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Deep-sea ophiuroids from western Mexico have been documented since 1899, but mostly by non-Mexican expeditions. TALUD is a Mexican project designed to study the deep-sea fauna from Mexico. As part of it, the present contribution provides for the first time detailed information about the taxonomy and distribution, as well as images, of deep-sea ophiuroids from western Mexico, representing a useful taxonomic identification tool for Ophiuroidea from the eastern Pacific. A total of 38 species of ophiuroid (35 identified at species level, one at genus level, and two as confer) were collected from 83 stations located at 123‒2,309 m depth. At a regional scale, several new species records are presented: six for western Baja California, five for western Baja California Sur, two for the Gulf of California, four for Jalisco, 14 for Colima, and five for Guerrero. Geographic (six) and bathymetric (seven) distribution ranges of species are extended. An updated list of deep-sea ophiuroids (61 species) from western Mexico is provided together with an identification key to species collected during this survey. In addition, nine records of deep-sea ophiuroids for the Mexican Pacific are unproven, doubtful or invalid. We corroborated the presence of Ophiacantha eurypoma and Ophiacantha pacifica in the study area and added Amphiura gymnogastra as the first record for Mexico. We propose to transfer Ophiacantha phragma to Ophiolimna on account of it having both granules and spines on the dorsal disc and striated arm plates. TALUD cruises collected 57 % of the total deep-sea species known to occur off Mexico, making it the most important survey of deep-sea Ophiuroidea carried out in western Mexico to date.

O'Hara, Timothy D., Thuy, Ben (2022): Biogeography and taxonomy of Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from the Îles Saint- Paul and Amsterdam in the southern Indian Ocean. Zootaxa 5124 (1): 1-49, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5124.1.1

Ophiuroidea is the largest class among extant echinoderms, with over 2000 described species assigned to 33 families. Here, the first identification key to the recently revised classification was developed, and revised morphological descriptions were derived from it, expanding the previous short diagnoses. The key was built by analyzing internal and external skeletal characters of predominantly the type species of each family, including at least two mutually exclusive attributes per family. Various numeric and multistate characters were used to create a traditional as well as an interactive key using the DELTA and Xper software programs­. Illustrations (SEM and digital photos) are included in the key to facilitate the assessment of character states by users. Not only is it the first identification key to the families, according to the recently proposed new classification and the examined species, but this interactive key also assists users in understanding the family level taxonomy of brittle stars. The interactive key allows new characters and states to be added, when more species will have been analyzed, without the need to reconfigure the complete key (as may be necessary with conventional keys).

The brittle star samples collected by the Danish cruise ‘Galathea II’ (1950–52) had not been studied completely. We examined the remaining deep-sea samples (>400 m) and present the species inventory, discussing taxonomic issues in relation to recent phylogenetic data. About 235 samples were examined, over 9,300 individuals, from 67 species and 74 sampling localities, at depths of 425–5340 m. The species complex Amphiophiura bullata (Thomson, 1877) is morphologically not well separated, but molecular data suggest at least two clades. We propose to apply A. bullata for Atlantic and Australian populations and A. convexa (Lyman, 1878) for the North Pacific clade. We consider A. bullata pacifica Litvinova, 1971 conspecific with A. convexa. Ophiuroglypha irrorata (Lyman, 1878) and its subspecies are a polyphyletic group with unclear morphological boundaries. We propose to transfer Ophiura ossiculata (Koehler, 1908), Ophiura plana (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) and Ophiura scomba Paterson, 1985 to Ophiuroglypha. Silax Fell, 1962, until now synonymised with Amphioplus Verrill, 1899, is proposed as a valid genus with the species S. verrilli (Lyman, 1879), S. consors (Koehler, 1908), S. daleus (Lyman, 1879), S. patulus (Lyman, 1879) and S. magnificus (Koehler, 1907). Triplodia Turner & Hallen, 2011 (a replacement name for Triodia A. M. Clark, 1970, due to homonymy) is synonymised with Silax, and possible specimens of its type species Triodia abdita A. M. Clark, 1970 are analysed. The species limits of Ophiacantha cosmica Lyman, 1879 and Ophiacantha pacifica Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 could not be confirmed morphologically, but published molecular data suggest two clades. We propose to apply O. pacifica to the Northern/Central Pacific population and O. cosmica to the Southern Pacific/Antarctic population.

Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias, Ávila, Sérgio P. (2019): The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa 4639 (1): 1-231, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1

Stöhr, Sabine, Hugall, Andrew F., Thuy, Ben, Martynov, Alexander (2018): Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification. European Journal of Taxonomy 416: 1-35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.416

This paper presents a checklist of echinoderm species in the Adriatic Sea. The checklist is based on the review of the available literature data, with temporal coverage from the end of the 18th century to the present day, including the most recent investigations of benthic communities. A total of 108 species have been recorded: 2 species from class Crinoidea, 23 species from class Asteroidea, 22 species from class Ophiuroidea, 22 species from class Echinoidea and 39 species from class Holothuroidea. Non-indigenous echinoderm species have not been observed.

The ophiuroid skeleton continues to develop well beyond metamorphosis and small juveniles often lack many of the characters used to identify adult specimens. The ecological role of postmetamorphic stages is largely unknown mainly due to difficulties with their identification. Accurate descriptions of postlarvae and their development are therefore necessary to match them to their adult conspecifics. However, juveniles are known for less than 2% of the about 2000 extant species of ophiuroids. Consequently, the taxonomic value of juvenile characters is still poorly understood. In this study, the postlarval ontogeny of the non-brooding Ophioscolex glacialis , Ophioscolex purpureus , Ophiolimna bairdi , Ophiopleura borealis , Ophiura robusta , Amphiura chiajei , Ophiopus arcticus , Histampica duplicata , Ophiothrix fragilis , Ophiocomina nigra , and the brooding Ophiomitrella clavigera , Ophiacantha anomala and Amphiura borealis are described for the first time. The first complete description of the development of Amphiura filiformis is provided, for which previously only the development of the oral skeleton had been described. Previous descriptions of postlarvae of Ophiura ophiura , Ophiura albida and Asteronyx loveni are supplemented. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 143 , 543‐576.

The fauna occurring in waters off South-West Africa is of a remarkable composition and highly diverse due to local waterbodies, flow conditions and abiotic factors. These parameters predominate as a result of the cooperation of a major coastalupwelling system (the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem), the Benguela Current flowing northwards, thesouthward directed Angola Current and the Angola–Benguela Frontal Zone formed in the transition zone of both watercurrents. This area has been insufficiently explored within the last decades and major gaps in biodiversity knowledge existto date. Two expeditions were conducted in 2004/2008, which collected benthic fauna samples. This is a list of brittle starsfound and a comprehensive research study relating to Ophiuroidea in waters off Angola and Namibia. 17 species could beidentified at depths from the littoral zone down to 125 m. The known depth and geographical distributions were extended for several species. Short diagnoses and ecological data are included.

New Caledonia is a species-rich region that has been the focus of biodiversity research for over 40 years. The expedition “Atelier Lifou 2000” collected benthic fauna at the island of Lifou, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, in November of 2000. This is a taxonomic account of the brittle stars found. 94 species were identified, 51 of them new for the region, and seven new to science, increasing the total number of species known from the New Caledonia region to 204. New species are described in the genera Squamophis, Astroceras, Astrogymnotes, Ophiochondrus, Ophiomoeris, Ophiozonella and Amphipholis. Three species and a subspecies are revised, one of them placed in a new genus. The taxonomic status of Euryale Lamarck, 1816, a junior homonym of Euryale Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (a medusa), is stabilized by formally establishing precedence over the senior name.

Prior to this study, two species of ophiuroid had been described from hydrothermal vent sites, and another from methane cold seeps, all from the Atlantic Ocean. Although ophiuroids have occasionally been reported from vents in the Pacific Ocean as well, none has been described before. This study presents two new species, Spinophiura jolliveti gen. et sp. nov., family Ophiuridae, and Ophiolamina eprae gen. et sp. nov., family Ophiacanthidae, which are most likely endemic to reducing environments in the East Pacific. We also include detailed descriptions of the post-metamorphic development of these species. Spinophiura jolliveti is characterized by up to five rather long, semi-erect arm spines and a relatively small oral shield. Its postlarva is unusual in lacking a buccal scale and in that the tooth forms later in development than in all other species the postlarvae of which have been examined. The most characteristic features of O. eprae are the attitude of the three proximal laminar mouth papillae, standing almost vertically on the oral plate, and the presence of two oval, scale-like, distal papillae. Additional migrant (non-vent-endemic) species found at Pacific vent sites are tabularized, but not identified below genus level due to the poor taxonomic state of the Pacific ophiuroid fauna. Biogeographic and ecological issues are discussed.

Mcknight, Donald G. (2003): New brittle­stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from New Zealand waters. Zootaxa 352: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156750

Lateral arm plates, the spine-bearing plates of the ophiuroid arm skeleton, have long been assumed to display sufficient morphological diversity to be used for species identifications in ophiuroid micropalaeontology. As a consequence, many new brittle-star species have been described on the basis of isolated fossil lateral arm plates. A substantial lack of information on the morphological variability of lateral arm plates in respect of taxon concepts, however, has led to increasing confusion over species limits and excessive extensions of stratigraphic species ranges. In this study, we therefore performed a detailed assessment of the variability of lateral arm plate morphology within and between species in order to test to what extent isolated lateral arm plates can be used for species identifications. To this end, we investigated the morphological variability of lateral arm plates within species according to ontogenetic changes and according to the position of the plates along the arm. Furthermore, we examined the lateral arm plates of 56 Recent species, belonging to 27 genera and 10 families, and systematically assessed their morphology in the light of currently accepted taxon concepts. The results of this study demonstrate that lateral arm plate morphology is in accordance with most family, genus and species limits. Some of the currently accepted taxon concepts, including the affinities between the Ophiacanthidae and Ophiocomidae, however, are challenged by lateral arm plate morphology. Differences in lateral arm plate morphology between taxa are the most conspicuously displayed by adult proximal lateral arm plates, as a consequence of their high degree of differentiation compared to distal or juvenile lateral arm plates. Differences at species level, often pertain to characters which were considered to be within-species variation in previous micropalaeontological works, suggests that species identifications based on isolated fossil lateral arm plates require a much more detailed and careful morphological assessment. Some of the species studied herein displayed indistinguishable lateral arm plate morphologies, but belonged to the same genus in all cases. Our study endorses the use of isolated fossil lateral arm plates for taxonomic interpretations in ophiuroid micropalaeontology, including species identifications and the creation of new taxa, providing that descriptions are based on pristinely preserved adult proximal LAPs, described and illustrated using SEM-pictures of both the external and internal sides of the plate.

Rodrigues, Clara F., Paterson, Gordon L. J., Cabrinovic, Andrew, Cunha, Marina R. (2011): Deep-sea ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiurida) from the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic). Zootaxa 2754: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.276727