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This work is meant to fabricate zinc boro-tellurite (ZnO–TeO 2 –B 2 O 3) glass systems with various modifiers, including MoO 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , and PbO, using the melt quench technique. Four glass samples were produced, each comprising 20 % of a specific modifier from the total weight percent of the neat glass system. Each glass sample is given a code: TBZn, TBZMo, TBZBi, and TBZPb. The XRD results showed an amorphous nature for all glass samples. The FTIR results showed the functional groups for borate and tellurite oxide. The mechanical properties were reduced when different oxides were added instead of ZnO. For example, Young's modulus decreased for glass samples; their recorded values for Young's modulus are 74.516, 72.569, 60.526, and 59.272 GPa for TBZn, TBZMo, TBZBi, and TBZPb, respectively. On the other hand, adding Bi 2 O 3 and PbO led to enhanced shielding properties. For instance, the linear attenuation coefficient values for TBZn, TBZMo, TBZBi, and TBZPb at 0.015 MeV are 168.739, 115.656, 380.711, and 279.162, respectively. Also, the radiation protection efficiency (RPE) at 5 cm and 600 keV is 83.220 %, 79.299 %, 93.919 %, and 90.222 % for TBZn, TBZMo, TBZBi, and TBZPb, respectively. While adding different oxides decreased stability in the current glasses, it also enhanced their shielding properties, recommending their use in the radiation shielding field. • Creation of zinc boro-tellurite with MoO 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , and PbO using melt quench method. • FTIR affirmed the formation of NBO that reduced the glass's stability. • Elastic moduli were reduced by adding MoO 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , and PbO modifiers. • Bi 2 O 3 and PbO modifiers enhanced gamma shielding properties. • High LAC at 15 keV for TBZn, TBZMo, TBZBi, and TBZPb: 37.497–69.220 cm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of glasses with a composition, 5Li 2 O−(25-x) Bi 2 O 3 –10SiO 2 –45B 2 O 3 –15SrO−xNd 2 O 3 where x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mol% was prepared to optimize shielding properties. The glass samples were coded as BiBNd0, BiBNd1, BiBNd2, and BiBNd3. Adding Nd 2 O 3 instead of Bi 2 O 3 reduced the density values, which are 5.098, 4.959, 4.930, and 4.859 g/cm3 for BiBNd0, BiBNd1, BiBNd2, and BiBNd3 samples, respectively. Rising Nd 2 O 3 content also reduced the mechanical properties. For example, the Young's modulus values were 69.773, 68.327, 68.387, and 68.320 GPa for BiBNd0, BiBNd1, BiBNd2, and BiBNd3 samples, respectively, which were better than standard glasses of RS520 and RS360. The band gap values varied with the addition of Nd 2 O 3 , and their values were 2.848, 3.043, 2.613, and 2.665 eV for BiBNd0, BiBNd1, BiBNd2, and BiBNd3 samples, respectively. In addition, the absorption spectrum showed several absorption peaks related to Nd 2 O 3 due to the transition from the ground state (4I 9/2) to the excited state of 4F 3/2 , (4F 5/2 + 2H 9/2), (4F 7/2 + 4S 3/2), 4F 9/2 , 2H 11/2 , (4G 5/2 + 2G 7/2), and (2K 13/2 + 4G 7/2 + 4G 9/2). In addition, adding Nd 2 O 3 reduces the neutron and gamma shielding features. For instance, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values of 0.622 MeV for BiBNd0, BiBNd1, BiBNd2, and BiBNd3 were 0.500, 0.485, 0.480, and 0.470 cm−1, which were better than the RS323-G19 and RS360 and they competed with the RS520. At the same time, the transmission factor at 5 cm and 0.662 MeV was 0.082, 0.088, 0.090, 0.09, 0.082, 0.246, and 0.201 for BiBNd0, BiBNd1, BiBNd2, BiBNd, RS520, RS323-G19, and RS360, respectively. Adding Nd 2 O 3 instead of Bi 2 O 3 reduced the fast neutron removal cross-section from 0.108 to 0.104 cm−1. Lastly, the current glasses showed promising gamma, neutron, and mechanical shielding features better than other standard glasses and materials used in the radiation shielding field. • Replacing Bi 2 O 3 with Nd 2 O 3 reduced the density, mechanical, and shielding properties. • The band gap values for fabricated glasses ranged from 2.661 to 3.043 eV. • The radiation shielding showed the superiority of current glasses over standard glasses, such as RS323-G19 and RS360. • A similar linear attenuation coefficient was noted for current glasses and RS520. • The mechanical properties of current glasses are better than standard glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the effect of gamma-ray doses on the glass structure and optical properties of BaO–TeO 2 modified with different oxides, such as Bi 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MnO 2 , and MoO 3 , for possible use in the radiation shielding field. Five glass samples were fabricated and given codes: BaTe, BaTeBi, BaTeTi, BaTeMn, and BaTeMo. The structural and optical properties were investigated pre- and post-irradiation by a 100 kGy gamma-ray dose. The intensity of Raman spectra for the BaTe sample was impacted by the gamma-ray dose, which diminished with exposure to gamma rays while adding different modifiers enhanced the glass stability against gamma-ray dose. In contrast, the gamma-ray dose raised the band gap (Eg) for all glasses except the BaTe and BaTeBi samples. The mechanical properties of glasses showed variation with the addition of various oxides, indicating a different role for each one. Here, the BaTeMo and BaTeTi showed the highest mechanical properties. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) at 0.184 MeV for BaTe, BaTeBi, BaTeTi, BaTeMn, and BaTeMo was 1.967, 3.393, 1.831, 1.851, and 2.044 cm−1, respectively. The BaTeBi sample recorded the highest shielding performance compared to other glasses. It can be concluded that the BaTeBi sample is a suitable material for the shielding field due to its superiority in radiation shielding properties and no variation with exposure to gamma rays based on optical properties and Raman spectroscopy. • Raman results revealed slight variation with subjected glasses for 100 kGy gamma-ray. • Band gap showed enhancement when subjected to 100 kGy gamma-ray dose. • The BaTeMo and BaTeTi glass samples showed the highest mechanical properties. • The BaTeBi glass sample showed the highest radiation shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borosilicate glass is one of the famous glasses used in labs and kitchenware since its thermal expansion is so low. This research synthesized a new group of borosilicate glass to study its mechanical, optical, and radiation shielding properties. The experimental shielding setup was set to explore the glass performance in the radiation shielding field. The results were compared with the XCOM data to check validity. The optical properties were determined using absorption spectra for glass samples. At the same time, the mechanical properties were assessed theoretically to give an impression of the glass structure. The radiation shielding experimental setup was validated with a relative difference of 9.8066% between practical and theoretical findings. Meanwhile, adding SrO instead of B 2 O 3 increased the radiation shielding features. The mass attenuation coefficient values at 0.184 MeV rose from 0.1448 to 0.1474 cm2/g with the addition of SrO. The mechanical and optical parameters showed variation in results when SrO was added. For example, the band gap values are 3.547, 3.485, 3.675, and 3.527 eV for STBS15, STBS20, STBS25, and STBS30, respectively. The Urbach energy results are 0.183, 0.182, 0.180, and 0.173 eV for STBS15, STBS20, STBS25, and STBS30, respectively. At the same time, the Young modulus results are 94.071, 88.880, 89.207, and 86.035 GPa for STBS15, STBS20, STBS25, and STBS30, respectively. The Poisson ratio ranged from 0.284 to 0.278 for STBS15 and STBS30. The adding SrO reduced the hardness from 5.260 to 4.966 GPa for STBS15 and STBS30. Finally, the results indicate the ability to use current glasses in the radiation shielding applications. • The experimental radiation shielding showed highest compatibility with theoretical results. • The mechanical properties of glass system reduced with adding SrO instead of B2O3. • The glass density increased with adding SrO. • The radiation shielding enhanced with adding SrO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium–Titanium–Thallium Ternary Oxide Ceramic (0.5ZrO 2 -(0.5-x)TiO 2 -xTl 2 O 3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 mol %) was synthesized via solid-state reaction. Advanced analytical technique like Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the microstructure and the solubility of thallium oxide in the ZrO 2 /TiO 2 mixture. The diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence techniques were employed to investigate the optical properties of the prepared alloys for various Tl 2 O 3 mol% concentrations. In addition, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the synthesized ceramic samples was measured experimentally and compared with XCOM data. Our experimental values were in good agreement with XCOM data. Various shielding parameters for gamma-rays, neutron, proton, and alpha particles were evaluated using XCOM, Phy-X, and SRIM programs. The Tl 2 O 3 content linearly affects the gamma-rays shielding parameters, while the Tl 2 O 3 content has an inverse relationship with neutron and charged particle shielding parameters. This study proved that our Zirconium–Titanium–Thallium Ternary Oxide Ceramic samples can be applied as ionizing radiation shielding material very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effect of gamma rays on a new glass and glass–ceramic 10ZnO–34.5B 2 O 3 –34.5TeO 2 –20Bi 2 O 3 –1Nd 2 O 3. The samples were exposed to different gamma-ray doses of 2.5, 10, and 50 kGy. The impact of gamma-ray irradiation was investigated using different physicochemical methods. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results for glass samples show that the amorphous nature did not change before and after irradiation, and a shift in the main peak along with a change in the unit cell volume with increasing doses was observed in glass-ceramic matrix. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra (IR) for the glass samples show change in intensity without variation in the band position. The 50 kGy dose hid a high wavenumber peak in the FTIR and Raman spectra for the glass–ceramic sample, indicating a significant change in the glass–ceramic matrix. The reduction in the band gap energy for the glass samples confirms the FTIR results. The durability of the glass samples was gradually enhanced by increasing the dose up to 10 kGy. The up-conversion photoluminescence in the glass samples exhibits an emission peak at 525 nm that decreases in intensity as the dose increases. The mean free path results confirm the shielding features of the glass when compared to other reference glass materials. The results show that the glass is excellently stable and can withstand high gamma-ray doses, making it suitable for radiation applications. • XRD results affirm the amorphous nature and crystal phase for glasses and glass ceramics. • The radiation doses mainly affect glass ceramics. • The band gap values reduce gradually with increasing gamma-ray doses for glasses. • The photoluminescence intensity shows a reduction with increasing gamma doses for glasses. • The glass durability increases with increasing gamma doses up to 10 kGy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysprosium (Dy) doped lithium borate glass (LBG) is prepared using conventional melting-quenching technique with varying Dy concentration in the range of 0 to 1.0 mol%. Prepared glass samples are characterized via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV–vis–IR, Photoluminescence (PL), Thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The physical parameters such as the density, optical energy band gap, oscillator strength, refractive index, ion concentration, Polaron radius, molar volume and inter-nuclear distance are determined. UV–vis–IR spectra revealed seven prominent bands centered at 448, 749, 796, 899, 1085, 1265 and 1679 nm corresponding to the transition from the Dy 3+ ion׳s ground state ( 6 H 15/2 ) to the excited states ( 4 I 15/2 , 6 F 3/2 , 6 F 5/2 , 6 H 5/2 , 6 F 9/2 , 6 H 9/2 and 6 H 11/2 ). The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the glass series at 350 nm excitation displayed two peaks centered at 481 nm and 573 nm, which are assigned to the transitions of ( 4 F 9/2 → 6 H 15/2 ) and ( 4 F 9/2 → 6 H 13/2 ), respectively. The TL spectra of gamma-irradiated samples are measured, which showed Dy 3+ content dependent simple glow peak at 190 °C. Dysprosium ion is found to play an important role in the TL and PL intensity enhancement of LB phosphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the optical response of lithium magnesium borate glass via controlled doping of rare earth ions is the key issue in photonic devices. Glasses with composition 30Li 2 O–(60− x )B 2 O 3 –10MgO- x Er 2 O 3 , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 are prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the amorphous nature of all samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra reveal the presence of BO 3 and BO 4 local structure unit. The physical parameters, such as the direct and indirect optical energy band gap, oscillator strength, refractive index, ion concentration, Polaron radius, molar volume and inter-nuclear distance are calculated and analyzed. The room temperature UV–vis–IR spectra comprised of ten absorption bands centered at 1523, 973, 796, 650, 550, 522, 486, 447, 406, 373 nm corresponding to the transitions from the ground state to 4 I 13/2 , 4 I 11/2 , 4 I 9/2 , 4 F 9/2 , 4 S 3/2 , 2 H 11/2 , 4 F 7/2 , ( 4 F 5/2 + 4 F 3/2 ), 2 G(1) 9/2 , 4 G 11/2 excited states, respectively. The peak evidenced at 522 nm is due to hypersensitive transition. The up-conversion spectra exhibits three emission peaks centered at 509, 547 and 656 nm. All the emission bands (green and red) at 0.5 mol% of Er 3+ shows a significant enhancement in the intensity attributed to the energy transfer from Mg 2+ to the Er 3+ ion. Our results suggest that these glasses can be nominated for solid state lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the up-conversion efficiency of borate glass via optimized doping of rare earth ions is an ever-ending quest in lasing glass. Neodymium (Nd 3+ ) doped Lithium Magnesium Borate (LMB) glasses are prepared using the melt-quenching method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), UV–Vis–NIR absorption and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopic characterizations are made to examine the influence of Nd 3+ concentration on physical properties and optical properties. Nd 3+ contents dependent density, molar volume, refractive index, ion concentration, Polaron radius, inter nuclear distance, field strength, energy band gap and oscillator strength are calculated. XRD patterns confirm the amorphous nature of all glasses and the FTIR spectra reveal the presence of BO 3 and BO 4 functional groups. UV–Vis–IR spectra exhibit ten prominent bands centered at 871, 799, 741, 677, 625, 580, 522, 468, 426, 349 nm corresponding to the transitions from the ground state to 4 F 3/2 , ( 4 F 5/2 + 2 H 9/2 ), ( 4 F 7/2 + 4 S 3/2 ), 4 F 9/2 , 2 H 11/2 , ( 4 G 5/2 + 2 G 7/2 ), ( 2 K 13/2 + 4 G 7/2 + 4 G 9/2 ), ( 2 G 9/2 + 2 D 3/2 + 2 P 3/2 ), ( 2 P 1/2 + 2 D 5/2 ), ( 4 D 3/2 + 4 D 5/2 ) excited states, respectively. A hyper-sensitive transition related to ( 4 G 5/2 + 2 G 7/2 ) level is evidenced at 580 nm. The room temperature up-conversion emission spectra at 800 nm excitation displays three peaks centered at 660, 610 and 540 nm. Glass with 0.5 mol% of Nd 3+ showing an emission enhancement by a factor to two is attributed to the energy transfer between Mg 2+ and Nd 3+ ions. Our results suggest that these glasses can be nominated for solid state lasers and other photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to discover the impact of the tellurium oxide on structural, physical, optical and radiation shielding properties of borate glass samples modified with BaO and MoO 3. The amorphous nature of each glass sample was proven by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was utilized to recognize the functional groups for TeO 2 and B 2 O 3. The results exhibit that the rise of TeO 2 ratio raises the density of glasses and decreases their bandgap. On the other hand, the sample BTM3 shows the highest durability results. Moreover, the radiation shielding features were studied for the fabricated glasses by determining the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and other related factors. The effect of both B 2 O 3 and TeO 2 on the attenuation performance of the fabricated specimens was discussed. The MAC results show that when we replace the B 2 O 3 with TeO 2 , the MAC increases, which means that the TeO 2 leads to enhancement in the shielding competence of these glasses. At 15 keV, the MAC is 22.39 cm2 g−1 for the free TeO 2 sample, while it is increased to 42.15 cm2 g−1 for the glass with 70 mol% of TeO 2. In addition, when the density changes from 3.4446 to 5.5057 g cm−3, the LAC enhances and changes from 77.14 to 232.05 cm−1 at 15 keV, from 16.81 to 51.81 cm−1 at 50 keV, from 0.309 to 0.511 cm−1 at 0.5 MeV and from 0.096 to 0.211 cm−1 at 15 MeV. The results in this work showed that the current glass samples exhibit good stability that nominates the fabricated samples for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation studied one of the high-density heavy metal oxides (Bi 2 O 3) having density = 8.9 g/cm³, which was utilized to improve structural and optical features of the B 2 O 3 –TeO 2 -GeO 2 -MgO glass system. Three high transparent glasses with a chemical formula of 35B 2 O 3 –20TeO 2 -10GeO 2 -35MgO-xBi 2 O 3 (x = 5, 10, and 15 mol %) were fabricated by melting at 1100 °C for 20 min and annealing at 400 °C for 5 h. X-ray diffraction measurements for the Bi5 sample, containing 5 mol % Bi 2 O 3 , were obtained at the range of 10°–80° to inspect the structural characteristics of the made glasses. Optical absorption was employed and recorded for Bi5, Bi10, and Bi15 samples at wavelength range 300–1000 nm to examine the optical properties, including optical band gap. Using Makishima and Mackenzie methods, the mechanical features of the glass samples were assessed. Nuclear library ENDF/B-VI.8 is coupled to the MCNP-5 code and is used to study and simulate the prepared Bi glass sample shielding parameters. The ionizing absorption properties for the prepared Bi5, Bi10, and Bi15 samples were found to be changed because of many circumstances like the photon energy (Eγ, MeV), and chemical compositions (Bi 2 O 3 content (mol. %). The increased layer thickness of glass between 25 and 200 mm enhances the RPE values at 0.6 MeV over the range of 16.31–50.93 % (Bi5 glass sample), 18.68–56.26 % (Bi10 glass sample), and 20.80–60.66 % (Bi15 glass sample). • Four glasses with composition of 35B 2 O 3 –20TeO 2 -10GeO 2 -35MgO-xBi 2 O 3 , (x = 5, 10, and 15 mol%) have been synthesized. • The melt-quenching-annealing process was employed in the synthesis of the glass system. • X-ray diffractometer confirms the amorphous structure of the glasses. • The RPE for all prepared glass samples reaches 100 % at 0.06 MeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores the effect of BaO content on the shielding, optical, structural, and physical features of 10TiO 2 –10SiO 2 -(80-x)B 2 O 3 -xBaO (10 ≤ x ≤ 30) glass samples for their ability to be used as radiation shielding substances. X-ray diffraction spectra affirmed the amorphous state for all prepared samples. A series of physical parameters confirm the stability of the prepared glasses. The optical properties confirm the forming of non-bridging oxygens and these results are in line with the physical and structural properties and FTIR results. Regarding the shielding properties, the mass attenuation coefficient was measured experimentally and compared with the compatible values obtained from the XCOM program. Furthermore, other photon shielding properties, such as radiation protection efficiency, mean free path, exposure buildup factor, and energy absorption buildup factor, were calculated within the energy range of 15 keV-15 MeV. It was determined that this glass composition is suitable for photon radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The addition of Ce% changed the crystal system from monoclinic to tetragonal. • The addition of Ce% led to a variation in grain size from 34.22 to 36.41 nm. • The magnetization properties increased with increasing Ce%. • The addition of Ce% led to a decrease in bandgap energy from 2.540 to 2.246 eV. • The increase of Ce% enhanced the gamma and neutron shielding properties. The Mg 2 FeTi 1-x Ce x O 6 [ x =(0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10)%] ceramics with different Ce concentrations have been prepared by solid-state technique. That compounds were doped with cerium dioxide (CeO 2) to develop new material for gamma radiation shielding. The prepared nanomaterials were analyzed to investigate their structural and optical properties by XRD, FTIR, SEM, magnetic properties, and UV techniques. It was determined by the XRPD method that the atomic and molecular structures of Ce-doped compounds were in the tetragonal crystal system and crystallized in the P4/mmm (No: 123) space group. The refinement parameters of the compound Ce doped x = 8% were gof 2.4 and R f 0.82. The effect of the Ce doping on the magnetization was measured in the magnetic field ranging at ±10 kOe for two temperatures (300 and 10 K) and showed that its Saturation Magnetization (Ms) was increased with the doping increase from 6.2 to 8.1 and from 14.7 to 18.7 for the temperatures 300 and 10 K, respectively. Various radiation shielding parameters for gamma-rays, neutron, and proton were evaluated using Phy-X and SRIM softwares. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) increases gradually with adding CeO 2 to Mg 2 FeTiO 6 from 54.290 to 92.032 cm−1 at 0.015 MeV. Also, fast neutron removal cross-section (Σ R) rises from 0.077 to 0.115 cm-1 for x = 0 and x = 10%. While the sample x = 10% shows the lowest projectile range for protons. This sample considers the best sample to stop protons. The Analysis demonstrates that the sample with x = 10% shows the highest gamma, proton, and neutron shielding properties nominated it to use in radiation shielding field. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely use of ionizing radiation encouraged researchers to find new shielding materials. This work aims to fabricate a new series of boro-tellurite glass modified with strontium oxide, barium oxide, and different concentrations of molybdenum oxide for ability use as a radiation shielding substance. The durability and optical properties were explored for the current glass series. At the same time, the shielding properties were investigated experimentally by using two radiation sources (Ho166: 0.184, 0.280, 0.710, 0.810 MeV, and Cs137: 0.662 MeV). The sample containing 10 mol% of molybdenum oxides displayed the lowest dissolving rate (highest durability). The bandgap values reduced gradually with the addition of molybdenum oxide. On another side, the sample TeBM15 has superior shielding properties due to adding molybdenum oxide instead of boron oxide. It can be concluded that the present samples can be used in the radiation shielding field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of xMoO 3 -[70-x]TeO 2 -20BaO-10SrO glass samples where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 was synthesized by the melt quench method. The current samples investigated the optical, structural, mechanical and radiation shielding features. The FTIR spectroscopy shows the broad peaks ranging from 487 to 817 cm-1 corresponding to overlapping between stretching vibrations of Te–O vibration stretching vibrations in TeO 4 and asymmetrical stretching vibrations of the TeO 3 trigonal structural units. The band gap shows a gradual reduction with an increasing MoO 3 ratio. All mechanical features such as dissociation energy per unit volume (G t) and packing density (V t), Young (E), Bulk (B), Shear (S), and Longitudinal (L) exhibit gradual increment with rising MoO 3 concentration. Simultaneously, the radiation shielding properties were assessed experimentally within the energy range from 0.184 to 0.810 MeV. The relative differences between the theoretical and experimental values record values range from 0 to 6.81, and these results are acceptable. On the other side, the radiation shielding features were enhanced with rising MoO 3. The current samples can be nominated as radiation shielding materials based on acquired results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]