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Periodic inventory and check surveys of the surfaces in engineering structures using terrestrial laser scanning require performing scans from many locations. The survey should be planned so as to obtain full coverage of the measured surface with a point cloud of appropriate density. Due to a variety of terrain obstacles in the close vicinity of the surveyed structure, structural and technical elements, as well as machinery and construction equipment (whose removal is impossible e.g. because of their role in the building and protection of the structure), it is often necessary to combine scans acquired from locations having different measurement geometry of the scene and performed in different lighting conditions. This makes it necessary to fill in blank spots with data of different spectral and geometric quality. This paper presents selected aspects of data harmonization in terrestrial laser scanning. The laser beam incidence angle and the scanning distance are assumed as parameters affecting the quality of the data. Based on the assumed minimum parameters for spectral data, an example of a harmonizing function for the concrete surface of a slurry wall was determined, and the methodology for determining its parameters was described. The presented solution for spectral data harmonization is based on the selection of reference fields representative of a given surface, and their classification with respect to selected geometric parameters of the registered point cloud. For geometric data, possible solutions to the harmonization problem have been analyzed, and criteria for point cloud reduction have been defined in order to obtain qualitatively consistent data. The presented results show that harmonization of point clouds obtained from different stations is necessary before their registration, in order to increase the reliability of analyses performed on the basis of check survey results in the assessment of the technical condition of a surface, its deformation, cracks and scratches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The authors present possible applications of thermal data as an additional source of information on an object's behaviour during the technical assessment of the condition of a concrete surface. For the study one of the most recent propositions introduced by Zoller + Fröhlich company was used, which is an integration of a thermal camera with a terrestrial laser scanner. This solution enables an acquisition of geometric and spectral data on the surveyed object and also provides information on the surface's temperature in the selected points. A section of the dam's downstream concrete wall was selected as the subject of the study for which a number of scans were carried out and a number of thermal images were taken at different times of the day. The obtained thermal data was confronted with the acquired spectral information for the specified points. This made it possible to carry out broader analysis of the surface and an inspection of the revealed fissure. The thermal analysis of said fissure indicated that the temperature changes within it are slower, which may affect the way the concrete works and may require further elaboration by the appropriate experts. Through the integration of a thermal camera with a terrestrial laser scanner one can not only analyse changes of temperature in the discretely selected points but on the whole surface as well. Moreover, it is also possible to accurately determine the range and the area of the change affecting the surface. The authors note the limitations of the presented solution like, inter alia, the resolution of the thermal camera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roughness parameters as the elements of surface condition and deformation assessment based on the results of TLS scanning. Roughness is the attribute of a surface that can be defined as a collection of small surface unevennesses that can be identified optically or detected mechanically which do not result from the surface's shape and their size depends on a material type as well as on undergone processing. The most often utilised roughness parameters are: Ra - mean distance value of the points on the observed profile from the average line on the sampling length, and Rz - difference between arithmetic mean height of the five highest peaks and arithmetic mean depth of the five deepest valleys regarding to the average line on the length of the measured fragment. In practice, roughness parameters are most often defined for surface elements that require relevant manufacturing or processing through grinding, founding or polishing in order to provide the expected surface roughness. To measure those parameters for the produced elements profilometers are used. In this paper the authors present an alternative approach of determining and utilising such parameters. Instead of the utilising methods based on sampling length measurement, roughness parameters are determined on the basis of point clouds, that represent a surface of rough concrete, obtained through terrestrial laser scanning. The authors suggest using the surface roughness parameter data acquired in this way as a supplementary data in the condition assessment (erosion rate) of surfaces being a part of engineering constructions made of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing Terrestrial Laser Scanning technology is provided by modern measuring instruments, i.e. total stations and laser scanners. Owing to these instruments, periodic control measurements of concrete dams carried out as a part of geodetic surveying provide point models characterised by quasi-continuity. Basing on the results of these surveys, it is possible to conduct a number of geometric analyses, as well as to obtain information for detailed analytic and calculative deliberations. A scanner, similarly to a total station, determines spatial coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the surveyed points by identifying distances and angles. Registration of intensity of the reflected laser beam (Intensity) sent out by the scanner provides additional information on the surveyed object. Thanks to high working speed and a large amount of collected data, scanners have become an essential tool for a geodesist.This paper evaluates the possibility of applying Terrestrial Laser Scanning to test deformations and shifts of flagged points of concrete dam construction based on experimental measurements, including object inventory and evaluation of the dam's concrete structure condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]