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Objective: To assess the effectiveness of intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Methods: This case series was conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi. The duration of study was six months from May 26, 2011 to November 25, 2011. The study group comprised of 54 patients of the Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg of bevacizumab (Avastin) was injected 3.5 mm from the limbus under topical anaesthetic drops. Post procedure follow up was scheduled on 1st post procedure day and after one month. Post procedure Optical Coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in all patients 1 week before and 1st month after 1st injection. The results were statistically analyzed through SPSS 17. Results: Out of the 54 Eyes of 54 Patients who were given the Intravitreal injection of Avastin (Bevacizumab), 43 Eyes (79.6%) showed more than ten percent decrease in macular thickness from preinjection thickness, 10 Eyes (18.5%) showed less than ten percent decrease and 1 Eye (1.9%) showed increase in macular thickness post operatively after one month. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab (Avastin) is effective in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to measure the success rate of unilateral lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection in primary exotropia. Methods: This is an interventional case series of 55 patients with primary exotropia (degree of deviation 15-85 PD), above the age of 5 years. Patients were treated in the Department of Ophthalmology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan, during the period of July 2009 to March 2010. All the patients underwent surgical procedure i.e., lateral rectus muscle recession (maximum up to 10 mm) and medial rectus muscle resection (up to 6 mm) of one eye, according to the Park's method. Surgery was done based on prism cover test measurements obtained at 6 m with appropriate optical correction in place. Patients were re evaluated at one day, one month, two months and six months post operatively. Final outcome was considered at the end of six months at which achievement of ⩽10 PD of exotropia was the success. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 17.0. Results: We obtained success (⩽10 PD) in 42 out of 55 patients (76.4%) and 13 out of 55 patients (23.6%) did not meet our criteria for surgical success (>10 PD). Analysis of success with the type of primary exotropia showed that success was achieved in 22 out of 24 cases of intermittent type (91.6%) and 20 out of 31 cases of constant type (64.5%)(P Value 0.019). The highest percentage of success was achieved in patients with the pre-operative deviation of ⩽70 PD i.e., 93.3% (42 out of 45 cases), while none of the patients with the pre-operative deviation of >70 PD (10 out of 10 cases) achieved the criteria for success. Conclusion: We conclude that pre-operative deviation is one of the strongest predictor for favorable surgical outcome. Therefore, eliminating the factors causing error in the correct determination of pre-operative deviation should improve the success and predictability of the surgical outcome. Despite the obstacles in the surgical management of strabismus, our results are encouraging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]