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1. Thermo-fluorescent images of electric and magnetic near-fields of a High Impedance Surface

Author

Daniel Prost, Jean-François Bobo, Julian Carrey, Stephane Faure, François Issac, Hugo Ragazzo, ONERA / DEMR, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Electromagnetic field, THERMOGRAPHY, Materials science, Field (physics), Infrared, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, THERMOGRAPHIE, ELECTROMAGNETISME, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, Electromagnetism, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, MAGNETIC LOSSES, FLUORESCENCE, 010302 applied physics, PERTES MAGNETIQUES, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, ELECTROMAGNETISM, HIGH IMPEDANCE SURFACE, SURFACE HAUTE IMPEDANCE, Magnetic field, Thermography, PERTES ELECTRIQUES, Antenna (radio), 0210 nano-technology, business, ELECTRIC LOSSES
Abstract

International audience; Characterization of the electromagnetic field emitted by various sources (antenna, radar...) is an important issue, either for civil or defense applications. The measurement of the electromagnetic field may be performed by a local probe, but the infrared thermography imaging is an alternative way. The latter method, called EMIR [1] (ElectroMagnetic InfraRed) has been used for years in particular at ONERA where it had been developed. We have recently successfully implemented this technique in the domain of visible light, named as EMVI [2]. As in the EMIR method, a thin film (sensitive to either electric field or magnetic field) is heated by the emitted field. But here the film is coated with a polymer doped with fluorescent molecules. As the fluorescent emission depends on the temperature of the film, we get a thermofluorescent sensor. The results presented here illustrate that new method: both magnetic and electric field imaging of a High Impedance Surface (HIS) have thus been obtained.

Published
2019

2. Imaging electric and magnetic near field of radiating structures by infrared thermography

Author

François Issac, Daniel Prost, Maxime Romier, André, Cécile, ONERA / DEMR, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, and Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
Electromagnetic field, Field (physics), [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], SURFACE A HAUTE IMPEDANCE, Near and far field, 02 engineering and technology, NEAR-FIELD VISUALIZATION, 7. Clean energy, [PHYS] Physics [physics], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], ELECTROMAGNETISME, Optics, Electromagnetism, INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, business.industry, Metamaterial, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, THERMOGRAPHIE INFRAROUGE, ELECTROMAGNETISM, HIGH IMPEDANCE SURFACE, Magnetic field, VISUALISATION DU CHAMP PROCHE, Thermography, Antenna (radio), 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; The characterization and visualization of the radiated electromagnetic field is a way to diagnose and check microwaves sources, in particular in the space industry. Beyond the traditional 3D scanning of the radiating element, infrared thermography is an alternative way that may give key results in a reduced time, since a few seconds are sufficient to obtain the emitted field map even for a complex multi-cells antenna. This method, called EMIR (ElectroMagnetic InfraRed) has been developed and used for years at ONERA. We have recently extended this technique to the magnetic field, which will lead to a complete characterization of the near field structure. We illustrate this feature in the particular cases of antennas for space application and for a High Impedance Surface (HIS), a metamaterial structure that could be used to reduce the coupling between antennas confined in compact structures (typically size constraints of the spatial components).

Published
2019

3. Electromagnetic Field Intensity Imaging by Thermofluorescence in the Visible Range

Author

François Issac, Stéphane Faure, Daniel Prost, Julian Carrey, Jean-François Bobo, VALEO, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ONERA / DEMR, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
Electromagnetic field, Materials science, Field (physics), business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Magnetic field, Resonator, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Optics, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Antenna (radio), 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Noise (radio), Microwave
Abstract

International audience; Methods to measure the electromagnetic field intensity on a large scale should be improved to meet the growing demand in civil and military applications. The recent development and an application of a microwave electromagnetic field imaging method using a thermofluorescent device and detection in the visible-light range are described. The sensor is a flexible film sensitive to either an electric field (slightly conductive film) or a magnetic field (insulating film with ferromagnetic particles) coated with a polymer doped with fluorescent molecules displaying temperature-dependent emission. We use a lock-in thermog-raphy protocol consisting of modulation of the field at low frequency, which allows us to suppress the noise due to heat-transfer phenomena and the part of the signal not directly related to field absorption. Two applications of the method are presented: (i) imaging the microwave magnetic field emitted by a resonator antenna and (ii) the local probe measurement of the electric field inside a multibeam antenna. The process to develop the sensitive film, its detailed characterization, and the thermofluorescence-image demodula-tion postprocessing are presented in detail. This approach is much cheaper than one based on infrared thermometry and could permit democratization of microwave-and radio-frequency electromagnetic field imaging.

Published
2019
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4. Observation of Zenneck-Like Waves over a Metasurface Designed for Launching HF Radar Surface Wave

Author

Marc Hélier, Florent Jangal, Nicolas Bourey, François Issac, Muriel Darces, ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Laboratoire d'Electronique et Electromagnétisme (L2E), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
Article Subject, Frequency band, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Key point, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radar, 010306 general physics, Dielectric slab, Physics, business.industry, Attenuation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, lcsh:HE9713-9715, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Surface wave, lcsh:Cellular telephone services industry. Wireless telephone industry, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business, lcsh:TK1-9971, High attenuation
Abstract

International audience; Since the beginning of the 20th century a controversy has been continuously revived about the existence of the Zenneck Wave. This wave is a theoretical solution of Maxwell’s equations and might be propagated along the interface between the air and a dielectric medium. The expected weak attenuation at large distance explains the constant interest for this wave. Notably in the High Frequency band such a wave had been thought as a key point to reduce the high attenuation observed in High Frequency Surface Wave Radar. Despite many works on that topic and various experiments attempted during one century, there is still an alternation of statements between its existence and its nonexistence. We report here an experiment done during the optimisation of the transmitting antennas for Surface Wave Radars. Using an infrared method, we visualize a wave having the structure described by Zenneck above a metasurface located on a dielectric slab.

Published
2016
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5. Electric field imaging of a high impedance surface for GNSS array decoupling application

Author

Cedric Martel, Olivier Pascal, Daniel Prost, Jérôme Sokoloff, Nicolas Capet, and François Issac

Subjects
Physics, Field (physics), business.industry, Metamaterial, Near and far field, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, High impedance, Optics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, GNSS applications, Electric field, business, Instrumentation, Electrical impedance, Ground plane
Abstract

An original method of characterization of high impedance surfaces (HIS) is presented to exhibit electric field patterns. The electric field frames are obtained through a resistive film located in the near field domain of the HIS. The film heating is recorded using an infrared camera and gives after post-processing electric field magnitude profiles. We applied this technique to a HIS specially tuned for reducing mutual coupling in a global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) array designed for the E5 Galileo band. The mushroom-like HIS, designed and realized with the help of simulation, is located near the ground plane of a micro-strip line which allows S parameter characterization. Present measurement enables near field characterization and field structure analysis, and is therefore a complement to usual analysis. Moreover, the technique shows the very special field structure, including sub-lambda details, created by the HIS and more generally by metamaterial structures.

Published
2015
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6. Ferromagnetic microstructured thin films with high complex permeability for microwave applications

Author

François Issac, F. Boust, Jean-François Bobo, Jerome Vernieres, and Daniel Prost

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Ferromagnetic resonance, Magnetic field, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Magnetic anisotropy, Optics, Ferromagnetism, Dielectric heating, Thin film, Anisotropy, business, Microwave
Abstract

Ferromagnetic microstructured films of Ni80Fe20 with in-plane uniaxial anisotropy were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering and patterned into rectangles with the larger dimension parallel to the easy axis. Static properties have been measured using a magneto-optic-Kerr-effect test bench, and dynamic properties were also obtained in the microwave frequency range. Because of ferromagnetic resonance, high complex permeability is obtained, and this corresponds to losses that create local heating. So, at an appropriate frequency, a microwave incident magnetic field interacts with the film and generates heating. This heating is recorded using an infrared camera to provide magnetic field pattern images. This setup yields qualitative results and allows for magnetic field detection on a large dimension scale.

Published
2011
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