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In this work, we realised the soliton solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) that arise from optical fibers, we considered the modified Sardar sub-equation method (MSSEM) to find solitary solutions analytically. The stability of the retrieved soliton solutions realised from the NLSE are investigated. We demonstrate the soliton solutions that are stable and can last for a very long time without losing its form or energy under specific circumstances and those soliton solutions that are unstable. The MSSEM is a frequently employed technique in research for addressing specific mathematical modeling or physical phenomena problems. Its selection in this specific study might stem from its proven efficacy in handling the particular problem under investigation. The decision to utilize MSSEM could be driven by several considerations, including its precision, computationally efficient, effectiveness, greater accuracy and capability to manage intricate systems. Finally, our method offers greater flexibility in modeling various physical phenomena, which makes it particularly useful in applications in diverse fields such as quantum mechanics and nonlinear optics. The findings have ramifications for the architecture of optical fiber communications and offer significant new insights into the behavior of solitons in optical systems. The NLSE has proven to be an effective tool for understanding wave behavior in fiber optics. Its applications have helped engineers and scientists optimize the design of optical fibers and predict the behavior of various conditions. Moreover, our study provides insights into the fundamental properties of solitary solutions in the NLSEs and their practical implications in physical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kerr media are applied in the photonic lattices and optical fibers, while optical fiber communication becomes one of the main pillars of modern communication. In this letter, we study a (3 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with distributed coefficients for the spatiotemporal optical solitons or light bullets in a diffractive nonlinear Kerr medium with anomalous dispersion. The N-dark soliton solutions in terms of the Gramian is obtained via the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy reduction, where N is a positive integer. Via the graphic analysis, we observe the interaction of the two dark solitons. Effects from the diffraction/dispersion coefficient β (z) and gain coefficient γ (z) are also discussed on the amplitudes and oscillations of the two dark solitons, as well as on the interaction of the two dark parabolic shape solitons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordinated multipoint transmission/reception aided collocated antenna system (CoMP-CAS) and the mobile relay assisted fractional frequency reuse distributed antenna system (MR-FFR-DAS) constitute a pair of virtual-MIMO-based technical options for achieving high spectral efficiency in interference-limited cellular networks. In practice, both techniques have their respective pros and cons, which are studied in this paper by evaluating the achievable cell-edge performance on the uplink of multicell systems. We show that, assuming the same antenna configuration in both networks, the maximum available cooperative spatial diversity (or the multiplexing gain) inherent in the MR-FFR-DAS is lower than that in the CoMP-CAS. However, when the cell-edge mobile stations (MSs) have a low transmission power, the lower complexity MR-FFR-DAS relying on the simple single-cell processing may outperform the CoMP-CAS by using the proposed soft-combining-based probabilistic data association (SC-PDA) receiver, despite the fact that the latter scheme is more complex and incurs a higher cooperation overhead. Furthermore, the benefits of the SC-PDA receiver may be enhanced by properly selecting the MRs' positions. Additionally, we show that the performance of the cell-edge MSs roaming near the angular direction halfway between two adjacent remote antennas (i.e., the “worst-case direction”) of the MR-FFR-DAS may be more significantly improved than that of the cell-edge MSs of other directions by using multiuser power control, which also improves the fairness among cell-edge MSs. Our simulation results show that, given a moderate MS transmit power, the proposed MR-FFR-DAS architecture employing the SC-PDA receiver is capable of achieving significantly better bit error rate (BER) and effective throughput across the entire cell-edge area, including even the worst-case direction and the cell-edge boundary, than the CoMP-CAS architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical soliton is a nonlinear wave with huge information or data which travels over larger distance in optical fibers. This paramount application of optical soliton forced many mathematicians and physicians to focus on it which initiates to study the soliton solutions of mathematical model in optical fiber communication characterized by nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) along with its important applications. Nonlinear Schrodinger equation represents propagation of light pulse through an optical fiber. In this paper NLSE is solved numerically by using exponential cubic B-spline differential quadrature method. In this method leave-one out cross validation strategy is being used to find optimal value of parameter p which enhances accuracy and efficiency of its results which are near to exact solutions and approximate to available numerical solutions in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical fibers are used in the optical sensing and optical fiber communication. In this paper, we investigate a variable-coefficient coupled Hirota system which describes the vector optical pulses in an inhomogeneous optical fiber. With respect to the slowly varying normalized envelopes of the electric fields, we construct the one-fold solutions which describe the two breather-like solitons and one breather, and two-fold solutions which describe the four breather-like solitons and two breathers. We obtain the one- and two-fold breather-to-soliton conversion conditions which are both related to α (t) and β (t) , the coefficients of the group velocity dispersion and third-order dispersion. Based on the one-fold breather-to-soliton conversion condition, we present several types of the nonlinear waves and the corresponding relations on α (t) and β (t). Interaction between the Akhmediev breather/Kuznetsov–Ma breather and breather-like soliton is shown. Maximum amplitudes of the Akhmediev breather/Kuznetsov–Ma breather and breather-like soliton are related to δ (t) , where δ (t) denotes the coefficient of the nonlinear terms corresponding to the self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation. When α (t) and β (t) meet the one-fold breather-to-soliton conversion condition, interaction between the periodic wave/anti-dark/multi-peak/ M -shaped soliton and breather-like soliton is presented. Interaction between the two-Kuznetsov–Ma breather and two-breather-like soliton is shown. Maximum amplitudes of the two-Kuznetsov–Ma breather and two-breather-like soliton are related to δ (t). When α (t) and β (t) meet the two-fold breather-to-soliton conversion conditions, interaction between the two-anti-dark and two-breather-like soliton is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks back at the beginnings of nonlinear optics in fibers and some of the subsequent work that forms the basic underpinnings of the modern field. There is a brief look at some of the major applications and current trends. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We develop an importance sampling method to perform the direct numerical computation of the probability density function of the random optical soliton phase under the influence of both amplifier spontaneous emission noise and nonlinear conversion of amplitude to phase fluctuations owing to the Kerr effect, or nonlinear phase noise. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]