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Objectives: To investigate if, in Mexican adolescents, body weight and caries severity are associated, and if this association differs between rural and urban populations., Methods: Adolescents from the rural area of Tepancan and the city of Veracruz were enrolled. Caries was recorded using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Oral habits (toothbrushing, flossing, dental check-ups) and dietary patterns (sweets intake) were assessed. A dummy variable between BMI and living area (BMI/Area) was generated. Data were analysed using STATA and a multinomial logistic regression model was run, using caries severity as the dependent variable., Results: Four-hundred and sixty-four subjects, 12-15 years of age, participated (rural = 240; urban = 224). The BMI and area of residence were significantly associated (χ 2 = 12.59, P < 0.01). Area was also associated with caries severity (χ 2 = 24.23, P < 0.01), with the highest number of caries in dentine recorded in participants from the rural area. The dummy variable BMI/Area was related to caries severity (χ 2 = 27.47, P < 0.01): overweight adolescents with caries in dentine were most frequently found in the rural area. A higher prevalence of caries in enamel and a lower prevalence of caries in dentine (P < 0.01) were recorded in adolescents from the urban area, where better oral habits, but higher sweets intake (P = 0.04), were encountered. According to the multinomial logistic regression model, BMI/Area was significantly associated with caries severity (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Overweight was not associated with caries severity in the overall population, but it became a statistically significant risk indicator in adolescents living in the rural area., (© 2018 FDI World Dental Federation.)

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible interaction between the type of secondary school attended, oral clinical data and self-perceived oral health (SPOH) behaviour among Italian adolescents. Materials and Methods: A total of 913 adolescents living in Milan (Italy), attending two different types of secondary schools, grammar and technical secondary schools, were examined regarding dental caries and gingival conditions. Oral health behaviour data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire. The presence of caries was recorded using the decayed missed filled tooth (DMFT) index, gingival conditions with community periodontal index (CPI) following World Health Organization recommendations. Stepwise logistic regression was applied to determine whether the type of school attended was associated with the clinical outcome variables and subjects' SPOH and with oral health or lifestyle behaviour. Results: The prevalence of caries was 59.8% (95% CI = 41.3 to 76.8); a third of participants showed a CPI = 0, whereas 34.9% had bleeding at probing and 37.9% had calculus. Caries distribution was significantly related to the type of school attended in each score of the DMFT categorisation (P < 0.01). Experience of tooth discomfort was claimed by 23.6% of subjects from grammar schools and 35.3% from technical schools (P < 0.01). In males, CPI ⩾ 1 was associated with the type of school, OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1 to 2.5), the highest DMFT score and experience of self-perceived tooth discomfort, OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.2 to 2.0) and OR = 1.2 (95% CI = 1.4 to 2.6), respectively. In females, only CPI ⩾ 1 and highest DMFT score were associated with the type of school, OR = 2.1 (95% CI = 1.3 to 3.3) and OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.2 to 2.0), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study evaluates the influence of several determinants on the presence of early childhood caries ( ECC) in preschool children living in northern Sardinia, Italy. These determinants include the educational level and occupational status of the parents as a proxy for the socioeconomical level ( SES) and behavioral factors (dietary and oral hygiene). Methods An observational cross-sectional study was designed with a dental examination and a standardized questionnaire. Five hundred forty-four subjects (260 girls and 284 boys) were enrolled and categorized into two age groups: 359 children were aged 18-47 months and 185 children were aged 48-60 months. Results The total caries prevalence was 15.99%. Caries risk increased with lower parents' educational level ( P = 0.01), increased number of siblings ( P < 0.01), the use of bottle feeding ( P = 0.02), and the use of a sweetened baby's pacifier at night ( P = 0.01). In robust multivariate analysis, a high parental educational level played a protective role on the presence of caries lesion [odds ratio ( OR) = 0.51, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 0.34-0.78]; the mother's being employed had a positive statistically significant association with the child having decayed, missing, filled tooth surfaces = 0 ( OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.23-0.97). The presence of more than one sibling in the family was associated with caries ( OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.20-2.40). Conclusion ECC prevalence evaluated was similar to other western countries, and SES and behavioral habits influence the development of ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several maternal health determinants during the first period of life of the child, as feeding practice, smoking habit and socio-economic level, are involved in early childhood health problems, as caries development. The potential associations among early childhood caries, feeding practices, maternal and environmental smoking exposure, Socio-Economic Status (SES) and several behavioral determinants were investigated. Methods Italian toddlers (n = 2395) aged 24-30 months were recruited and information on feeding practices, sweet dietary habit, maternal smoking habit, SES, and fluoride supplementation in the first year of life was obtained throughout a questionnaire administered to mothers. Caries lesions in toddlers were identified in visual/tactile examinations and classified using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Associations between toddlers' caries data and mothers' questionnaire data were assessed using chi-squared test. Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyze associations among caries severity level (ICDAS score), behavioral factors and SES (using mean housing price per square meter as a proxy). Results Caries prevalence and severity levels were significantly lower in toddlers who were exclusively breastfed and those who received mixed feeding with a moderate-high breast milk component, compared with toddlers who received low mixed feeding and those exclusively fed with formula (p < 0.01). No moderate and high caries severity levels were observed in an exclusively breastfed children. High caries severity levels were significantly associated with sweet beverages (p < 0.04) and SES (p < 0.01). Toddlers whose mothers smoked five or more cigarettes/day during pregnancy showed a higher caries severity level (p < 0.01) respect to those whose mothers did not smoke. Environmental exposure to smoke during the first year of life was also significantly associated with caries severity (odds ratio =7.14, 95% confidence interval = 6.07-7.28). No association was observed between caries severity level and fluoride supplementation. More than 50% of toddlers belonging to families with a low SES, showed moderate or high severity caries levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions Higher caries severity levels were observed in toddlers fed with infant formula and exposed to smoke during pregnancy living in area with a low mean housing price per square meter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. In order to set up the needs for intervention and to plan oral health prevention and care programmes, this paper aims to describe the oral health status and behaviour in children living in the municipality of Gorom-Gorom, BurkinaFaso. Design. The sample size was 692 children, 334 females (48.3%) and 358 males (51.7%). Clinical and oral health related behaviours were collected. Results. 83.4% of the children were caries-free. Fluorosis was recorded in 41.3% of the sample, while only 37.9% of children showed healthy gingival condition. Toothbrushing was reported by 35.7% of children. A statistically significant association was found between caries experience and cleanliness of hands. Community Periodontal Index was statistically associated to toothbrushing and chewingstick use. Conclusion. As suggested by WHO's global strategies, integrated primary oral health care and services meeting the dental needs of the local population are necessary for children living in this area of Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assessing caries risk is an essential element in the planning of preventive and therapeutic strategies. Different caries risk assessment (CRA) models have been proposed for the identification of individuals running a risk of future caries. This systematic review was designed to evaluate whether standardized caries risk assessment (CRA) models are able to evaluate the risk according to the actual caries status and/or the future caries increment. Methods: Randomized clinical trials, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, comparative studies, validation studies and evaluation studies, reporting caries risk assessment using standardized models (Cariogram, CAMBRA, PreViser, NUS-CRA and CAT) in patients of any age related to caries data recorded by DMFT/S or ICDAS indices, were included. PubMed, Scopus and Embase were searched from 2000 to 2016. A search string was developed. All the papers meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to a quality assessment. Results: One thousand three-undred ninety-two papers were identified and 32 were included. In all but one, the Cariogram was used both as sole model or in conjunction with other models. All the papers on children ( n = 16) and adults ( n = 12) found a statistically significant association between the risk levels and the actual caries status and/or the future caries increment. Nineteen papers, all using the Cariogram except one, were classified as being of good quality. Three of four papers comprising children and adults found a positive association. For seven of the included papers, Cariogram sensibility and specificity were calculated; sensibility ranged from low (41.0) to fairly low (75.0), while specificity was higher, ranging from 65.8 to 88.0. Wide 95% confidence intervals for both parameters were found, indicating that the reliability of the model differed in different caries risk levels. Conclusions: The scientific evidence relating to standardized CRA models is still limited; even if Cariogram was tested in children and adults in few studies of good quality, no sufficient evidence is available to affirm the method is effective in caries assessment and prediction. New options of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy are now available to dentists but the validity of standardized CRA models still remains limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Actual caries figures emphasize the need to identify the risk indicators involved in the disease's development. The hypothesis that certain risk indicators might affect the dynamic evolution of the caries process was assessed; to clarify this premise, a cross-sectional survey was performed in school children.Methods: A total of 390 subjects aged 6-8 years old were randomly selected. Caries was assessed, and the subjects were stratified as follows: i) highest caries score; ii) most prevalent caries score; and iii) number of affected teeth. Parents/guardians completed a questionnaire regarding vital statistics, socio-economic indicators, dietary habits, oral hygiene habits and oral health behaviours.Results: Caries was detected in 42.31% of the subjects. Maternal nationality, parental education level, use of a sweetened pacifier at night, intake of lactose-free milk and toothbrushing frequency were statistically significant associated (p < 0.05) with subjects stratified according to the highest caries score. Parental educational level, maternal occupational status and use of a sweetened pacifier at night were associated (p < 0.05) with affected children stratified according to the most prevalent caries score. Maternal educational level and intake of lactose-free milk were associated with subjects with moderate caries stages compared to being caries-free (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Maternal nationality (p < 0.01) and toothbrushing frequency (p = 0.01) were associated with subjects affected by extensive lesions compared to caries-free children. In subjects affected by initial lesions as the most prevalent figure, gender (male) and paternal occupation status (unemployed) were statistically significant associated (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively) compared to those affected by highest prevalence of extensive caries lesions. In children with the highest prevalence of moderate caries lesions, maternal education level (p < 0.01), paternal occupational status (p = 0.03) and use of a sweetened pacifier at night (p < 0.01) were statistically significantly associated.Conclusions: Maternal nationality, maternal low level of education, intake of lactose-free milk and low toothbrushing frequency were involved in the change from caries-free status to different caries stages. Gender, paternal unemployment, maternal low educational level and use of a sweetened pacifier were correlated with caries progression, showing how distinctive risk indicators were associated with different caries stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]