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1. A new laser technology for LISA

Author

Katrin Dahl, Markus Krutzik, Kai Voss, Christian Greve, Achim Peters, Pelin Cebeci, Sana Amairi Pyka, Jose Sanjuan, Martin Giesberts, Andreas Wicht, Max Schiemangk, Oliver Fitzau, and Thilo Schuldt

Subjects
Optical amplifier, Physics, Gravitational-wave observatory, business.industry, Breadboard, Laser, Metrology, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, Laser linewidth, Optics, law, Fiber laser, business
Abstract

Within the European Space Agency (ESA) activity “Gravitational Wave Observatory Metrology Laser” we designed a laser head to fulfill the LISA laser requirements using a non-NPRO seed laser technology: an external cavity diode laser (ECDL) with resonant optical feedback from an external cavity as master oscillator for further linewidth narrowing. Furthermore, our design features a single-stage fiber amplifier with an amplification factor of about 20 dB. This paper covers the requirements on the laser source for LISA, the design and first results of performance characterization of the laser head breadboard.

Published
2019
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2. In-Orbit Performance of the GRACE Follow-on Laser Ranging Interferometer

Author

Jehhal Liu, Henry Wegener, Joseph Trinh, David C Barr, James Howell, Andrew J. Sutton, Daniel A. Shaddock, C. Bogan, Bernd Zender, Mike A Davis, Gerhard Heinzel, Micah Kruger, Duo Wang, Frank Gilles, Martin S. Gilbert, R. Flatscher, M Herding, Christopher Woodruff, Anton Lebeda, Mark Katsumura, Benjamin Sheard, Carl Christian Liebe, S. Dubovitsky, Katrin Dahl, Rabi T. Wang, Christoph Mahrdt, Daniel Schütze, Frank Heine, Marcus Zimmermann, Kenneth Clark, Steve Windisch, Nicolas Grossard, Philipp Hager, Michelle Stephens, Brian Bachman Okihiro, Jerome Hauden, Kameron Larsen, Karsten Danzmann, William M. Folkner, Christian Dahl, Brent Ware, Burghardt Guenther, Glenn de Vine, Robert Spero, Andreas Eckardt, Malte Misfeldt, Joshua Ravich, Claus Braxmaier, Gary D. Spiers, Arnold Lebeda, J. Reiche, Gretchen Reavis, Thomas Ester, Frank Flechtner, Martin Hinz, Alexander Koch, Alexander Abramovici, Jeffrey Dickson, Andreas Baatzsch, Christoph Seiter, Robert Pierce, Kai Voss, Marina Kaufer, K. Nicklaus, Kirk McKenzie, Michael J Burke, Klaus Abich, Maxime P Bize, Phillip R Morton, Alex Murray, Vitali Müller, T. Mangoldt, Lynette Lobmeyer, William Klipstein, Michael Sileo, Martin Gohlke, Germán Fernández Barranco, Don J Nguyen, Bengie Amparan, Thomas Leikert, G. Stede, Samuel Francis, and Josep Sanjuan

Subjects
heterodyne interferometry, Wavefronts, Orbits, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, Degrees of freedom (mechanics), satelitte laser ranging, law.invention, Physics - Geophysics, Optics, law, Laser frequency, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomical interferometer, ddc:530, Spacecraft attitude, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Wavefront, Spacecraft, Interferometers, business.industry, Wave-front sensing, Ranging, Laser, Autonomous control, Gravity recovery and climate experiments, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), Interferometry, Range measurements, Remote spacecraft, Laser interferometry, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Laser interferometric, Noise (radio), Microwave
Abstract

The Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) instrument on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Follow-On mission has provided the first laser interferometric range measurements between remote spacecraft, separated by approximately 220 km. Autonomous controls that lock the laser frequency to a cavity reference and establish the 5 degrees of freedom two-way laser link between remote spacecraft succeeded on the first attempt. Active beam pointing based on differential wave front sensing compensates spacecraft attitude fluctuations. The LRI has operated continuously without breaks in phase tracking for more than 50 days, and has shown biased range measurements similar to the primary ranging instrument based on microwaves, but with much less noise at a level of 1 nm/Hz at Fourier frequencies above 100 mHz. © 2019 authors. Published by the American Physical Society.

Published
2019

3. Space based lasers for gravitational wave detection

Author

Martin Giesberts, Sana Amairi Pyka, Jose Sanjuan, Jonathan Bennès, Mher Ghulinyan, Geoffrey P. Barwood, Markus Oswald, Claus Braxmaier, Stéphane Schilt, Pelin Cebeci, Andreas Wicht, Christian Greve, Thilo Schuldt, Katrin Dahl, Oliver Fitzau, Steve Lecomte, Christoph Deutsch, Christophe Meier, Silvio Koller, Stefan Kundermann, Anton Zhukov, Alexander Sell, Max Schiemangk, Evgeny Kovalchuk, Achim Peters, Markus Krutzik, Patrick Gill, Kai Voss, Christian Stenzel, Roland Le Goff, and Brigitte Kassner

Subjects
Physics, Amplified spontaneous emission, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics::Optics, Laser interferometer space antenna, Space (mathematics), Laser, law.invention, Laser interferometry, Optics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Physics::Atomic Physics, Frequency stabilization, business, Phase modulation
Abstract

We present the requirements, design, and tests of a potential laser system for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission as well as a potential frequency stabilization system.

Published
2019
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4. Calibration of the LIGO gravitational wave detectors in the fifth science run

Author

M. Born, K. Mailand, R. Mittleman, Nelson Christensen, M. Cavagli, G. McIntyre, M. A. Arain, Gregory M. Harry, M. Aronsson, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, Virginio Sannibale, David E. McClelland, C. Messenger, Laura Cadonati, Susan M. Scott, Teviet Creighton, Chad Hanna, C. Wilkinson, A. Rdiger, Ewan S. Douglas, J. Dueck, D. Friedrich, D. J. White, C. Zhao, C. Aulbert, Jonah Kanner, I. Leonor, John K. Cannizzo, Benno Willke, B. Moe, A. Stroeer, S. Kandhasamy, Kenneth A. Strain, P. Raffai, B. O'Reilly, M. Pickenpack, J. Hanks, V. V. Frolov, J. C. Dumas, Albert Lazzarini, C. I. Torrie, A. L. Stuver, E. J. Daw, K. D. Giardina, Z. Frei, Yi Pan, D. Barker, Peter Aufmuth, C. Gill, Fumiko Kawazoe, A. Singer, Soma Mukherjee, T. Krause, Stanislav Babak, D. R. Ingram, Evan Ochsner, Phil Willems, S. Penn, A. J. Weinstein, Drew Keppel, I. Gholami, P. T. Beyersdorf, M. V. van der Sluys, M. C. Araya, Alessandra Buonanno, Carlos Cepeda, Robert J. McCarthy, S. Mrka, P. Wei, Linqing Wen, J. N. Marx, C. Rver, Duncan A. Brown, S. Roddy, Shuichi Sato, J. Cain, M. Sakosky, Soumya D. Mohanty, M. Landry, Stefan Hild, J. Kullman, I. Di Palma, D. Lodhia, N. A. Robertson, P. Baker, Yasushi Mino, Joseph D. Romano, D. Hammer, J. Heefner, R. Grosso, Kasem Mossavi, N. Zotov, K. Mason, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, G. Gonzlez, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, M. Flanigan, J. H. Clayton, Chad Forrest, Z. Mrka, A. M. Sintes, Lee Samuel Finn, S. Grunewald, Amanda J. Page, A. Effler, S. R. P. Mohapatra, Peter Kalmus, E. Amador Ceron, R. M. Martin, Xavier Siemens, T. Etzel, D. J. Hosken, J. G. Rollins, Rana X. Adhikari, Gareth Jones, B. Machenschalk, F. Donovan, A. Grant, L. Zhang, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Subhasish Mitra, Efim A. Khazanov, J. Slutsky, Moritz Mehmet, Michele Vallisneri, J. Luan, H. Yamamoto, M. A. Barton, Kevin M. Ryan, Leo C. Stein, J. R. Leong, Sascha Husa, D.B. DeBra, A. Thring, A. Perreca, Imre Bartos, Guenakh Mitselmakher, R. L. Savage, T. Isogai, Katrin Dahl, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Ik Siong Heng, S. Steplewski, Eric Thrane, Sarah Caudill, P. Yu, Lisa M. Goggin, Yi Chen, T. Morioka, Ravi Kumar Kopparapu, R. L. Ward, Emma L. Robinson, R. Dannenberg, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, E. Black, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, Ryan DeRosa, G. S. Allen, John Nelson, K. A. Hodge, C. Torres, M. V. Plissi, F. Y. Khalili, A. M. Sergeev, B. Daudert, Fabio Postiglione, V. Raymond, P. Kwee, T. Nash, P. J. Sutton, J. H. Romie, L. Cunningham, F. J. Raab, Jeffrey S. Kissel, Larne Pekowsky, A. M. Cruise, N. A. Lockerbie, V. Kondrashov, G. H. Ogin, R. Engel, R. DeSalvo, Ronny Nawrodt, D. Pathak, M. Prijatelj, K. A. Thorne, Hartmut Grote, S. Saraf, E. E. Doomes, Innocenzo M. Pinto, P. J. Veitch, S. B. Anderson, Zhenyu Zhang, Ruslan Vaulin, R. Gustafson, Tobias Eberle, Ruxandra Bondarescu, G. Mendell, L. Sancho De La Jordana, Mark A. Satterthwaite, David B. Tanner, P. Leaci, R. Taylor, G. P. Szokoly, P. Thomas, Kip S. Thorne, Tobias Westphal, David Jones, N. Lastzka, T. Chalermsongsak, Alessandro Bertolini, Vladimir Dergachev, Matthew West, T. Radke, James Whelan, P. Ajith, M. Sung, T. P. Bodiya, Peter Wessels, C. Osthelder, Karel E. Urbanek, S. E. Strigin, N. Beveridge, D. O. Bridges, J. C. Driggers, D. Nolting, Erik Katsavounidis, B. Vaishnav, Neil J. Cornish, P. E. Lindquist, M. J. Lubinski, D. B. Kozak, C. Vorvick, A. W. Heptonstall, Peter R. Saulson, J. Zweizig, Yoichi Aso, F. Seifert, J. O'Dell, Peter Fritschel, M. Pedraza, Vuk Mandic, Walter Winkler, T. Dayanga, Maria Alessandra Papa, T. Reed, J. R. Taylor, Sebastian Steinlechner, L. Santamara, Jordan Camp, D. Feldbaum, Rajesh Kumar, Vladimir B. Braginsky, L. Wallace, P. G. Murray, R. Frey, S. Foley, H. Vahlbruch, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, P. J. King, B. Shapiro, T. Meier, Maik Frede, Paul Fulda, S. C. McGuire, A. Wanner, D. J. A. McKechan, J. M. Hallam, S. Giampanis, P. Schwinberg, K. Riles, M. Weinert, A. G. Wiseman, J. H. Hough, Ilya Mandel, Saranya Ghosh, A. C. Searle, J. A. Giaime, W. G. Anderson, C. T. Y. Chung, Michael E Zucker, Douglas R. Cook, A. E. Villar, K. Mors, Michele Zanolin, H. Lin, Jordi Burguet-Castell, E. Chalkley, A. Stochino, V. P. Mitrofanov, H. J. Pletsch, G. Traylor, D. C. Coyne, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, Thomas Corbitt, Damon A. Clark, C. A. Costa, G. D. Hammond, P. Shawhan, P. Charlton, Peter Hall, S. Vass, Fabrice Matichard, Kipp Cannon, Richard A. Matzner, L. Turner, Matthew Evans, B. Behnke, W. Kells, I. A. Bilenko, R. S. Ottens, David J. Ottaway, G. McIvor, R. Inta, S. Klimenko, Robert Stone, Boris Hage, B. Rankins, Seiji Kawamura, Reinhard Prix, Elizabeth Harstad, C. M. Reed, C. Mak, M. Daz, B. J. J. Slagmolen, M. S. Meyer, Riccardo Bassiri, David H. Reitze, Rainer Weiss, R. W. P. Drever, D. F. Menndez, E. Maros, W. W. Johnson, Sunil Susmithan, David Blair, H. Lck, N. Fotopoulos, C. Veltkamp, B. Lantz, S. Barnum, Badri Krishnan, D. Ugolini, M. Lormand, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, Gavin Davies, D. Hoyland, B. F. Whiting, S. Dorsher, M. Bastarrika, Rahul Biswas, Anton B. Ivanov, J. Bauchrowitz, C. Van Den Broeck, Samuel J. Waldman, Vicky Kalogera, Larry R. Price, Yaohui Fan, G. R. Skelton, P. Ehrens, J. Garofoli, J. Betzwieser, H. Overmier, D. Sellers, R. M. S. Schofield, Matthew Benacquista, Simon Chelkowski, D. Hoak, Patrick Brady, K. Wette, Timothy Evans, Benjamin J. Owen, H. Fehrmann, Christopher Wipf, K. V. Tokmakov, C. Adams, D. Sigg, Martin Hewitson, S. W. Ballmer, Junwei Cao, C. Robinson, Benjamin William Allen, Sanichiro Yoshida, Karsten Danzmann, Graham Woan, P. Campsie, G. Moreno, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, Slawomir Gras, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, J. Hanson, A. Cumming, Guido Mueller, T. T. Fricke, J. Birch, J. Abadie, A. J. Stein, A. M. Gretarsson, Matthew Lang, E. Hirose, J. K. Blackburn, Sheila Rowan, R. G. Oldenburg, Eric Howell, M. R. Smith, A. S. Sengupta, Jon M. Miller, M. R. Abernathy, G. Billingsley, Hoon-Sik Kim, Jan Harms, Jingsong Li, Evan Goetz, M. Edwards, Paul Roberts, S. Meshkov, K. Das, Grant David Meadors, Haixing Miao, S. L. Danilishin, C. Peralta, O. Bock, K. L. Dooley, Lisa Barsotti, Antonio Lucianetti, Michael Boyle, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, O. Puncken, D. Moraru, H. Mller-Ebhardt, D. Yeaton-Massey, C. Graef, Suvadeep Bose, Alberto Vecchio, L. Prokhorov, P. Devanka, N. D. Smith, B. Hughey, B. Sorazu, A. C. Melissinos, Andreas Freise, T. Z. Summerscales, Jolien D. E. Creighton, S. Caride, Lindy Blackburn, K. Holt, Matthew Pitkin, R. Wooley, V. Sandberg, M. Frei, L. Merill, T. Hayler, John D. Scott, D. L. Kinzel, R. A. Mercer, Matthew P. Edgar, K. Tseng, R. M. Culter, Jesper Munch, A. Davis, K. Flasch, H. Radkins, S. P. Vyachanin, M. Brinkmann, David Coward, T. Huynh-Dinh, Sheon Chua, Roger Jones, A. Lundgren, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, Pablo Barriga, M. Mageswaran, Lutz Winkelmann, Fiona C. Speirits, M. Pareja, John Veitch, C. Titsler, M. MacInnis, R. S. Amin, J. Breyer, C. Gray, Kentaro Somiya, G. Santostasi, M. Britzger, K. Haughian, Kazuhiro Hayama, D. Talukder, C. Pankow, I. W. Harry, S. Wen, David H. Shoemaker, P. Lu, O. Burmeister, V. Kringel, S. Goßler, A. F. Brooks, Atsushi J. Nishizawa, Subramanian Krishnamurthy, Roberto Conte, Scott Koranda, L. Matone, I. Yakushin, L. Sammut, A. Sibley, D. Fazi, S. H. Huttner, D. Atkinson, Andrew Melatos, B. Schulz, C. D. Capano, S. E. Whitcomb, Francesco Salemi, Alexander Khalaidovski, B. Bland, Stephen Fairhurst, S. Sakata, Miquel Trias, A. Mullavey, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, P. Patel, Malik Rakhmanov, J. Worden, L. Williams, E. Forsi, R. Riesen, Roland Schilling, S. P. Tarabrin, Richard J. Abbott, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, LIGO (Observatory : Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Barnum, Sam, Barsotti, Lisa, Blackburn, Lindy, Bodiya, Timothy P., Corbitt, Thomas R., Donovan, Frederick J., Evans, Matthew J., Foley, Stephany, Fritschel, Peter K., Harry, Gregory, Hughey, Brennan, Katsavounidis, Erotokritos, MacInnis, Myron E., Mason, Kenneth R., Matichard, Fabrice, Mavalvala, Nergis, Mittleman, Richard K., Shapiro, B., Shoemaker, David H., Smith, Nicolas D., Stein, Andrew J., Stein, Leo C., Walden, Samuel J., Weiss, Rainer, Wipf, Christopher C., LVC Collaboration, The, Pinto, I. M., and Principe, M.

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Gravitational-wave observatory, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational waves, Optics, Coincident, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Astronomical interferometer, Interferometer, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, QC, Physics, Control systems, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, LIGO, Interferometry, business
Abstract

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a network of three detectors built to detect local perturbations in the space–time metric from astrophysical sources. These detectors, two in Hanford, WA and one in Livingston, LA, are power-recycled Fabry-Perot Michelson interferometers. In their fifth science run (S5), between November 2005 and October 2007, these detectors accumulated one year of triple coincident data while operating at their designed sensitivity. In this paper, we describe the calibration of the instruments in the S5 data set, including measurement techniques and uncertainty estimation., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Carnegie Trust, Leverhulme Trust, David & Lucile Packard Foundation, Research Corporation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

Published
2010
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5. Coupling-probe laser spectroscopy of degenerate two-level systems: An experimental survey of various polarisation combinations

Author

Rolf-Hermann Rinkleff, Luca Spani Molella, Katrin Dahl, and Karsten Danzmann

Subjects
Materials science, Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, Absorption spectroscopy, Electromagnetically induced transparency, business.industry, Optical polarization, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Optics, law, Dispersion (optics), Physics::Atomic Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Atomic physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Spectroscopy, business
Abstract

Several absorption and dispersion spectra of a probe and a coupling laser of different polarisations generating electromagnetically induced absorption in atomic caesium were measured and compared. In the case of at least one linearly polarised laser, electromagnetically induced absorption and absorption within transparency were observed for the probe and coupling laser, respectively. For laser beams of counter-rotating circular polarisation the coupling absorption spectra changed from absorption within transparency to transparency within transparency once the medium was saturated. However, the corresponding parametric dispersion spectra remained unchanged in structure.

Published
2009
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6. Incoherent aperture beam combining of quantum cascade lasers

Author

Katrin Dahl, Hans Dieter Tholl, and M. Raab

Subjects
Distributed feedback laser, Materials science, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Laser, Beam parameter product, law.invention, Optics, Quantum dot laser, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Optoelectronics, Physics::Atomic Physics, Laser beam quality, business, Quantum cascade laser, Tunable laser, Beam divergence
Abstract

Quantum cascade lasers can be designed to emit at any desired wavelength in the mid-infrared. When the optical output power of a single quantum cascade laser is too low, the beams of different lasers can be combined, e.g. by incoherent aperture beam combining. For incoherent aperture beam combining the laser beams are arranged side by side on the aperture of the (multi-) laser system and combine in the far field. The technique is neither limited to any number of lasers nor to any laser characteristics. We investigated incoherent aperture beam combining of quantum cascade laser beams in experiment and simulations at different distances from the laser aperture. We present results of combining laser sources of different wavelengths and demonstrate advantages of various beam arrangements.

Published
2014
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7. Enhanced sensitivity of the LIGO gravitational wave detector by using squeezed states of light

Author

Ludovico Carbone, P. Couvares, Benno Willke, K. Wiesner, A. F. Brooks, R. Kurdyumov, S. Kandhasamy, Edwin J. Son, Jordan Camp, Alessandra Buonanno, D. Feldbaum, T. Meier, O. Bock, Stefan Hild, I. Yakushin, G. Mendell, G. Mazzolo, Ryan DeRosa, R. Engel, P. Wessels, T. Denker, L. Sammut, P. Leaci, D. Barker, D. Nolting, C. Aulbert, S. E. Whitcomb, A. Cumming, J. Bowers, Z. Frei, H. Zhu, A. M. Gretarsson, F. Mokler, David H. Shoemaker, Holger J. Pletsch, John Worden, J. K. Blackburn, C. Osthelder, Francesco Salemi, Sheila Rowan, C. I. Torrie, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, Jöran Bauchrowitz, N. Beveridge, S. E. Dwyer, F. Magana-Sandoval, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, Honam Yum, Walter Winkler, A. S. Markosyan, M. T. Hartman, S. Roddy, Daniel Friedrich, Evan Goetz, Harald Lück, D. O. Bridges, Rebecca Fisher, Jeffery Kline, Xuan Wang, J. D. Lough, C. J. Bell, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, E. Nishida, T. T. Fricke, Matthew Evans, J. Garcia, C. C. Arceneaux, Ilya Mandel, E. Deleeuw, Prayush Kumar, Jessica McIver, M. Factourovich, Rana X. Adhikari, B. Machenschalk, Alexander Khalaidovski, Haixing Miao, S. L. Danilishin, J. Betzwieser, R. Inta, Lee Samuel Finn, Stephen S. Eikenberry, B. K. Kim, R. L. Ward, C. Peralta, M. Shaltev, Peter Aufmuth, K. L. Dooley, F. Donovan, Lisa Barsotti, A. Stochino, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, Yueh-Feng Liu, Chris Pankow, A. Singer, Atsushi J. Nishizawa, N. Zotov, K. Mason, J. N. Marx, László Á. Gergely, Gabriela Gonzalez, H. J. Jang, K. Haughian, B. Bland, C. Affeldt, K. Venkateswara, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, A. Nitz, S. Klimenko, Y. Wan, Evan Ochsner, A. Effler, Henning Kaufer, A. Perreca, A. J. Weinstein, Guenakh Mitselmakher, J. R. Leong, M. A. Barton, Carl L. Rodriguez, Laura Cadonati, Bastian Schulz, Richard A. Matzner, H. Yamamoto, H. R. Paris, R. Taylor, Steve Drasco, T. Huynh-Dinh, J. B. Kanner, A. M. Sergeev, H. Overmier, Kazuhiro Hayama, D. Talukder, C. V. Torres, I. W. Harry, F. Brückner, E. Amador Ceron, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, Bala R. Iyer, P. T. Baker, Meng Wang, D. Sellers, Kip S. Thorne, T. Chalermsongsak, Alessandro Bertolini, S. Privitera, T. Etzel, T. Reed, M. Damjanic, T. P. Bodiya, P. T. Beyersdorf, M. V. van der Sluys, M. S. Shahriar, Sunil Susmithan, Robert Stone, Q. Chu, Xavier Siemens, Salvatore Vitale, Jolien D. E. Creighton, S. Caride, Lindy Blackburn, M. Landry, S. Doravari, H. P. Daveloza, Scott Koranda, Albrecht Rüdiger, Hyun Lee, Christian D. Ott, K. Holt, Mallory S. E. Roberts, Fabio Postiglione, J. S. Kissel, L. Matone, V. Sandberg, V. Lhuillier, C. S. Unnikrishnan, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Matthew West, Marc Favata, P. Kwee, K. A. Thorne, W. Z. Korth, Susan M. Scott, Hyung Mok Lee, Teviet Creighton, Stephen Fairhurst, Kieran Craig, Christopher John Messenger, Chad Hanna, Zhen Liu, Yi Chen, Xing-Jiang Zhu, V. P. Mitrofanov, V. Raymond, A. S. Stroeer, J. C. Batch, Badri Krishnan, B. J. J. Slagmolen, D. Hoak, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Jonathan R. Gair, A. Grant, Roger Jones, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Patrick Brady, N. A. Gordon, D. D. Brown, C. R. Ramet, P. J. Veitch, Bernard F. Whiting, J. R. Sanders, Rainer Weiss, R. W. P. Drever, Manuel Meyer, T. D. Abbott, Trevor Sidery, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, David Jones, D. Amariutei, J. O'Dell, T. Dayanga, W. W. Johnson, N. A. Lockerbie, L. Wallace, Riccardo Bassiri, Joshua Yablon, C. Wilkinson, K. A. Hodge, V. Kringel, J. Breyer, L. Zhang, C. Gray, D. Fazi, Imre Bartos, D. J. White, E. Maros, C. Zhao, Alicia M. Sintes, C. Poux, Marco Cavaglia, Patrick J. Sutton, M-K. Fujimoto, P. Thomas, Archana Pai, M. Jacobson, B. Moe, Odylio D. Aguiar, H. Radkins, R. Frey, S. H. Huttner, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, E. Black, D. Atkinson, Thanh Vinh Nguyen, David Blair, Y. J. Jang, Seiji Kawamura, E. A. Huerta, D. H. Reitze, B. Behnke, B. M. Levine, P. J. King, W. Parkinson, B. Shapiro, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, D. Ugolini, Ping Koy Lam, T. Bhadbhade, Elizabeth Harstad, Thomas Dent, S. Márka, A. G. Wiseman, D. Simakov, D. L. Jones, Chi-Woong Kim, V. Litvine, A. W. Heptonstall, C. T. Y. Chung, Peter R. Saulson, Michael E Zucker, Namjun Kim, F. Seifert, Andrew Melatos, Peter Fritschel, Vladimir Dergachev, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, Jacob Slutsky, Erik Katsavounidis, J. H. Romie, M. Brinkmann, J. M. Berliner, G. Santostasi, L. Cunningham, T. Nash, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Malik Rakhmanov, M. J. Lubinski, K. Evans, L. Williams, A. Le Roux, Michael W. Coughlin, David Coward, R. Gustafson, E. Forsi, Sheon Chua, C. J. Guido, Christian Röver, A. Dietz, James Whelan, P. Ajith, M. Lormand, R. Abbott, G. H. Ogin, J. Aasi, Kenneth A. Strain, A. Kremin, Y. Bao, A. Castiglia, L. G. Prokhorov, S. Foley, M. Prijatelj, M. Huynh, D. C. Coyne, K. Grover, K. Izumi, Saranya Ghosh, G. Kang, M. C. Araya, J. Wang, Kyungmin Kim, M. Cordier, B. O'Reilly, Vaibhav Tiwari, Kipp Cannon, M. Born, K. Mailand, R. S. Ottens, G. May, Jan Hendrik Pöld, M. E. Normandin, C. Lawrie, B. E. Aylott, K. Loew, E. Jesse, Tobias Eberle, S. Giampanis, Rajesh Kumar, Vladimir B. Braginsky, R. Riesen, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, N. Fotopoulos, M. Weinert, Roland Schilling, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, P. G. Murray, John D. Scott, D. L. Kinzel, R. A. Mercer, L. Rodriguez, M. Mageswaran, S. Verma, A. Mytidis, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, E. Macdonald, Paul D. Lasky, M. Pickenpack, Alexander Wanner, R. DeSalvo, J. Logue, Eric Oelker, A. L. Stuver, Jordi Burguet-Castell, R. Kasturi, G. Traylor, Yi Pan, Thomas Corbitt, C. A. Costa, M. Holtrop, R. Mittleman, Nelson Christensen, Joshua L. Willis, Matthew Pitkin, S. Sankar, H. Fehrmann, Michael L. Gorodetsky, M. J. Cowart, T. Westphal, Katrin Dahl, Benjamin William Allen, C. M. Reed, C. Griffo, J. Zweizig, S. P. Tarabrin, R. Wooley, V. Huang, J. C. Barayoga, Sebastian Steinlechner, J. H. Hough, S. T. Countryman, Roman Schnabel, Carlos Kozameh, Douglas R. Cook, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, Gavin Davies, P. Shawhan, John Miller, T. Prestegard, Anton B. Ivanov, G. Szeifert, Karsten Danzmann, Marco Aurelio Diaz, D. Martinov, Samuel J. Waldman, Vicky Kalogera, Larry R. Price, P. Charlton, C. Bogan, Tarun Souradeep, S. C. McGuire, Michele Zanolin, C. L. Mueller, Slawomir Gras, W. D. Vousden, Vuk Mandic, V. Necula, I. Santiago-Prieto, K. McAuley, V. V. Frolov, T. Vo, M. Constancio Junior, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Sebastien Biscans, Efim A. Khazanov, Moritz Mehmet, D. R. Ingram, Phil Willems, M. Phelps, M. Wade, J. J. Lee, I. A. Bilenko, O. Puncken, Hartmut Grote, C. Padilla, Jong H. Chow, J. A. Giaime, Y. M. Kim, Charlotte Bond, G. D. Hammond, G. Gelencser, Carlos Cepeda, Stefan Ast, Robert J. McCarthy, Linqing Wen, F. Clara, Thomas N. Williams, J. Macarthur, M. Tse, David J. Ottaway, A. C. Lin, D. B. Kelley, G. R. Skelton, Eric Thrane, Andrew Lundgren, Stanislav Babak, Neil J. Cornish, Zhihui Du, Shaun Hooper, M. H. Wimmer, Duncan A. Brown, G. McIntyre, D. M. Macleod, Leo Singer, Eric W. James, J. Ou, I. Di Palma, D. Lodhia, J. C. Dumas, Shiuh Chao, Timothy A Welborn, Sarah Caudill, R. Quitzow-James, F. Ohme, B. Daudert, J. Heefner, Albert Lazzarini, Matthew Abernathy, Qi Fang, Kasem Mossavi, Takao Mori, Gregory M. Harry, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, P. Raffai, J. Hanks, K. Kokeyama, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, N. Gehrels, P. Oppermann, Michele Vallisneri, Fumiko Kawazoe, B. J. Kuper, Ik Siong Heng, S. Steplewski, Grant David Meadors, Emma L. Robinson, Roy Williams, J. Birch, C. Tomlinson, Stefan Goßler, C. Graef, J. G. Rollins, Soma Mukherjee, Drew Keppel, W. Katzman, R. J.E. Smith, G. Manca, Subhabrata Mitra, Nergis Mavalvala, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, P. Ehrens, H-S. Cho, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, V. Kondrashov, Z. Shao, L. E. Wade, Virginio Sannibale, David E. McClelland, G. Bergmann, Joseph Gleason, H. Wittel, K. Wette, Matthew Heintze, John J. Oh, R. K. Nayak, C. Adams, J. C. Driggers, L. Austin, C. Kucharczyk, Michael Thomas, D. Sigg, F. J. Raab, S. W. Ballmer, C-H. Lee, Huan Yang, P. Campsie, G. Moreno, Koji Arai, Lutz Winkelmann, Fan Zhang, D. Nanda Kumar, Douglas E. Stevens, Jessica Steinlechner, M. Heurs, Reed Essick, B. Sorazu, T. Z. Summerscales, John Veitch, M. MacInnis, Alberto Vecchio, Will M. Farr, K. Buckland, B. Hughey, S. E. Gossan, D. Moraru, D. Yeaton-Massey, David Keitel, Suvadeep Bose, Z. Márka, E. Steinert, M. R. Smith, M. Edwards, T. Hong, S. R. Morriss, Alessandra Corsi, E. J. Daw, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, C. Gill, M. Rodruck, S. B. Anderson, Ruslan Vaulin, David B. Tanner, M. Pedraza, Maria Alessandra Papa, Collin Capano, N. A. Robertson, D. Hammer, K. Haris, Peter Kalmus, B. Lantz, Philip Graff, Michael Britzger, Ben C. Buchler, R. M. S. Schofield, Benjamin J. Owen, Martin Hendry, Christopher Wipf, K. V. Tokmakov, Martin Hewitson, Junwei Cao, Sanichiro Yoshida, Graham Woan, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, J. Hanson, M. Stefszky, Guido Mueller, David Murphy, J. Abadie, A. L. Lombardi, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, T. Isogai, P. Fulda, F. Y. Khalili, Eric Howell, L. K. Nuttall, S. Gil-Casanova, G. Billingsley, M. Was, S. Grunewald, T. Adams, D. B. Kozak, C. Vorvick, Theodore A. Evans, Maik Frede, P. Schwinberg, C. C. Yancey, W. G. Anderson, Giacomo Ciani, A. Mullavey, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, D. E. Clark, S. Vass, R. Vincent-Finley, Fabrice Matichard, W. Kells, Lucía Santamaría, Jesper Munch, M. A. Frei, S. Penn, D. Schuette, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Lincoln Laboratory, LIGO (Observatory : Massachusetts Institute of Technology), MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, LVC Collaboration, The, Pierro, V., and Pinto, I. M.

Subjects
Gravitational-wave observatory, Astronomy, Ciencias Físicas, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Gravitational-wave astronomy, NOISE, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Optics, Sensitivity, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Electronic, Quantum metrology, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, QC, LIGO Scientific Collaboration, QB, Physics, Gravitational Waves, Quantum Physics, Einstein Telescope, Gravitational wave, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, METROLOGY, LIGO, Astronomía, Detection, Ligo, and Optics, business, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), QUANTUM, INTERFEROMETER, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Squeezed coherent state, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

Nearly a century after Einstein first predicted the existence of gravitational waves, a global network of Earth-based gravitational wave observatories1,2,3,4 is seeking to directly detect this faint radiation using precision laser interferometry. Photon shot noise, due to the quantum nature of light, imposes a fundamental limit on the attometre-level sensitivity of the kilometre-scale Michelson interferometers deployed for this task. Here, we inject squeezed states to improve the performance of one of the detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) beyond the quantum noise limit, most notably in the frequency region down to 150 Hz, critically important for several astrophysical sources, with no deterioration of performance observed at any frequency. With the injection of squeezed states, this LIGO detector demonstrated the best broadband sensitivity to gravitational waves ever achieved, with important implications for observing the gravitational-wave Universe with unprecedented sensitivity Fil: Aasi, J.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Abadie, J.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Abbott, P.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Abbott, R.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Abbott, T. D.. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unidos Fil: Kozameh, Carlos Nicolas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Winkelmann, L.. Max Planck Institut f¨ur Gravitationsphysik; Alemania. Leibniz Universit¨at Hannover; Alemania Fil: Winkler, W.. Max Planck Institut f¨ur Gravitationsphysik; Alemania. Leibniz Universit¨at Hannover; Alemania Fil: Wip, C. C.. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Wittel, H.. Max Planck Institut f¨ur Gravitationsphysik; Alemania. Leibniz Universit¨at Hannover; Alemania Fil: Woan, G.. University of Glasgow; Reino Unido Fil: Wooley, R.. Livingston Observatory; Estados Unidos Fil: Worden, J.. Hanford Observatory; Estados Unidos Fil: Yablon, J.. Northwestern University; Estados Unidos Fil: Yakushin, I.. Livingston Observatory; Estados Unidos Fil: Yamamoto, H.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Yancey, C. C.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos Fil: Yang, H.. Caltech-CaRT; Estados Unidos Fil: Yeaton Massey, D.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Yoshida, S.. Southeastern Louisiana University; Estados Unidos Fil: Yum, H.. Northwestern University; Estados Unidos Fil: Zanolin, M.. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Estados Unidos Fil: Zhang, F.. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Zhang, L.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Zhao, C.. University of Western Australia; Australia Fil: Zhu, H.. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos Fil: Zhu, X. J.. University of Western Australia; Australia Fil: Zotov, N.. Louisiana Tech University; Estados Unidos Fil: Zucker, M. E.. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Zweizig, J.. California Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos

Published
2013

8. Multicolor cavity metrology

Author

J. C. Driggers, J. G. Rollins, B. Barr, D. Yeaton-Massey, A. F. Brooks, J. Betzwieser, Kiwamu Izumi, Katrin Dahl, S. Doravari, W. Zach Korth, Haixing Miao, Rana X. Adhikari, S. Vass, and Koji Arai

Subjects
Orders of magnitude (temperature), FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomical interferometer, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Quantum noise, Detector, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Metrology, Interferometry, Duty cycle, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

Long baseline laser interferometers used for gravitational wave detection have proven to be very complicated to control. In order to have sufficient sensitivity to astrophysical gravitational waves, a set of multiple coupled optical cavities comprising the interferometer must be brought into resonance with the laser field. A set of multi-input, multi-output servos then lock these cavities into place via feedback control. This procedure, known as lock acquisition, has proven to be a vexing problem and has reduced greatly the reliability and duty factor of the past generation of laser interferometers. In this article, we describe a technique for bringing the interferometer from an uncontrolled state into resonance by using harmonically related external fields to provide a deterministic hierarchical control. This technique reduces the effect of the external seismic disturbances by four orders of magnitude and promises to greatly enhance the stability and reliability of the current generation of gravitational wave detector. The possibility for using multi-color techniques to overcome current quantum and thermal noise limits is also discussed.

Published
2012

9. Status of the AEI 10 m prototype

Author

A. Cumming, M. Born, P. Oppermann, L. Cunningham, Gerhard Heinzel, Benno Willke, A. A. van Veggel, H. Lück, Kenneth A. Strain, Karsten Danzmann, Katrin Dahl, Roger Jones, Gerrit Kühn, T. Westphal, Stefan Hild, T Alig, F. Kawazoe, Stefan Goßler, Alessandro Bertolini, Yi Chen, J. Pöld, C. Gräf, S. H. Huttner, Kentaro Somiya, S M Köhlenbeck, G. Bergmann, G. D. Hammond, Alexander Wanner, and Kasem Mossavi

Subjects
Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Quantum limit, Measure (physics), Nanotechnology, PERFORMANCE, Laser, Noise (electronics), Power (physics), law.invention, Interferometry, Optics, law, Seismic isolation, LIGO, business, SYSTEM
Abstract

The AEI 10 m prototype will be an ultra-low displacement noise facility consisting of an L-shaped ultra-high vacuum system with about 10 m long arms, excellent seismic isolation, a well-stabilized high power laser and other advanced interferometry techniques. In the first round of experiments an interferometer to measure at the standard quantum limit of classical interferometry will be set up. This paper describes the status of the AEI 10 m prototype and its individual sub-systems as of April 2012.

Published
2012

10. The AEI 10 m prototype interferometer frequency control using the reference cavity and its angular control

Author

Benno Willke, Katrin Dahl, Alessandro Bertolini, G. Bergmann, Kentaro Somiya, Jan Hendrik Pöld, Kasem Mossavi, Yi Chen, Alan V Cummning, Harald Lück, S M Köhlenbeck, L. Cunningham, Christian Gräf, Karsten Danzmann, A Marielle van Veggel, Stefan Hild, Alexander Wanner, Kenneth A. Strain, T. Westphal, Fumiko Kawazoe, S. H. Huttner, G. D. Hammond, Stefan Goßler, Roger Jones, Gerrit Kühn, M. Born, and Gerhard Heinzel

Subjects
Physics, History, business.industry, Quantum limit, Automatic frequency control, Michelson interferometer, Ranging, Reference cavity, Laser, Computer Science Applications, Education, law.invention, Interferometry, Optics, law, business, Optical path length
Abstract

The main purpose of the AEI 10 m Prototype is to reach and eventually surpass the Standard Quantum Limit at frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 1 kHz with a 10 m arm-length Michelson interferometer named the sub-SQL interferometer. The frequency control system uses a 20 m optical path length triangular suspended cavity named the reference cavity, with the goal of suppressing frequency noise of the input laser to a level of similar to 10(-4) Hz/root Hz at 20 Hz rolling off to below 6 x 10(-6) Hz/root Hz above 1 kHz. It is expected that tight angular control of the reference cavity''s mirrors is necessary to reach this stringent requirement.

Published
2012

11. A gravitational wave observatory operating beyond the quantum shot-noise limit

Author

C. T. Y. Chung, Alberto Vecchio, L. Prokhorov, Will M. Farr, G. McIntyre, N. D. Smith, J. Garcia, A. Effler, Andreas Freise, Leo Singer, M. Pickenpack, Alireza Marandi, Kipp Cannon, A. S. Sengupta, R. S. Ottens, Y. Wan, A. L. Stuver, Jordi Burguet-Castell, Matthew Pitkin, B. Hughey, R. Wooley, Henning Kaufer, Kip S. Thorne, T. Chalermsongsak, Alessandro Bertolini, Guenakh Mitselmakher, J. R. Leong, A. M. Sergeev, M. A. Arain, J. Soto, M. Frei, H. Ryll, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Matthew West, I. Leonor, John K. Cannizzo, P. Couvares, Benno Willke, Gregory M. Harry, S. Kandhasamy, D. Barker, S. Roddy, Xuan Wang, P. Aufmuth, P. Shawhan, Lee Samuel Finn, Alessandra Corsi, Jonah Kanner, T. Reed, A. Stochino, V. P. Mitrofanov, D. Ugolini, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, J. C. Dumas, S. Sankar, M. A. Barton, Lei Zhang, Carl L. Rodriguez, P. Charlton, L. Wallace, R. Frey, P. J. King, B. Shapiro, A. G. Wiseman, Rana X. Adhikari, Alessandra Buonanno, D. C. Coyne, K. Izumi, Albert Lazzarini, Sascha Husa, Robert Stone, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, E. J. Daw, Stefan Goßler, D.B. DeBra, J. Luan, H. Yamamoto, B. Machenschalk, M. C. Araya, Boris Hage, Virginio Sannibale, Marco Aurelio Diaz, David E. McClelland, Takao Mori, F. Donovan, I. Gholami, A. Perreca, I. A. Bilenko, D. Moraru, K. D. Giardina, C. Gill, B. Rankins, Joshua Yablon, C. Wilkinson, P. Thomas, A. E. Villar, Albrecht Rüdiger, M. Lormand, C. Bogan, David J. Ottaway, M. Prijatelj, Ruxandra Bondarescu, G. Mendell, Fabio Postiglione, Christian D. Ott, D. Yeaton-Massey, K. A. Thorne, H. Radkins, A. Singer, B. J. J. Slagmolen, V. Raymond, J. N. Marx, P. T. Baker, Nergis Mavalvala, László Á. Gergely, Namjun Kim, Norman Gray, H. S. Cho, N. A. Lockerbie, J. Birch, D. J. Hosken, C. Messenger, P. J. Veitch, Jerome Degallaix, Riccardo Bassiri, J. M. Berliner, David H. Shoemaker, C. Osthelder, C. Graef, Erik Katsavounidis, Ryan DeRosa, J. G. Rollins, R. Engel, Salvatore Vitale, Karel E. Urbanek, D. O. Bridges, Rebecca Fisher, E. Maros, S. E. Dwyer, V. Kondrashov, N. A. Robertson, Lutz Winkelmann, R. DeSalvo, David Coward, Sheon Chua, C. J. Guido, Christian Röver, Holger J. Pletsch, Fiona C. Speirits, Theodore S. Hong, Stephan Schlamminger, G. Mazzolo, Sunil Susmithan, Vladimir Dergachev, James Whelan, P. Ajith, M. J. Lubinski, M. Cordier, Ping Koy Lam, P. Leaci, D. Nolting, W. Z. Korth, Bernard F. Whiting, John Veitch, C. Titsler, M. T. Hartman, C. Lawrie, K. Evans, J. C. Batch, K. A. Hodge, Suvadeep Bose, H. Fehrmann, David Jones, D. Hammer, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, A. S. Stroeer, M. MacInnis, R. S. Amin, J. M. Hallam, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, Gavin Davies, Anton B. Ivanov, John D. Scott, D. L. Kinzel, R. A. Mercer, Kris Ryan, Zhihui Du, P. Raffai, J. H. Clayton, Z. Márka, H. Wittel, L. Sancho De La Jordana, Matthew Heintze, Marco Cavaglia, Patrick J. Sutton, C. R. Ramet, J. S. Kissel, Rajesh Kumar, E. Steinert, M. R. Smith, M. Bastarrika, J. Hanks, Badri Krishnan, S. R. P. Mohapatra, J. C. Driggers, F. J. Raab, T. Huynh-Dinh, V. Necula, Peter Kalmus, Z. Frei, M. Edwards, Laura Cadonati, Bastian Schulz, Katrin Dahl, R. Bork, Ranjan Gupta, Fumiko Kawazoe, Huan Yang, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, C. Robinson, Benjamin William Allen, Karsten Danzmann, Alexander Wanner, Rahul Biswas, Koji Arai, Chang-Hwan Lee, B. Moe, A. W. Heptonstall, Peter R. Saulson, I. Santiago-Prieto, Vladimir B. Braginsky, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, N. Fotopoulos, R. Geng, V. V. Frolov, Matthew P. Edgar, K. Tseng, Soma Mukherjee, Drew Keppel, Jesper Munch, S. Chung, J. Betzwieser, Roger Jones, M. E. Zweizig, R. Abbott, Samuel J. Waldman, Vicky Kalogera, Larry R. Price, G. S. Allen, Susan M. Scott, E. Chalkley, S. Dorsher, O. Miyakawa, Jan Hendrik Pöld, John Miller, Jordan Camp, Zoltán Keresztes, M. Rodruck, Slawomir Gras, B. Behnke, M. Weinert, C. Torres, P. G. Murray, J. Heefner, R. Grosso, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, M. Flanigan, Teviet Creighton, D. Feldbaum, V. Kringel, J. H. Hough, T. Meier, Ronny Nawrodt, A. Brummitt, K. Kawabe, M. Britzger, R. G. Oldenburg, N. Beveridge, Hyun Kyung Kim, S. M. Aston, Douglas R. Cook, S. B. Anderson, John Worden, J. E. Brau, Michele Zanolin, P. Kwee, C. L. Mueller, Walter Winkler, Ruslan Vaulin, Ravi Kumar Kopparapu, Chad Hanna, Michael W. Coughlin, M. Mageswaran, Zhenyu Zhang, G. D. Hammond, B. Lantz, Stanislav Babak, A. S. Markosyan, Michele Vallisneri, David B. Tanner, Harald Lück, B. E. Aylott, R. Conte, Yaohui Fan, Ik Siong Heng, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, S. Steplewski, C. Affeldt, Emma L. Robinson, R. Dannenberg, M. Sung, A. M. Cruise, Evan Ochsner, Duncan A. Brown, Paul Fulda, Zhentian Wang, John Nelson, S. C. McGuire, D. J. A. McKechan, M. Pedraza, R. Taylor, C. I. Torrie, Jan Harms, Jöran Bauchrowitz, H. J. Jang, Atsushi J. Nishizawa, S. Márka, A. J. Weinstein, Larne Pekowsky, Matthew Evans, K. Haughian, Maria Alessandra Papa, R. M. S. Schofield, Matthew Benacquista, G. R. Skelton, T. Dent, D. Amariutei, Ilya Mandel, E. Macdonald, Vuk Mandic, Kenneth A. Strain, Benjamin J. Owen, Kazuhiro Hayama, Daniel Friedrich, T. P. Bodiya, R. Inta, S. Klimenko, B. K. Kim, Andrew Lundgren, M. Landry, Martin Hendry, T. Etzel, H. P. Daveloza, S. Privitera, P. Barriga, S. Penn, Kyungmin Kim, B. O'Reilly, Christopher Wipf, K. V. Tokmakov, D. Talukder, C. Pankow, I. W. Harry, Subramanian Krishnamurthy, J. A. Giaime, Evan Goetz, Andre Thüring, Seiji Kawamura, J. O'Dell, T. Dayanga, Richard A. Matzner, Y. M. Kim, C. Aulbert, C. M. Reed, T. Ha, Scott Koranda, Eric Oelker, Yi Pan, Reinhard Prix, Elizabeth Harstad, L. Matone, J. Slutsky, Imre Bartos, K. Redwine, S. Wen, Shaun Hooper, D. F. Menéndez, D. J. White, C. Zhao, Alicia M. Sintes, M. S. Meyer, Jolien D. E. Creighton, S. Caride, Michael L. Gorodetsky, T. Westphal, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, E. Black, P. Wei, J. R. Smith, Martin Hewitson, Lindy Blackburn, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, T. Nash, Stefan Hild, Junwei Cao, V. Sandberg, A. Sibley, Carlos Cepeda, Robert J. McCarthy, Linqing Wen, M. V. Plissi, Keiko Kokeyama, G. H. Ogin, David H. Reitze, P. Peiris, C. Veltkamp, Rainer Weiss, R. W. P. Drever, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, M. Kinsey, J. Breyer, D. Fazi, Miftar Ganija, J. R. Taylor, A. Grant, P. Wessels, I. Di Palma, A. A. van Veggel, D. Lodhia, C. Gray, S. H. Huttner, D. Atkinson, W. W. Johnson, Matthew Lang, Andrew Melatos, Kentaro Somiya, G. T. Jones, Joseph D. Romano, D. R. Ingram, Hartmut Grote, M. Brinkmann, P. Moesta, David Blair, Roman Schnabel, Kasem Mossavi, Jui-Lin Li, Phil Willems, M. Sakosky, Ilya Belopolski, I. Yakushin, Efim A. Khazanov, Moritz Mehmet, P. T. Beyersdorf, G. Santostasi, L. Sammut, S. E. Whitcomb, Neil J. Cornish, A. Mytidis, C. D. Capano, P. E. Lindquist, Eric Howell, M. Factourovich, Eric Thrane, M. Phelps, Francesco Salemi, J. Garofoli, Haixing Miao, S. L. Danilishin, C. Peralta, M. Shaltev, L. K. Nuttall, M. R. Abernathy, Sarah Caudill, P. Yu, Lisa M. Goggin, H. R. Williams, I. Kamaretsos, O. Bock, K. L. Dooley, Nico Lastzka, G. Billingsley, B. Daudert, Jessica McIver, Lisa Barsotti, H. Overmier, F. Clara, G. Kang, Sanichiro Yoshida, F. Seifert, D. Sellers, Graham Woan, Miquel Trias, Peter Fritschel, M. Jacobson, A. Mullavey, M. Born, K. Mailand, A. Cumming, S. Foley, R. Mittleman, Nelson Christensen, Helge Müller-Ebhardt, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Saranya Ghosh, Simon Chelkowski, A. C. Searle, P. Patel, Malik Rakhmanov, L. Williams, Hyung Mok Lee, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, V. Herrera, Susumu Sato, C. A. Costa, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Weiya Zhang, E. Forsi, R. Riesen, D. Hoak, James DiGuglielmo, Patrick Brady, Roland Schilling, Oliver Burmeister, Bernard F. Schutz, A. M. Gretarsson, S. P. Tarabrin, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, J. Hanson, M. Stefszky, Alexander Khalaidovski, Guido Mueller, T. T. Fricke, J. K. Blackburn, B. Bland, David Murphy, Sheila Rowan, D. Kim, J. Abadie, A. J. Stein, Stephen Fairhurst, R. L. Ward, J. H. Romie, L. Cunningham, R. Gustafson, Tobias Eberle, S. Giampanis, S. E. Strigin, Nick Leindecker, Sebastian Steinlechner, Soumya D. Mohanty, N. Zotov, D. B. Kozak, K. Mason, C. Vorvick, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, E. Amador Ceron, R. M. Martin, Xavier Siemens, Yi Chen, Theodore A. Evans, Maik Frede, P. Schwinberg, W. G. Anderson, Giacomo Ciani, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, D. E. Clark, S. Vass, Fabrice Matichard, W. Kells, Lucía Santamaría, S. Grunewald, Aiko Samblowski, Amanda J. Page, A. F. Brooks, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, T. Isogai, F. Y. Khalili, D. M. Macleod, Grant David Meadors, J. Zucker, Jessica Steinlechner, B. Sorazu, A. C. Melissinos, T. Z. Summerscales, W. Katzman, R. J.E. Smith, P. Ehrens, P. Sainathan, K. Wette, John J. Oh, C. Adams, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, R. M. Cutler, P. Campsie, G. Moreno, The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Lincoln Laboratory, MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, LVC Collaboration, The, Pinto, I. M., and Principe, M.

Subjects
Physics, Gravitational-wave observatory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum entanglement, 01 natural sciences, GEO600, Optics, Observatory, SQUEEZED STATES, 0103 physical sciences, Quantum metrology, 010306 general physics, business, Squeezed coherent state, LIGO Scientific Collaboration
Abstract

Around the globe several observatories are seeking the first direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs). These waves are predicted by Einstein''s general theory of relativity(1) and are generated, for example, by black-hole binary systems(2). Present GW detectors are Michelson-type kilometre-scale laser interferometers measuring the distance changes between mirrors suspended in vacuum. The sensitivity of these detectors at frequencies above several hundred hertz is limited by the vacuum (zero-point) fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. A quantum technology-the injection of squeezed light(3)-offers a solution to this problem. Here we demonstrate the squeezed-light enhancement of GEO 600, which will be the GW observatory operated by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration in its search for GWs for the next 3-4 years. GEO 600 now operates with its best ever sensitivity, which proves the usefulness of quantum entanglement and the qualification of squeezed light as a key technology for future GW astronomy(4).

Published
2011

12. Designs of the frequency reference cavity for the AEI 10m Prototype Interferometer

Author

Yi Chen, Alessandro Bertolini, Kasem Mossavi, Alexander Wanner, Harald Lück, T. Westphal, John Robert Taylor, Stefan Goßler, Roman Schnabel, Gerhard Heinzel, Benno Willke, Stefan Hild, Kenneth A. Strain, M. Born, Christian Gräf, Katrin Dahl, Karsten Danzmann, Kentaro Somiya, Fumiko Kawazoe, Gerrit Kühn, O. Kranz, and Daniel Gering

Subjects
Physics, History, Noise temperature, business.industry, Relative intensity noise, Quantum noise, Noise figure, Noise floor, Computer Science Applications, Education, Noise, Optics, Noise generator, Phase noise, business, Computer Science::Databases
Abstract

The AEI 10 m Prototype is in its designing phase and will provide a test-bed for very sensitive interferometric experiments, such as the sub-SQL interferometer. It will test new techniques to reach - and even surpass - the Standard Quantum Limit. The experience and knowledge that can be gained from this experiment can be applied to large-scale interferometric gravitational detectors to improve the detector sensitivities. In order for the sub-SQL interferometer to achieve the required sensitivity all limiting noise sources need to be suppressed sufficiently. Noise sources can include seismic noise, thermal noise, and laser noise; laser frequency noise will be the main focus of this document. The laser frequency noise will be suppressed to a level of 10-4 √ Hz at 20 Hz dropping to below 10-6 √ Hz at 1kHz. The proposed design to suppress the laser frequency noise with a ring cavity is described in this paper.

Published
2010

13. The AEI 10 m prototype interferometer

Author

T. Westphal, O. Kranz, Kenneth A. Strain, Gerhard Heinzel, Kasem Mossavi, Benno Willke, Harald Lück, Alexander Wanner, Gerrit Kühn, Roman Schnabel, M. Born, Daniel Gering, Stefan Hild, Yi Chen, J. R. Taylor, Katrin Dahl, Alessandro Bertolini, Kentaro Somiya, Stefan Goßler, Fumiko Kawazoe, Christian Gräf, Karsten Danzmann, Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), California Institute of Techology, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and University of Glasgow

Subjects
Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Pendulum, Laser, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Interferometry, Finesse, Data acquisition, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Physical Sciences, Digital control, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, Envelope (mathematics), business
Abstract

International audience; A 10 m Prototype Interferometer facility is currently being set up at the AEI in Hannover, Germany. The Protoype Interferometer will be housed inside a 100 m 3 ultra-high vacuum envelope. Seismically isolated optical tables inside the vacuum system will be interferometrically interconnected via a Suspension Platform Interferometer. Advanced isolation techniques will be used, such as inverted pendulums and geometrical anti-spring filters in combination with multiple-cascaded pendulum suspensions, containing an all-silica monolithic last stage. The light source is a 35 W Nd:YAG laser, geometrically filtered by passing it through a photonic crystal fibre and a rigid pre-modecleaner cavity. Laser frequency stabilisation will be achieved with the aid of a high finesse suspended reference cavity in conjunction with a molecular iodine reference. Coating thermal noise will be reduced by the use of Khalili cavities as compound end mirrors. Data acquisition and control of the experiments is based on the AdvLIGO digital control and data system. The aim of the project is to test advanced techniques for GEO 600 as well as to conduct experiments in macroscopic quantum mechanics. Reaching standard quantum-limit sensitivity for an interferometer with 100 g mirrors and subsequently breaching this limit, features most prominently among these experiments. In this article we present the layout and current status of the AEI 10 m Prototype Interferometer project.

Published
2010
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14. Contrary Behavior of Absorption and Dispersion

Author

Karsten Danzmann, L.S. Molella, Katrin Dahl, and Rolf-Hermann Rinkleff

Subjects
Coupling, Physics, Absorption spectroscopy, business.industry, Degenerate energy levels, Laser, Optical switch, law.invention, Optics, law, Dispersion (optics), sense organs, Atomic physics, business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Circular polarization
Abstract

A degenerate two-level system was investigated with circularly polarized probe and coupling lasers. An intensity dependent switch of an absorption peak to a dip was measured. The corresponding dispersion did not change.

Published
2009

15. Switch of absorption in coherently driven media

Author

L. Spani Molella, Karsten Danzmann, Katrin Dahl, and R.-H. Rinkleff

Subjects
Physics, Quantum optics, Coupling, Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Optical polarization, Laser, law.invention, Optics, law, Optoelectronics, Integrated optics, Physics::Atomic Physics, business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Electromagnetic wave absorption
Abstract

A system usually characterized by electromagnetically induced absorption was investigated with a probe and a coupling laser. Properly tuning the laser polarizations and intensities, inversions in the lasers absorption were measured for the first time.

Published
2008
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16. Switching from 'absorption within transparency' to 'transparency within transparency' in an electromagnetically induced absorption dominated transition

Author

Luca Spani Molella, Karsten Danzmann, Rolf-Hermann Rinkleff, and Katrin Dahl

Subjects
Materials science, Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, Absorption spectroscopy, Extended X-ray absorption fine structure, business.industry, Electromagnetically induced transparency, Absorption cross section, Physics::Optics, Laser, Two-photon absorption, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Optics, Absorption edge, law, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, business
Abstract

The absorption of a resonant coupling laser driving a closed degenerate two-level system in an atomic cesium beam was investigated as a function of the detuning of a second laser probing the same transition. The measurements were performed for four different polarization combinations of the two laser beams. Except for the beams of counterrotating polarizations all coupling-laser absorption profiles showed “absorption within transparency,” i.e., the absorption in the region around the two-photon resonance was smaller than the absorption corresponding to the one-photon transition induced by the coupling laser, and an extra absorption peak was observed on this curve at the two-photon resonance. With regard to the beams of counterrotating polarizations we observed a switch from absorption within transparency to “transparency within transparency” when the probe-laser power exceeded the constant coupling-laser power. In other words, the cesium ensemble became mostly transparent to the coupling-laser beam at the two-photon resonance.

Published
2008

17. Inversion of the Coupling Absorption at the Two-Photon Resonance in a Coupling-Probe-Spectroscopy Experiment

Author

Karsten Danzmann, Katrin Dahl, Luca Spani Molella, and Rolf-Hermann Rinkleff

Subjects
Absorption spectroscopy, Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, Chemistry, business.industry, Linear polarization, Degenerate energy levels, Physics::Optics, Laser, Polarization (waves), Spectral line, law.invention, Optics, law, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Spectroscopy, business
Abstract

After the discovery of electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA), both theoretical and experimental research was performed to explain not only the probe laser absorption and dispersion spectra, but also those of the coupling laser. The investigations of EIA in degenerate two-level systems have often been realized using two linearly polarized lasers of orthogonal polarization [1]. However, the simplest configuration leading to EIA is the so-called N-system [2] which basically requires the simultaneous adoption of a circularly polarized coupling laser and a linearly polarized probe (here called σ−π). To our knowledge, no experimental measurements of the coupling laser exist in the configurations (σ+−σ−, π−σ− or σ+−π).

Published
2008
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18. Experimental Evidence of Spontaneous Transfer of Coherence in a Driven Degenerate Two-level System under the Action of a Linearly or a Circularly Polarized Probe

Author

Katrin Dahl, Karsten Danzmann, Luca Spani Molella, and Rolf-Hermann Rinkleff

Subjects
Quantum optics, Absorption spectroscopy, business.industry, Chemistry, Electromagnetically induced transparency, Degenerate energy levels, Laser, law.invention, Optics, law, Atomic physics, business, Spectroscopy, Coherence (physics)
Abstract

Electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in a degenerate closed transition was measured under the action of a probe and a coupling laser of various polarizations giving rise to different possible N-systems or multi-level systems. While the probe shows EIA the coupling is mainly characterized by “absorption within transparency”. However, for certain lasers' intensity ranges, a switch between “absorption within transparency” and “transparency within transparency” in the coupling absorption spectra was measured for the first time.

Published
2007
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19. Exploration of electromagnetically induced absorption with circular polarised lasers in a degenerate two-level system

Author

Katrin Dahl, R.-H. Rinkleff, Karsten Danzmann, and L.S. Molella

Subjects
Physics, Electromagnetically induced transparency, business.industry, Degenerate energy levels, chemistry.chemical_element, Polarization (waves), Laser, Spectral line, law.invention, Amplitude, Optics, chemistry, law, Caesium, Atomic physics, business, Heterodyne interferometer
Abstract

The authors presented the corresponding measurements obtained with a modified version of our heterodyne interferometer. The measurement were obtained in the 6s 2S1/2 F=4 rarr 6p 2P3/2 F=5 transition of the caesium D2 line. As it is the case for double linear polarisation the probe absorption signals showed electromagnetically induced absorption. However, the amplitude of the induced absorption peak over the broader regular absorption signal resulted much lower than the measured one for the double linear case. This may be due to the fact that in the double circular case no compact N subsystems can be easily built between the sublevels. The resulting spectra are therefore similar to those measured in open two-level systems.

Published
2007

20. Suspension platform interferometer for the AEI 10 m prototype: concept, design and optical layout

Author

Gerhard Heinzel, Benno Willke, O. Kranz, Katrin Dahl, Karsten Danzmann, Stefan Goßler, and Kenneth A. Strain

Subjects
Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Frequency band, business.industry, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Degrees of freedom (mechanics), Table (information), Noise (electronics), Set (abstract data type), Interferometry, Optics, Proof of concept, Suspension (vehicle), business, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

At present a 10\,m prototype interferometer facility is being set up at the AEI Hannover. One unique feature of the prototype will be the suspension platform interferometer (SPI). The purpose of the SPI is to monitor and stabilise the relative motion between three seismically isolated optical tables. The in-vacuum tables are suspended in an L-shaped configuration with an arm length of 11.65\,m. The design goal of the SPI is to stabilise longitudinal differential displacements to a level of 100\,pm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ between 10\,mHz and 100\,Hz and relative angular noise of 10\,nrad/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ in the same frequency band. This paper covers the design aspects of the SPI, e.g. cross-coupling between the different degrees of freedom and fibre pointing noise are investigated. A simulation is presented which shows that with the chosen optical design of the SPI all degrees of table motion can be sensed in a fully decoupled way. Furthermore, a proof of principle test of the SPI sensing scheme is shown., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures

Published
2012
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21. Towards a Suspension Platform Interferometer for the AEI 10 m Prototype Interferometer

Author

M. Born, Harald Lück, Fumiko Kawazoe, Daniel Gering, Gerrit Kühn, Yi Chen, Roman Schnabel, Stefan Goßler, Stefan Hild, J. R. Taylor, Kentaro Somiya, Kasem Mossavi, Katrin Dahl, Gerhard Heinzel, Benno Willke, Alexander Wanner, Christian Gräf, Karsten Danzmann, Alessandro Bertolini, O. Kranz, T. Westphal, and Kenneth A. Strain

Subjects
Physics, STABILIZATION, History, Gravitational wave, business.industry, Detector, Degrees of freedom (mechanics), Computer Science Applications, Education, Optical axis, Interferometry, Optics, DETECTORS, Astronomical interferometer, business, Suspension (vehicle), Envelope (motion)
Abstract

Currently, the AEI 10m Prototype is being set up at the Albert Einstein Institute in Hannover, Germany. The Suspension Platform Interferometer (SPI) will be an additional interferometer set up inside the vacuum envelope of the AEI 10m Prototype. It will interferometrically link the three suspended in-vacuum tables. The inter-table distance will be 11.65 m. The SPI will measure and stabilise the relative motions between these tables for all degrees of freedom, except roll around the optical axis. In this way, all tables can be regarded as one large platform. The design goal is 100 pm/ root Hz differential distance stability between 10 mHz and 100 Hz.

Published
2010
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