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Introduction: The study aimed to compare the oral health variables, general, and oral health-related quality of life (QoL), depression, and anxiety between spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and healthy controls and also to determine the key factors related to the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the SCI patients., Methods: A total of 203 SCI patients and 203 healthy controls were enrolled. Patients and healthy adults were invited to attend a dental clinic to complete the study measures and undergo oral clinical examinations. OHRQoL was assessed by the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), and the general health-related quality of life (GHRQoL) was evaluated by SF-36. In SCI patients, depression and anxiety were recorded using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), while Functional Assessment Measure (FAM) was used to assess dependence and disability. All the subjects were examined for caries which was quantified using the decayed, missing, and filled Teeth (DMFT) index, gingival bleeding index (GI), plaque index, and periodontal status by community periodontal index (CPI)., Results: The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed significant differences between the two groups in terms of oral health expressed in DMFT, oral hygiene, and periodontal status, controlled for age, gender, family income, and occupational status (p<0.001). Using the hierarchical linear regression analyses, in the final model, which accounted for 18% of the total variance (F(126.7), p<0.01), significant predictors of OHRQoL were irregular tooth brushing (β=1.23; 95% CI=1.06; 1.41), smoking (β=0.82; 95% CI=0.66; 0.97), dry mouth (β=0.37; 95% CI=-0.65 to 0.10) functional and motor functioning (β=0.32; 95% CI=-0.45 to 0.17), DMFT (β=0.06; 95% CI=0.02; 0.09), CPI (β=0.22; 95% CI=0.04; 0.04), physical component measure of GHRQoL (β=-0.275; 95% CI=-0.42 to 0.13), lesion level at the lumbar-sacral (β=-0.18; 95% CI=-0.29 to -0.06) and thoracic level (β=-0.09; 95% CI=-0.11 to -0.06)., Conclusion: SCI patients had poor oral hygiene practices, greater levels of plaque, gingival bleeding, and caries experience than the healthy controls. In addition, more number of SCI patients had periodontal pockets and dry mouth than the comparative group. SCI patients experienced more depression and anxiety, poor GHRQoL, and OHRQoL than the healthy control group. The factors that influenced OHRQoL in SCI patients were age, toothbrushing frequency, smoking, oral clinical status, depression, physical component of GHRQoL, and level of lesion., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To determine the relation of life style with dental health behavior such as tooth brushing frequency, use of extra cleansing devices and regular visits to dentist among rural residents of Udaipur district, India., Study Design: The study population comprised of 1001 rural population between the ages 18 to 69 years selected by multi stage stratified cluster sampling procedure. Personal interviews were conducted by three trained interviewers who collected information on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in addition to some aspects of dental health behavior including tooth brushing frequency, use of extra cleaning devices like dental floss and regular visits to dentist., Results: Majority of the population (63.3%) brushed their teeth once a day and only a few subjects (19.8%) brushed twice a day whereas 8.6 % never brushed their teeth. Logistic regression analysis revealed that females were more apt in every aspect of dental health behavior. House wives were more regular in brushing their teeth (OR=1.51) and using extra cleansing devices as compared to other occupation groups. Subjects who suffered from systemic disease showed negative association with use of extra cleansing devices but showed positive association with regular visits to dentist., Conclusions: The results indicate that dental health behavior is related with life style factors as well as socio-demographic variables.

The main objective of the study was to determine the oral hygiene levels and periodontal status among Jain monks attending a Chaturmass in Udaipur, India. To date, no study has been conducted on Jain monks. The study comprises of 180 subjects and the overall response rate was 76% among them. Oral hygiene status was assessed by the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) of Greene, Vermillion14 (1964), and periodontal status was assessed by the Community Periodontal Index. Additional information was collected regarding food habits, education level and oral hygiene habits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi Square Test and Step-wise multiple linear regression analysis were carried out using SPSS Software (11.0). The results showed that the oral hygiene status of Jain monks was poor and only 5.6% of the subjects had good oral hygiene. Overall periodontal disease prevalence was 100% with bleeding and shallow pocket contributing a major part (72.8%) among all the age groups (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that oral hygiene habits, caloric intake and education level explained a variance of 11.7% for the Oral hygiene index collectively. The findings confirmed that Jain monks have poor oral hygiene and an increased prevalence of periodontal disease compared to that of the similarly aged general population because, as a part of their religion, many Jain individuals avoid brushing their teeth especially during fasting, keeping in mind not to harm the microorganisms present in the mouth.

Context: Cerebral palsy is a neuromuscular disorder that hampers proper maintenance of oral hygiene leading to the development of periodontal diseases and progression of dental caries. Aim: The present study aimed to analyze the oral health status and barriers to maintaining oral hygiene among children with cerebral palsy using intervention (brushing technique). Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy were selected from an academic institution for special needs children. The groups studied were: a) Group A with children aged between 6 and 10 years, b) Group B had children aged from 11 to 15 years, and c) Group C with children aged range from 16 to 18 years of age. Parental education level status was classified into a) Upper class (Code 1): Parents with a college education, b) Middle class (Code 2): Parents with education till secondary school level, and c) Lower class (Code 3): Parents with primary school level or no education. Oral examinations were performed using a mouth mirror, explorer, and torch light illumination to assess DMFT index (permanent dentition), DMFT index (primary dentition), and OHI-S for gingival and periodontal health. Fone's technique for tooth brushing was demonstrated to children's caregivers and/or parents. After this, an oral examination was conducted at the baseline and at three months. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis using SPSS software. Result: Statistically significant improvement in dental caries index and oral hygiene status was seen following demonstration of proper brushing technique. Conclusion: The training of caregivers/parents helps in improving the oral hygiene status in cerebral palsy-affected children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) could have a significant psychological impact on patients, principally because of the unknown risk of malignant transformation, while the physical and functional impairments could differ. This study aimed to assess the impact of three different OPMDs and their disease stages on the quality of life (QoL) of affected patients.Methods: Oral leukoplakia (OL), oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) patients who were undergoing treatment at an oral medicine clinic of a dental teaching hospital in India were the study population. All subjects completed the recently developed OPMDQoL questionnaire and a short form 12 item (version 2) health survey questionnaire (SF-12v2). OPMDQoL questionnaire consists of 20 items over four dimensions. A higher score denotes poor OHRQoL. SF-12v2 has two components, a Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS).Results: A total of 150 subjects (50 each of OL, OLP and OSF) participated. OL patients (37.7 ± 7.9) reported significantly better OPMDQoL scores than OLP (47.3 ± 5.8) and OSF (45.4 ± 9.2) patients. OLP patients reported significant problems in obtaining a clear diagnosis for their condition, more so than the other OPMDs. OL patients reported fewer problems for the dimension, "physical impairment and functional limitations" than the OLP and OSF patients. A significant trend was observed with the overall OPMDQoL and MCS, deteriorating as the disease stage increased.Conclusions: OLP and OSF have a significant impact on the QoL of affected individuals: OL less so. Increasing stage of the disease is associated with worsening QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have consistently reported that parenting practices have an impact on eating styles which determine obesity levels in children. However, to the best knowledge of the authors, there is no study that evaluates the association of parenting practices on gingivitis in children using path analysis to evaluate if oral health-related behavior mediates this association. This study aims to test a model of parenting and family demographic factors that could account for gingivitis in children, with a focus on the mediational roles of oral health-related behaviors and oral hygiene status.Methods: Clinical examination of oral hygiene status and gingivitis was conducted using simplified oral hygiene and modified Community Periodontal Indices, respectively, on sixth-grade school children (n = 1,539) of Medak District in Telangana State, India. Children also answered a questionnaire consisting of five closed-ended questions on oral health-related behavior. Parents responded to queries related to socioeconomic status (SES), family structure, number of children, oral health-related behavior, and parenting practices.Results: Prevalence of gingival bleeding was 92.4%. Power assertion parenting (representing coercive or controlling parenting practices) had a negative effect on oral hygiene status (β = 0.044; P = 0.07), and also had an indirect effect on gingival bleeding (β = 0.011; P = 0.05). Oral hygiene status was positively associated with the extent of gingival bleeding (β = 0.24; P = 0.01). Children living in families with lower SES had worse oral hygiene (β = -0.101; P = 0.01) and gingival bleeding status (β = -0.024; P = 0.01).Conclusion: Power assertion parenting had a deleterious effect on the extent of gingival bleeding via a worse oral hygiene status of children, but SES was also important for predicting oral hygiene and gingival bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral health related quality of life research among children in India is still nascent and no measures have been validated to date. Although CPQ11-14 has been previously used in studies from the Indian sub-continent, the instrument has never been tested for cross-cultural adaptability. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of CPQ11-14 in Telugu speaking Indian school children. Primary school children of Medak district, Telangana State, India, were recruited by a multi-stage probability sampling method. The translated questionnaire was initially pilot tested on a small subset of children (n = 40). Children with informed consent from parents (N = 1342) were then provided with questionnaires containing the Telugu translation of CPQ11-14, followed by a clinical examination conducted by a single examiner, using Basic WHO survey methods for dental caries, malocclusion, and Dean’s Fluorosis index. Children (n = 161) in randomly chosen schools were re-administered the same questionnaire after a two week interval to test reliability of CPQ11-14 on repeated administrations. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability as determined by Cronbach’s alpha and Intra-class correlation coefficient for overall CPQ11-14 scale were 0.925 and 0.923, respectively. CPQ11-14 discriminated between the categories of fluorosis and malocclusion while its discriminant validity with respect to dental caries was limited. CPQ11-14 also demonstrated good construct validity with both overall CPQ11-14 and its subscales having significant positive correlation with global ratings of oral health and overall wellbeing, even after adjusting for confounding variables. CPQ11-14 had a correlation of 0.405 with self-evaluated oral health and 0.407 with self-evaluated impact of oral health on overall wellbeing. In conclusion, Telugu translation of CPQ11-14 demonstrated good internal consistency and excellent reliability on repeated administrations after two weeks. It also exhibited good discriminant and construct validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental-Caregiver Perception Questionnaire (P-CPQ) and Family Impact Scale (FIS) are commonly used measures to evaluate the parent's perception of the impact of children's oral health on quality of life and family respectively. Recently, shorter forms of P-CPQ and FIS have been developed. No study has sought to validate these short forms in other languages and cultures. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of FIS, 8 and 16-item P-CPQ in a Telugu speaking population of India.Methods: For this cross-sectional study, a multi-stage random sampling technique was used to recruit 11-13 year-old schoolchildren of Medak district, Telangana, India and their parents (n = 1342). Parents were approached with questionnaires through their children who underwent clinical examinations for dental caries, fluorosis and malocclusion. The translated versions underwent pilot testing (n = 40), test-retest reliability was also assessed (n = 161).Results: The overall summary scale and subscales of the short forms of P-CPQ and FIS failed to discriminate between the categories of dental caries severity. Also, malocclusion status was not related to the domain or overall scores of both the short forms of P-CPQ. There were significant differences in subscale and overall scores of 16 and 8-item P-CPQ and FIS between the fluorosis categories. Both 16 and 8-item P-CPQ summary scales were significantly related to parent's global rating of oral health (16-item, r = 0.30, p < 0.01; 8-item, r = 0.28, p < 0.01) and overall wellbeing (16-item, r = 0.22, p < 0.01; 8-item, r = 0.22, p < 0.01), thereby exhibiting good construct validity. However, the correlation of emotional and social wellbeing scales of short forms of P-CPQ and FIS with global ratings was of low strength. Cronbach's alphas for FIS, 16-items and 8-items P-CPQ scales were 0.78, 0.83 and 0.71 respectively, while the Intra-Class Correlation coefficients were 0.752, 0.812 and 0.816 respectively. Cronbach's alphas for most of the subscales of short forms of P-CPQ were less than 0.7.Conclusions: The overall scales of 16 and 8-items P-CPQ scales demonstrated good construct validity while the construct validity of FIS was questionable. Discriminant validity of all the three instruments was good only in relation to fluorosis. Overall scales of all three short forms exhibited acceptable internal consistency and reliability on repeated administrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective To compare caries, oral hygiene and periodontal status of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in different stages and healthy controls. Design Seventy-four patients diagnosed with CKD and 150 healthy age and sex matched controls were recruited from General Hospital of Udaipur, India. Each subject was examined for caries by decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, oral hygiene by simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) while gingival and periodontal status were assessed by Loe and Silness gingival and Community Periodontal Index, respectively. All the examinations were conducted by a single investigator. Results Study subjects presented significantly lower caries experience than the control group but no significant difference was observed among the subjects in various stages of CKD. The mean gingival index score for study group (1.88) was more than twice to that of control subjects (0.92). Stage of kidney disease influenced the gingival and oral hygiene status which decreased as the stage progressed. The overall prevalence of periodontal pockets (70.3%) in diseased subjects was significantly higher than controls (18.9%). More than three quarters (78.9%) of the patients with stage 5 CKD exhibited deep periodontal pockets. Conclusions Oral hygiene, gingival, and periodontal status decreased as the stage of CKD increased and was worse among study subjects that the controls. Dental caries did not differ significantly with the stage of the renal disease but was significantly lower among study subjects than the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is evident from literature that an increased body mass index (BMI) may be a potential risk factor for periodontitis. Association between BMI and periodontitis has been ascribed to unhealthy dietary patterns with insufficient micronutrients and excess sugar and fat content. The present study population has been plagued by unhealthy nutritional practices, hence the present study intended to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status among green marble mine laborers of Kesariyaji, in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan, India. The study sample comprised of 513 subjects aged 18-54 years, drawn using the stratified cluster sampling procedure. BMI was calculated as the ratio of the subject's body weight (in kg) to the square of their height (in meters). Periodontal status was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Binary multiple logistic regression analysis was executed to assess the relation between body mass index and periodontitis. The dependent variable for logistic regression analysis was categorized into control group (scores 0 - 2 of the CPI) and periodontitis group (scores 3 and 4 of the CPI). The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.2%. Caries status and mean number of teeth present deteriorated with the poor periodontal status. Subjects had an increased risk of periodontitis by 57% for each 1- kg/m2 increase in the body mass index, which means that a higher body mass index could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among the adults aged 18 to 54 years. In conclusion, evaluation of the body mass index could be used in periodontal risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the oral hygiene levels and periodontal status in a group of children and adults with hearing impairment attending a special school in Udaipur, India. Oral hygiene status was assessed by the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) of Greene and Vermillion and periodontal status by the Community Periodontal Index. An analysis using a bivariate analysis revealed that all the oral hygiene variables varied significantly with age, economic status, and education of the parents. A multiple regression analysis showed that the education of the mother was the single best predictor for oral hygiene status and explained 92% of the variance. These findings show that children with hearing impairment have poor oral hygiene and high levels of periodontal disease. This may be due to a lack of communication; hence, appropriate oral health education should be tailored to the needs of these students with the support of their teachers and their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]