, in which keratinocytes are the most abundant host cells and are the initial points of contact with C. albicans present in saliva. Intrinsic features of oral keratinocytes are likely to play important roles in host defense and tissue homeostasis in oral candidiasis. One understudied pathway that may be important for modulating oral candidiasis is the IL-20 cytokine signaling pathway that employs keratinocyte IL-20RB receptors as ligands for IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24. We report that production of human oral keratinocyte il24 mRNA and protein are stimulated during co-culture with C. albicans. To test the role of the IL-20 family signaling pathway in oral candidiasis, Il20rb-/- mice (lacking the IL-20RB receptor) were compared to wild-type mice in a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Fungal burdens and percent loss in body weight were determined. Despite comparable fungal burdens, the Il20rb-/- mice exhibited less weight loss over the course of their infection compared to the B6 mice, suggestive of reduced overall disease consequences in the mutant mice. Interference with IL-20 family cytokine signaling may be useful for augmenting the ability of the host to defend itself against pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study is the first to analyse the prevalence of oral candidiasis in onco‐haematological patients by physical and oral cytopathological examinations. Methods: This is a cross‐sectional and observational study with a retrospective sample composed of participants hospitalised in the haematology clinic, who were diagnosed with haematological diseases. All participants received an oral mucosal examination and scraping from oral mucosa. Results: Of the 62 participants, 56.5% were male and 82.3% were white, with mean age of 57 years. Lymphoma was the most common haematological disease (24.2%). In total, 48.4% of the sample was diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Of the participants with oral candidiasis, 13 (21.0%) had a clinical diagnosis. Cytopathological analysis revealed 17 more (27.4%) cases without oral lesions indicative of candidiasis. Erythematous candidiasis (P = 0.02), pseudomembranous candidiasis (P < 0.001), clinical candidiasis (P < 0.001), fibrous hyperplasia (P = 0.032), and coated tongue (P = 0.012) showed a correlation with a candidiasis cytopathological diagnosis. Conclusions: Oral candidiasis is common among patients with haematological disease, and the cytopathological examination proved to be a useful tool, confirming clinical diagnosis of candidiasis and identifying subclinical cases. These data are of great relevance considering the possible complications that these patients may develop, such as longer hospitalisations, worsening of the general condition or even death due to candidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Tobacco consumption is of major concern for public health. Compromised oral hygiene accentuated by tobacco leads to alteration in the oral mucosa and microbiome, including Candida, and its species can be identified rapidly using CHROMagar. Curcumin, a naturally available compound possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, anti-fungal, and immunomodulatory properties. Hence, a comprehensive study was planned. Aim: To evaluate and compare cytomorphometric analysis and Candida colonization and speciation in tobacco users before and after the use of curcumin gel. Materials and Methods: The study comprised a total of 120 participants (the study (tobacco habit) group, n = 60 and control (healthy) group, n = 60). The intervention was the application of curcumin gel over the lesion area three times daily for 2 months. All participants' oral health status was assessed, followed by cytomorphometric analysis and Candida colonization and speciation using CHROMagar. Results: Cytomorphometric analysis showed statistically significant differences in the control and study group for cell diameter (CD), nuclear diameter (ND), CD:ND ratio, and micronuclei (p = 0.0001). Candida colonization had a significantly higher number of colonies in the habit group when compared to the control group. Candida tropicalis was predominant in the study group, whereas Candida albicans was predominant in the control group. In the study group, after intervention with curcumin, a statistically significant difference was seen in nuclear diameter, CD:ND ratio, and micronuclei. There was a reduction in the number of Candida colonies, and Candida albicans was the predominant species observed in the study group after the intervention of curcumin and discontinuation of habit. Conclusion: Curcumin was found to reduce the number of micronuclei and also decreased Candida colonization, along with the discontinuation of habit in tobacco users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral candidiasis has a high rate of development, especially in immunocompromised patients. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapies in hospitalized HIV and cancer patients are known to induce the poor management of adverse reactions, where local and systemic candidiasis become highly resistant to conventional antifungal therapy. The development of oral candidiasis is triggered by several mechanisms that determine oral epithelium imbalances, resulting in poor local defense and a delayed immune system response. As a result, pathogenic fungi colonies disseminate and form resistant biofilms, promoting serious challenges in initiating a proper therapeutic protocol. Hence, this study of the literature aimed to discuss possibilities and new trends through antifungal therapy for buccal drug administration. A large number of studies explored the antifungal activity of new agents or synergic components that may enhance the effect of classic drugs. It was of significant interest to find connections between smart biomaterials and their activity, to find molecular responses and mechanisms that can conquer the multidrug resistance of fungi strains, and to transpose them into a molecular map. Overall, attention is focused on the nanocolloids domain, nanoparticles, nanocomposite synthesis, and the design of polymeric platforms to satisfy sustained antifungal activity and high biocompatibility with the oral mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral candidiasis (OC) is a fungal infection caused by an opportunistic fungi Candida albicans, which is found in the normal flora of healthy people. In this study, we examined the anti-candidal effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Erodium glaucophyllum (EG-AgNPs) against C. albicans in vitro and in vivo. EG-AgNPs were synthesized for the first time using E. glaucophyllum extract and characterized by imaging (transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS spectroscopy, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A mouse model of OC was used for in vivo study. The agar well diffusion method showed the anti-candidal activity of EG-AgNPs against C. albicans with MIC 50 µg/mL. EG-AgNPs inhibited the dimorphic transition of C. albicans and suppressed the formation of biofilm by 56.36% and 52%, respectively. Additionally, EG-AgNPs significantly inhibited the production of phospholipases and proteinases by 30% and 45%, respectively. EG-AgNPs cause cytoplasm disintegration and deterioration of cell wall as imaged by SEM and TEM. Interestingly, EG-AgNPs did not display any cytotoxicity on the human gingival fibroblast-1 HGF-1 cell line at MIC concentrations. Topical treatment of the tongue of the OC mouse model with EG-AgNPs showed significant reduction in candidal tissue invasion, less inflammatory changes, and no tissue modification, in association with marked low scare and hyphal counts as compared to control group. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the potent inhibitory action of EG-AgNPs on the growth and morphogenesis of C. albicans in vitro and in vivo. Thus, EG-AgNPs represent a novel plausible therapeutic approach for treatment of OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To advance studies on the effect of a new pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of oral fungal infections, we evaluated the safety and tolerability of orabase ointment containing cinnamaldehyde for use on the oral mucosa. Material and methods: A clinical trial (phase I) was carried out on 35 individuals with healthy oral mucosa divided into three groups: ointments at 200 µg/mL, n = 12; 300 µg/mL, n = 11; and 400 µg/mL, n = 12. Product safety was assessed using three parameters: (a) clinical evolution as recorded by trained examiners; (b) evolution of the inflammatory process as registered by an exfoliative cytology exam and analyzed by trained pathologists; (c) mucosal swab to count Candida spp. colony-forming units (CFU). These parameters were analyzed both beforehand and at 15 days of treatment. Results: The three ointment concentrations evaluated did not trigger inflammatory processes. The mycological analyses revealed a reduction of at least 99% in the number of Candida spp. CFU. In the exfoliative cytology analyses, the cells were found to be healthy. Participants reported a pleasant taste, yet 17% reported a slight burning sensation when applying the product. Conclusions: The ointment is safe and tolerable for use on healthy oral mucosa. Trial registration: Registration number: RBR-7zwzs3. Clinical relevance: The ointment proved to be safe and tolerable for use on oral mucosa, encouraging studies to evaluate its clinical efficacy in patients with oral candidiasis, and contributing to a new therapeutic proposal for the treatment of fungal infections caused by Candida spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral lesions are a cue for decreased immunity among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive patients. There is no cumulative data available related to the prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions among the HIV positive patients. Hence, the present review was carried out to assess the various oral lesions reported among adult HIV patients across India. Two search engines were used— Google Scholar and PubMed, with key words of HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Symdrome(AIDS), soft tissue, oral cavity, India, and adults for searching the articles from January 1990 to December 2020. After initial review, 21 articles that fulfilled the criteria were included in the review. We used 9 parameters to access the quality of the reports. Most common lesion reported was that of oral candidiasis. Not all articles reported about sample size determination or of sampling design and technique. Other lesions like hyperpigmentation, gingivitis, and periodontitis were also found to be highly prevalent. Most reports were from South India. Further epidemiological data are required from different regions for using it to develop planning and execution related to oral health care for the HIV positive patients in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) carries an increased risk for the development of opportunistic infections due to immunomodulation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of oral infections in IBD patients treated with biological (anti-TNF-α and anti-integrin-α4β7) and conventional medication protocols. The study included 20 IBD patients receiving anti-TNF-α therapy, 20 IBD patients receiving anti-integrin-α4β7 therapy and 20 IBD patients without immunomodulatory therapy. Participants completed questionnaires on medical information, oral lesions and symptoms. For each patient, clinical examination and a salivary flow rate test were performed, followed by a swab of the oral mucosa. The swab samples were cultured to identify Candida spp. and oral bacteria. No bacterial opportunistic infections were detected. Candidiasis was detected in four participants, with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.765). Hyposalivation was most common in the anti-TNF-α group, with a significant difference between groups (p = 0.036). There were no significant differences between groups in self-reported oral mucosal lesions and symptoms (p > 0.05), or in the distribution of oral mucosal lesions (p > 0.05). This study suggests that IBD patients receiving biological therapy are at no greater risk of developing oral opportunistic infections than IBD patients not receiving immunomodulatory therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral thrush, a clinical condition due to an overgrowth of Candida yeasts in the oral cavity, is prominent in patients with immunosuppression. As recent updates on oral thrush in South-East Asian (SEA) countries are lacking, this review aimed to address the epidemiology, clinical features and distribution of Candida species, based on published studies in SEA countries over the last two decades.Methods: Published studies on oral candidiasis (2000-2020) were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to provide information on the incidence and factors affecting oral thrush cases in SEA countries.Results: A total of 22 cross-sectional studies involving 3697 subjects from five SEA countries were reviewed in this study. The most frequently reported population were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The overall incidence rates amongst HIV-infected patients ranged from 20.7% to 97.0%, while incidence rates ranging from 0% to 72.7% were recorded for non-HIV-infected populations. Pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiasis were the most common clinical presentations of oral thrush lesions. Candida albicans was the most common species identified in SEA studies. As oral thrush assessments were made merely based on clinical diagnosis, culture results were not available for most studies.Conclusion: This review highlights that most studies reporting on oral candidiasis in SEA countries were based on HIV-positive patients. Data are still lacking on oral candidiasis amongst non-HIV immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Increasing awareness on the diagnosis, treatment and consequences of this infection, and improved laboratory methods are essential for the management of oral candidiasis in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people are a marginalized set of the population that continues to experience health care inequalities. This study aimed to assess oral health parameters including Candida growth and intensity among TGNC adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited two subgroups: 40 transgender and 40 control adults. Consented participants were interviewed and clinically examined. Data using the WHO oral health assessment forms were obtained. Samples for Candida growth and intensity analysis were collected from the dorsum surface of the tongue. Results: 27.5% of the transgender group was HIV seropositive. Oral nicotine stomatitis and leukoplakia are reported to be the most prevalent intra-oral lesions showing a prevalence of 27.5% and 20%, respectively. The dental and periodontal health parameters of the transgender group were worse than those of the control group. The intensity of Candida colonies was significantly higher in the test group (p = 0.014). Conclusion: Poor oral health and significant oral mucosal disorders were reported in transgender adults that have shown a higher rate of behavioral risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption. Further longitudinal studies in different world regions are warranted to understand the barriers to good oral health in transgender adults and how to implement effective prevention and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral clinical manifestations in HBV HCV and HIV patients indicate a deterioration in general health status. The aim of the study was to assess pathomorphologic features of oral mucosa observed in patients with these diseases. Methodology: The study was conducted in N1 Dental Clinic of YSMU after M. Heratsi. The total number of patients taking part in the research was 120, including HBV (n = 40), HCV (n = 40) and HIV (n = 40). After biopsy and subsequent histological examination of the oral mucosa, statistical analysis was carried out using Excel 2013 and R software. Results: Pathomorphological examination revealed inflammatory infiltrations in all samples collected from HBV, HCV and HIV patients. These changes included microcirculatory disorders in 98.3% of samples: fibrinous-like deposits lining the surface of erosions and ulcers on the oral mucosa (1.67%), fibrosis of the mucous membrane (70%), dystrophy of squamous epithelium (93.3%) and bone sequestration (3.3%). Comparative analysis of pathomorphological characteristics revealed distinct content of infiltrates: lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in patients with HBV and HCV, while HIV patients showed neutrophils infiltration and lack of plasmocytes. Conclusions: There are common abnormal morphological changes in the oral mucosa typical of all patients with HBV, HCV and HIV, as well as liver diseases specific to each of them. Inflammation in the patients with HIV indicated impairment of the humoral immune system. Understanding the distinct characteristic of inflammation in the oral cavity could be useful for early differential diagnosis and management of patients with HIV, HBV and HCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine if superimposed infection with Candida species in oral lichen planus exacerbates the clinical symptoms and lesions. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective study on the medical charts of oral lichen planus (OLP) patients diagnosed by clinical and histopathological criteria. A baseline demographic, anamnestic, clinical data, results of the oral candida investigations were analyzed and recorded for all patients. Results: From a total number of 203 OLP patients, oral candidiasis was diagnosed in 75 (36.94%) cases. There was no statistical significance between the clinical forms of lichen planus and the presence of Candida infection. Of all encountered Candida species, Candida albicans was most commonly detected, followed by Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida tropicalis. Conclusions: Although our study is limited regarding the sample size and no statistically significant difference has been found between clinical features of OLP and oral candidiasis, a routine screening of OLP patients for oral candidiasis and a preventive antifungal strategy in the OLP treatment schedule is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal resistence of oral candidiasis is a serious clinical issue. The in vivo efficacy of farnesol combined with antifungals for oral candidiasis remains unknown. The possible therapeutic effects of a combination of farnesol and antifungal drugs and the regulation of inflammatory cytokines in murine oral candidiasis were investigated in this study. An experimental oral candidiasis model was constructed using ICR mice. Farnesol at 25 and 50 μM did not change IL-17, IFN-γ and TNF-α production during oral candidiasis compared with that of the control infected mice. The co-applications of farnesol (50 μM) and nystatin, farnesol (4 μM, 8 μM) and itraconazole, farnesol (25, 50 μM), and fluconazole enhanced the therapeutic activity of the antifungal agents alone against oral candidiasis. The effective combinations reduced the number of colony forming units (CFU) of Candida albicans isolated from the oral cavity and oral lesions on the tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The introduction of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in various branches of the dental field such as endodontics, implantology, periodontology, and restorative dentistry and oral medicine has become useful in recent decades. This systematic review presents an overview of the literature to evaluate the usefulness of topical PDT for the treatment of benign oral soft tissue lesions and to identify limitations in prior studies to improve PDT applications. Methods: We performed a review of the literature using different search engines (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) employing MeSH terms such as "Photodynamic therapy" and "PDT" in conjunction with other terms. We utilized the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) method to define our study eligibility criteria. Results: Initial results were 1513. Finally, there were only 21 studies that met our selection criteria. We divided the 21 selected items into two groups: inflammatory diseases and infective diseases. Conclusions: Although topical PDT is an easy to perform and well‐tolerated treatment and appears to be a valid method with promising results in the treatment of benign lesions of the oral cavity's soft tissues, further studies are needed to complete the current knowledge of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research gives a scientific framework for burning mouth syndrome (BMS) etiology and diagnostic approach in clinical dental and medical practice. BMS-like symptoms can be induced by systemic diseases such as diabetes, gastrointestinal, endocrine disorders, allergy etc or by local oral cavity conditions as candidiasis or geographic tongue or odontogenic causes. Because the etiology of BMS is multifactorial, treatment can only be distinctive, and is aimed at relieving symptoms. The complexity of BMS symptoms and associated psychosocial infirmities, anxiety and depression raise the need for a multidisciplinary and individualised approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The identification of the oral mucosa findings and oral candidiasis in children/young adults with Down Syndrome could help paediatricians, dentists, and parents/caregivers to manage them in the more appropriate way. Down syndrome (DS) is an autosomal disorder associated with mental and physical involvement. The typical craniofacial phenotype and the dental anomalies in DS subjects have been widely described, but a systematic report on the manifestations affecting the oral mucosae in children with DS is still lacking. This systematic review aimed to establish the prevalence of oral mucosal manifestations in children/young adults with DS. Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus were investigated in September 2020. Documents in English on DS children/young adults (up to 25 years) reporting oral mucosal findings were considered. Study quality was assessed with ROBIN-I. Of the 150 references retrieved, 14 studies were considered eligible. The risk of bias ranged from low to unclear. Fissured tongue appeared to increase with age and was more prevalent in DS children than in the general population. Lip fissures and cheilitis were heterogeneously reported. Candida spp. carriage with and without active candidiasis was more frequent in DS children/young adults than in controls. C. albicans was the most prevalent species. Few other oral mucosal conditions have been reported sporadically. The heterogeneity of the works revealed the need for more appropriate oral examination to intercept the oral manifestations of oral mucosa and prevent recurrent candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral candidiasis (OC) is an infection of oral mucosa caused by fungal overgrowth, especially Candida albicans due to its ability to form biofilms and the increased expression of virulence factors. In the present study, Ag Nano sphere & Ag Nano triangle were newly synthesized using Juniperus drupacea L leaves extract to combat the OC infections. Ag Nano sphere & Ag Nano triangle antifungal activity, mechanism of action against OC, and cytotoxic effect in L929 (ATCC CCL-1 NCTC) fibroblast cell monolayers were evaluated. The J. drupacea phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of three major compounds: α-pinene (34.27 %), thymol methylether (15.20 %) and camphor (9.01 %). The proposed synthesis approach includes the reduction of Ag+ by Juniperus drupacea L leaves extract to form Ag Nano spheres. One the other hand, the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the reaction mixture led to obtaining Ag Nano triangle shapes. The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) and minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays revealed the higher antifungal effect of Ag Nano sphere when compared to Ag Nano triangle. MFC of Ag Nano sphere and Nano triangle reached 62.5 and 125 µg/mL respectively. While MBECs were ranged between 4 and 32 and 16–64 µg/mL upon using Ag Nano sphere and Nano triangle respectively. The possible mechanism of action of the synthesized Ag Nano shapes was the attributed to the direct effect on the cell membrane especially after 6 h incubation. In vitro cytotoxic effect of the prepared Ag-Nano sphere on cell proliferation using L929 (ATCC CCL-1 NCTC) fibroblast cell monolayers suggested the Ag-Nano spheres are safe for possible biomedical application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: It was analyzed the efficacy of mouthwash and spray containing essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Methods and results: A randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trial was conducted with 36 individuals (probabilistic sample) with oral candidiasis who were divided into two treatment groups: C. zeylanicum (0.5 mg/mL), n = 18; nystatin (100,000IU/mL), n = 18. The efficacy of the products was evaluated by two parameters: (a) clinical evolution recorded by calibrated examiners (Kappa = 0.822) according to Newton's classification and (b) reduction of colony‐forming units/mL. Mycological and clinical parameters were analyzed before and at 15 days after treatment. Clinical examination of the mucosa showed that C. zeylanicum (p < 0.0339) and nystatin (p <.0139) had efficacy, resulting in a reduction of signs and symptoms (Mann‐Whitney test). Mycological analysis showed that C. zeylanicum caused a reduction of 61% and 33% of Candida spp., isolates oral mucosa and dentures, respectively. Candida tropicalis strains were eliminated after C. zeylanicum, in both sites. The participants reported a pleasant taste and few product‐related complaints. Conclusion: C. zeylanicum EO and nystatin exhibited clinical efficacy, according to the Newton classification, and reducing in Candida spp. The clinical trial has been registered (Registration number: NBR–33s6 × 5, ensaiosclinicos.gov.br). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic oral infection and smoking is considered as one of its well-known risk factors. However, it remains unknown whether opium users are susceptible to increased oral candida colonization. The aim of the present study is to compare the prevalence rate of oral candida colonization between opium users and cigarette smokers in Kerman, Iran. Methods: This case-control study included 75 healthy male respondents divided into three groups (25 in each group): cigarette smokers, cigarette and opium users, and non-smokers as control group. The samples were obtained from oral mucosa by scraping the mucosa with a sterile cotton swab then inoculated into Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and CHROMagar plates and also examined with the light microscope. Findings: Candida was identified in 38.70% of respondents. The most frequently isolated species was Candida albicans (90.66%). The highest prevalence of candida carriage was found in cigarette smokers (52.00%). The difference of candida carriage between the two groups of cigarette smokers and cigarette plus opium users and the control group was statistically significant (P = 0.007 and P = 0.015, respectively). Conclusion: In the present study, it was revealed that the prevalence of oral candida carriage was significantly higher among cigarette and opium users in comparison to the non-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The major hormonal changes observed in pregnant women lead to an imbalance in the oral environment. Hence, recent studies suggest that the placenta may harbor a unique microbiome that may have originated in the maternal oral microbiome. Aim: The present study aimed to assess the risk factor of oral candidiasis in pregnancy and to evaluate the prevalence of Candida species in the oral cavity of pregnant women in all three trimesters. The comparison was also done between pregnant and nonpregnant women to evaluate the cause of the prevalence of candidal species. Materials and Methods: Thirty pregnant and thirty nonpregnant women aged between 20 and 30 years were included in the study that were healthy and who did not have any obvious lesion in the oral cavity. The sterile swabs were used to collect samples from the oral cavity from both the groups by brushing the dorsum of the tongue and buccal mucosa. The pregnant women were followed throughout the pregnancy, i.e., in every trimester, for the sample collection. The samples were then cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media. The positive growth on culture plates was then inoculated on HiCrome agar differential agar media for speciation. Results: Statistical analysis was done by comparing the positive growth in pregnant and nonpregnant women using Fisher's exact test. The pregnant women were compared in three trimesters using the McNemar Chi-square test. Conclusion: The study concludes that there was no significant presence of Candidal species when compared between pregnant and nonpregnant groups. The prevalence of Candida species also remained the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lesions in the oral mucosa in patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection can be detected and monitored. • Teleconsultation facilitates the interdisciplinary approach (doctor-dentist). • Clinical findings: Candida albicans (opportunistic lesion), thrush, petechiae (oral and facial mucosa), melanin hyperpigmentation at the gingival level. • Antifungal treatment results are presented. The pandemic situation has led to public health measures that have forced patients with and without the SARS-CoV-2 virus to remain isolated and take steps to prevent the spread. Many of these patients have been unable to attend the control of medical-dental services, which in many cases complicates their situation. This study reports on the oral manifestations of an asymptomatic COVID-19 patient treated interdisciplinary by teleconsultation due to the sudden appearance of lesions in the oral mucosa. Lesions are diagnosed, therapeutic measures are taken, and improvement is shown. This case shows that the problems that arise in the oral mucosa in patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection can be monitored through interdisciplinary teleconsultation during the pandemic with the support of information technology currently available worldwide. It also decreases the risk of transmission of SARS-Cov-2 between patients and health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the study was to highlight the incidence of various changes in the oral mucosa associated with wearing removable acrylic dentures. Materials and method. The study was performed on a total of 45 subjects who presented at the Prosthodontics Clinic and the Oral Rehabilitation Clinic of Craiova Faculty of Dental Medicine during January 2018-May 2020. Results. Of the 45 subjects that were wearing at least one acrylic denture 31,11% presented oral mucosa changes or lesions. The most common mucosal lesion was type 1 according to Newton's classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infection is a health problem that is faced around the world and arose in developing countries. Oral candidiasis is a fungal infection that affects oral mucosa. Lesion of oral candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans, which is considered as an opportunistic infection in humans. Antifungal therapy is necessary to inhibit the growth of these fungi. Traditional medicine becomes the alternative therapy to face this. One of Traditional therapy is Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf. Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf contains natural substances like flavonoid, tannin, and saponin that function as Antifungal. To measure the effectivity comparison between 50% concentration of Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf extract with 100.000 IU of nystatin to the growth of Candida C. albicans. The research method is a laboratory experiment. The design of this study was posttest only control group design with agar / Kirby Bauer diffusion method. In this research, nine repetitions were carried out on three inhibitory treatment groups using 50% concentration of Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf extract, 100.000 IU nystatin, and control (sterile aquades). The instrument in this research is a caliper with a millimeters (mm) unit. Shapiro wilk normality test showed p>0.05 to all groups. It shows that all groups were normally distributed. So, it fulfills the parametric test requirement, namely one-way ANOVA. This One-Way ANOVA parametric test indicated whether or not there is differentiation among the individuals that given different treatments. From the test, we can conclude that there is a different inhibitory test between 50% concentration of Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf extract with nystatin to the growth of C. albicans. Nystatin is more effective rather than Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf extract. But Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf extract has the potential to inhibit the growth of C. albicans so that it can be taken into consideration as an alternative drug for the growth of the Candida C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as "thrush," is an opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects the oral mucosa. The various forms of oral and maxillofacial candidiasis are pseudomembranous, acute, chronic, median rhomboid glossitis, perioral dermatitis, and angular cheilitis. The main causative agent Candida albicans, is a highly versatile commensal organism that is well adapted to its human host, continuing rise in the development of pathogenicity and resistance to traditional antifungal agents. Thus need to develop novel therapeutic strategies that can find the early resistance to particular antifungal. So the clinician can be better able to prescribe effective antifungal for oral candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene expression of EFB1 gene in yeast Candida dubliniensis isolated from oral candidiasis in cancer patients was detected using by R-time PCR for some isolates before and during the yeast infection of the epithelial cells. The results showed a high rate of gene expression of T2 (42.104 ± 6.533) and a significant difference at the probability level P>0.01 compared with the treatment was c (1.034 ± 0.126) and the use of the Moringa oleifera extract was 25% to evaluate its effect on the gene expression (ALS1) before and during yeast infection of epithelial cells. The results showed that the gene expression of T1 was decreased by (0.129 ± 0.021) compared to (C) value (1.034 ± 0.126). As for the T2 treatment was gene expression at a rate (42.104 ± 6.533) high Compared with T3 treatment in which gene expression dropped at a rate (22.143 ± 4.176) and with a significant difference at the level of the probability of P ≤ 0.01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans. IL-17R signaling is essential to prevent OPC in mice and humans, but the individual roles of its ligands, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17AF, are less clear. A homozygous IL-17F deficiency in mice does not cause OPC susceptibility, whereas mice lacking IL-17A are moderately susceptible. In humans, a rare heterozygous mutation in IL-17F (IL-17F.S65L) was identified that causes chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, suggesting the existence of essential antifungal pathways mediated by IL-17F and/or IL-17AF. To investigate the role of IL-17F and IL-17AF in more detail, we exploited this "experiment of nature" by creating a mouse line bearing the homologous mutation in IL-17F (Ser65Leu) by CRISPR/Cas9. Unlike Il17f2/2 mice that are resistant to OPC, Il17fS65L/S65L mice showed increased oral fungal burdens similar to Il17a2/2 mice. In contrast to humans, however, disease was only evident in homozygous, not heterozygous, mutant mice. The mutation was linked to modestly impaired CXC chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the infected tongue but not to alterations in oral antimicrobial peptide expression. These findings suggest mechanisms by which the enigmatic cytokine IL-17F contributes to host defense against fungi. Moreover, because these mice do not phenocopy Il17f2/2 mice, they may provide a valuable tool to interrogate IL-17F and IL-17AF function in vivo in other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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