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O'Hara, Timothy D., Thuy, Ben (2022): Biogeography and taxonomy of Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from the Îles Saint- Paul and Amsterdam in the southern Indian Ocean. Zootaxa 5124 (1): 1-49, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5124.1.1

Ophiuroidea is the largest class among extant echinoderms, with over 2000 described species assigned to 33 families. Here, the first identification key to the recently revised classification was developed, and revised morphological descriptions were derived from it, expanding the previous short diagnoses. The key was built by analyzing internal and external skeletal characters of predominantly the type species of each family, including at least two mutually exclusive attributes per family. Various numeric and multistate characters were used to create a traditional as well as an interactive key using the DELTA and Xper software programs­. Illustrations (SEM and digital photos) are included in the key to facilitate the assessment of character states by users. Not only is it the first identification key to the families, according to the recently proposed new classification and the examined species, but this interactive key also assists users in understanding the family level taxonomy of brittle stars. The interactive key allows new characters and states to be added, when more species will have been analyzed, without the need to reconfigure the complete key (as may be necessary with conventional keys).

Okanishi, Masanori, Oba, Yuichi, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Brittle stars from a submarine cave of Christmas Island, northwestern Australia, with description of a new bioluminescent species Ophiopsila xmasilluminans (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) and notes on its behaviour. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 421-439, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0034

Erroneous— Ophiophrixus spinosus (Storm, 1881) Reports for the Azores: Ophiophrixus spinosus (Storm, 1881) — Paterson 1985: 21–22, fig. 12: 169. Type locality: Norway. See: Mortensen (1927a: 171–172, figs. 96–97); Paterson (1985). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from the Denmark Strait and off SE of Iceland to off NW African waters (Koehler 1906b, Mortensen 1933a). Depth: 40– 1,383 m (Harvey et al. 1988). Habitat: soft bottoms, sand, mud to ooze (Farran 1913). Larval stage: viviparous (Kasyanov et al. 1998). Remarks: Koehler (1906b) reported Ophiophrixus spinosus (as Ophiobyrsa hystricis) from off the coast of Morocco (Talisman, sta 20, 1883: 33°43’N, 9°01’46″W, 1,105 m), a species previously known from Icelandic and Scandinavian waters. Mortensen (1927a) referred to this record as between Madeira and NW Africa, which later changed to ‘off Madeira’ (Mortensen 1933a). Paterson (1985) placed the southern limit of this species not in Morocco or Madeira, but in the Azores, which is clearly a mistake, that was repeated in subsequent literature., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Storm, V. (1881) Bidrag til Kundskab om Throndhjemsfjordens Fauna III. Kongelige Norske videnskabers selskabs skrifter, 1881, 73 - 96.","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Koehler, R. (1906 b) Ophiures. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, 8, 245 - 311.","Mortensen, T. (1933 a) Ophiuroidea. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 4 b (8), 1 - 121.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep-water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea of the West Coast of Ireland. Department of Agriculture and technical instruction for Ireland, fisheries branch, scientific investigations, 6, 1 - 66. [1912]","Kasyanov, V. L., Kryuchkova, G. A., Kulikova, V. A. & Medvedeva, L. A. (1998) Larvae of marine bivalves and echinoderms. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., 288 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1029 / JC 094 iC 05 p 06159"]}

Ophiomyxa serpentaria Lyman, 1883 Reports for the Azores: Ophiodera serpentina (Lyman, 1883) — $ Koehler 1909: 203; Ophiomyxa serpentaria Lyman, 1883 — Mortensen 1927a: 168, fig. 94a, 1933a: 11–14, figs. 1–3; Paterson 1985: 18–20, fig. 11; Harvey et al. 1988: 168; García-Diez et al. 2005: 48; Smirnov et al. 2014: 194. Type locality: Faeroe Channel (59°56’N, 6°27’W). See: Lyman (1883: 274, pl. 8, figs. 114–116); Paterson (1985). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from the Denmark Strait and Iceland southwards to the northwest African coast, including the Azores (Mortensen 1933 a, Paterson 1985). Depth: 450– 2,440 m (Paterson 1985); AZO: 599– 1,095 m (Koehler 1909). Habitat: sand (Koehler 1909), rock and coralligenous substrates (Cherbonnier 1969). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (Mortensen 1933a). Remarks: Ophiomyxa serpentaria is only known in the Azores from three poorly preserved specimens collected by Princesse Alice and reported by Koehler (1909) (sta 866: 38°52’50”N, 27°23’05”W, 599 m; sta 1344: 38°45’30”N, 28°07’45”W, 1,095 m)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lyman, T. (1883) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea (1878 - 79), and on the east coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. coast survey steamer \" Blake \", commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 10 (6), 227 - 287.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Smirnov, I. S., Piepenburg, D., Ahearn, C. & Juterzenka, K. V. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Ophiuroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 192 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.18","Mortensen, T. (1933 a) Ophiuroidea. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 4 b (8), 1 - 121.","Cherbonnier, G. (1969) Echinodermes recoltes par la \" Thalassa \" au large de cotes d'espagne et du Golfe de Gascogne (3 - 12 AOUT 1967). Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle Paris, Serie 2, 41 (1), 343 - 361."]}

Erroneous— Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) Reports for the Azores: Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) — Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1972: 396; Marques 1980: 103. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea. See: Tortonese (1965: 217–218, fig. 101). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, from Northern Spain to Senegal, including the Canaries and Cape Verde (Koehler 1906, Tortonese 1965, Madsen 1970). Depth: 35– 1,095 m in the Atlantic, but common in littoral-sublittoral Mediterranean waters (Tortonese 1965, Madsen 1970, Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1972). Habitat: hard to soft substrata, including Posidonia and Caulerpa meadows (Tortonese 1965). Remarks: Cherbonnier & Sibuet (1972) and Marques (1980) listed this species for the archipelago of the Azores. Though it is not entire unlikely that this species occurs in Azorean waters considering its wide distribution throughout the Northeast Atlantic, we could not trace the original report. We believe that Cherbonnier & Sibuet (1972) inclusion of the Azores in the distribution of this species was due to a mistake., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lamarck, J. - B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp.","Cherbonnier, G. & Sibuet, M. (1972) Resultats scientifiques de la campagne Noratlante: Asterides et Ophiurides. Bulletin du Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, 102 (76), 1333 - 1394.","Marques, V. M. (1980) Echinodermes recueillis pedant la mission \" Hesperides 76 \" du N / O Jean Charcot. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, 2 ª Serie, 7 (7), 95 - 107.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Koehler, R. (1906 a) Description des ophiures nouvelles recueillies par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 19, 5 - 34.","Madsen, F. J. (1970) West African Ophiuroids. Atlantidae Report, 11, 151 - 243."]}

Ophiogeron granulatus ? (Lyman, 1883) Reports for the Azores: non Ophiogeron edentulus Lyman, 1878 —? $ Lyman 1882: 237, pl. 12, figs. 16–18 [misidentification]; Astrogeron supinus (Lyman, 1883) —? $ Koehler 1909: 199, pl. 29, fig. 7; Mortensen 1927a: 167; García-Diez et al. 2005: 48. Type locality: Martinique (Caribbean Sea). See: Lyman (1883: 269–270, as Ophiosciasma granulatum); H.L. Clark (1941: 70–71). Occurrence: West Atlantic; restricted to the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean waters (Lyman 1883; Lyman in Koehler 1914a), but possibly extending to the Azores. Depth: 95–511 m in the West Atlantic (Lyman in Koehler 1914a);? AZO: 1,250 –1,647 m (Lyman 1883, Koehler 1909). Habitat: soft bottoms with coral and broken shells (Lyman 1883; Lyman in Koehler 1914a). Remarks: Lyman (1878) described Ophiogeron edentulus based on the material collected by H.M.S. Challenger at a station located in South Pacific waters. Later, Lyman (1882) added material from another H.M.S. Challenger station to this species, now located in the Azores (sta 76: 38°11’N, 27°09’W, 1,647 m). Mortensen (1927a) believed that the material from this Atlantic station belonged most probably to the Caribbean species O. granulatus (= Astrogeron supinus). The report of this West Atlantic species in the Azores by Koehler (1909) appears to support this supposition. Furthermore, the present knowledge of O. edentulus is still limited to the type material. In view of this, we are inclined to agree with Mortensen and consider O. edentulus as restricted to the Pacific waters and thus, tentatively regard Lyman’s record of O. edentulus as misidentification. On the other hand, the record of Ophiogeron granulatus (= Astrogeron supinus) in the Azores by Koehler (1909) was based on a small and poorly preserved specimen collected by Princesse Alice (sta 1349: 38°35’30”N, 28°05’45”W, 1,250 m) at a depth below the normal range for this species. Overall, both H.M.S. Challenger and Princesse Alice reports place O. granulatus outside its normal geographical and bathymetric range. Thus, the identity of the Azorean material with Ophiogeron granulatus should be viewed with caution until new material collected in area can confirm the historical reports., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lyman, T. (1883) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea (1878 - 79), and on the east coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. coast survey steamer \" Blake \", commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 10 (6), 227 - 287.","Lyman, T. (1878) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the \" Challenger \" expedition. Part I. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 5 (7), 65 - 168.","Lyman, T. (1882) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 5 (14), 1 - 386.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Clark, H. L. (1941) Reports on the scientific results of the Atlantis expeditions to the West Indies, under the joint auspices of the University of Havana and Harvard University. The echinoderms (other than Holothurians). Memorias de la Sociedad cubana de Historia natural, \" Felipe Poey \", 15 (1), 1 - 154.","Koehler, R. (1914 a) A Contribution to the Study of Ophiurans of the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 84, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.84.1"]}

Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias, Ávila, Sérgio P. (2019): The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa 4639 (1): 1-231, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1

Ophiophrura tripapillata (Stöhr & Segonzac, 2005) Reports for the Azores: Ophioscolex tripapillatus $ St̂hr & Segonzac, 2005: 385–388, fig. 3. Type locality: Near Menez Gwen, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Azores (37°50’56”N, 31°30’40”W). See: St̂hr & Segonzac (2005). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, known only from the Azores, the Bay of Biscay, and Iceland (St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Depth: 1,015–1,500 m (AZO: 1,015 m; St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Habitat: hard substrates (oxidized basalt), with other benthic fauna (e.g., sponges, bryozoans, brachiopods and tunicates; St̂hr & Segonzac 2005). Remarks: St̂hr & Segonzac (2005) described Ophioscolex tripapillatus, based on a specimen collected in the vicinity of Menez Gwen, southwest of the Azores. This species is known only from five specimens, collected from widely separated localities., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["St ˆ hr, S. & Segonzac, M. (2005) Deep-sea ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from reducing and non-reducing environments in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (2), 383 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315405011318 h"]}

Erroneous— Ophiogeron edentulus Lyman, 1878 Reports for the Azores: non Ophiogeron edentulus Lyman, 1878 — Lyman 1882: 237, pl. 12, figs. 16–18 [misidentification of O. granulatus]. Type locality: Fiji Islands (19°02’S, 177°10’E), Pacific Ocean. See: Lyman (1878: 161, pl. 7, figs. 187–189; 1882). Occurrence: known only from type material collected in the Fiji Islands (South Pacific). Habitat: soft bottoms (red clay). Depth: 2,471 m. Remarks: see remarks under Ophiogeron granulatus., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 163-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lyman, T. (1878) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the \" Challenger \" expedition. Part I. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 5 (7), 65 - 168.","Lyman, T. (1882) Report on the Ophiuroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 5 (14), 1 - 386."]}

Stöhr, Sabine, Hugall, Andrew F., Thuy, Ben, Martynov, Alexander (2018): Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification. European Journal of Taxonomy 416: 1-35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.416

Family Ophiomyxidae Ljungman, 1867 Synonym Ophiarachninae Matsumoto, 1915: 83. Type genus Ophiomyxa Müller & Troschel, 1842 (type species: O. pentagona (Lamarck, 1816)). Other genera Neoplax Bell, 1884, Ophiarachna Müller & Troschel, 1842, Ophioconis Lütken, 1869, Ophiostiba Matsumoto, 1915, Ophiurochaeta Matsumoto, 1915. Diagnosis Dorsal disc covered with granules or naked thickened skin, scales reduced in Ophiomyxa. Dental plate fragmented, sockets with flat borders, not penetrating. Ophiarachna with small ventral tooth cluster. Hyaline, large, flat, serrated teeth in Ophiomyxa and Ophioconis. Lateral arm plates reminiscent of an upside-down Y-shape. Arm spine articulation without sigmoidal fold. Arm spine articulations generally larger than in Ophiodermatidae and Ophiopezidae fam. nov. and in shallower notches or on same level as plate stereom (Ophiomyxa), of rounded shape with smooth stereom. Remarks Ophiomyxa has a specialized morphology with many reductions of the skeleton and is thus not typical for this family but the name has priority. Ophiocanopidae Mortensen, 1932 was synonymized with Ophiomyxidae by Stöhr et al. (2008) but Ophiocanops is now a member of Ophiacanthidae., Published as part of Stöhr, Sabine, Hugall, Andrew F., Thuy, Ben & Martynov, Alexander, 2018, Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 416 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.416, http://zenodo.org/record/3806109, {"references":["Ljungman A. V. 1867. Ophiuroidea viventia huc usque cognita. Ofversigt af Kungliga Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlingar 1866 23: 303 - 336.","Matsumoto H. 1915. A new classification of the Ophiuroidea: with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 67: 43 - 92.","Muller J. H. & Troschel F. H. 1842. System der Asteriden. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig.","Lamarck J. B. de 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. L'Imprimerie d'Abel Lanoe, Paris.","Bell F. J. 1884. Echinodermata. In: Coppinger R. W. (ed.) Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific during the voyage of H. M. S. Alert 1881 - 2: 117 - 177, 509 - 512, pls 8 - 17, 45. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.","Lutken C. F. 1869. Additamenta ad historiam Ophiuridarum. 3. Beskrivende og kritiske Bidrag til Kundskab om Slangestjernerne. Det kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter 5: 24 - 109.","Mortensen T. 1932. On an extraordinary ophiurid, Ophiocanops fugiens Koehler. With remarks on Astrogymnotes, Ophiopteron, and on an albino Ophiocoma. V idenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 93: 1 - 22."]}

Family: Ophiomyxidae Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816)

Family: Ophiomyxidae Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816), Published as part of Despalatovi��, Marija, Cvitkovi��, Ivan & ��uljevi��, Ante, 2017, Checklist of the echinoderm fauna of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 101-116 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1064560

Neoplax ophiodes Bell, 1884 complex (UF 6535, Fig. 2 b,c, KU 594358) Material. 1 spm, St 7. Remarks. The genus Neoplax has elongated ventral arm spines, spiniform oral papillae, and short spines on the disk. It does not have the glassy, denticulate oral papillae of Ophiomyxa. The genus includes two species, this one described from the Seychelles and N. crassipes Koehler, 1922. The latter can be distinguished by the much larger ventralmost spines on the arm. The colour pattern of the specimen from Reunion is distinctive, differs from the unpatterned disk reported by Bell (1884), but is shared by a second specimen collected from Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia (UF 8517). The two specimens are also very similar in structural characters, but are differentiated at ~ 10 % in their COI sequences (Tim O���Hara, unpublished), suggesting that they may be part of a species complex. Both specimens were collected among coral rubble at 13���16 m depth on fore reefs. Abundance: 1. Distribution. Recorded from the Seychelles (Bell, 1884), Mauritius (Bell, 1909) and Reunion (Guille & Ribes, 1981), and now Queensland, Australia. a) Astroboa nuda in situ; b) Neoplax ophiodes; c) Neoplax ophiodes oral side; photo of preserved specimen d) Ophiactis savignyi; e) Ophiactis quadrispina; f) Ophiactis modesta; g) Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) trilineata; h) Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) trilineata; i) Macrophiothrix longipeda, Published as part of Boissin, Emilie, Hoareau, Thierry B., Paulay, Gustav & Bruggemann, J. Henrich, 2016, Shallow-water reef ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of R��union (Mascarene Islands), with biogeographic considerations, pp. 273-297 in Zootaxa 4098 (2) on pages 276-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/255654, {"references":["Bell, F. J. (1884) Echinodermata. Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H. M. S. \" Alert \", 1881 - 2, 117 - 177, 509 - 512, pls 8 - 17 & 45.","Koehler, R. (1922) Ophiurans of the Philippine Seas and adjacent waters. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 100 (5), 1 - 486.","Bell, F. J. (1909) Report on the echinoderma (other than holothurians) collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner in the western parts of the Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2 nd Series, Zoology 13, 17 - 22.","Guille, A. & Ribes, S. (1981) Echinodermes associes aux Scleractiniaires d'un recif frangeant de l'ile de La Reunion (ocean Indien). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, 3, 1, 73 - 92."]}

Boissin, Emilie, Hoareau, Thierry B., Paulay, Gustav, Bruggemann, J. Henrich (2016): Shallow-water reef ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of Réunion (Mascarene Islands), with biogeographic considerations. Zootaxa 4098 (2): 273-297, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4098.2.4

Hypotheses on the age and possible antiquity of the modern deep-sea fauna put forward to date almost all agree on the assumption that the deep-sea fauna is largely the result of colonisation from shallow-water environments. Here, the fossil record of the Ophiacanthidae, a modern deep-sea brittle star family with extensive fossil occurrences at shelf depths, is systematically traced against a calibrated phylogeny. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Ophiacanthidae originated and greatly diversified in the deep sea, with most extant clades having diverged by the end of the Triassic at the latest. During the Jurassic, the family temporarily invaded shelf environments, attaining relative abundances and diversities comparable to those found in coeval and modern deep-sea settings, and gradually declined in abundance subsequently, to become largely restricted to the deep-sea again. The pattern of temporary expansion to shelf environments suggested here underpins the potential of deep-sea environments to contribute significantly to shallow-water biodiversity; an aspect that has mostly been neglected so far. It is speculated that the large-scale ophiacanthid invasion of shelf environments around the Triassic-Jurassic boundary was initiated by a change from thermohaline to halothermal circulation, attenuating the thermal stratification of the water column and thus providing opportunities for enhanced vertical migration of marine taxa.

This paper presents a checklist of echinoderm species in the Adriatic Sea. The checklist is based on the review of the available literature data, with temporal coverage from the end of the 18th century to the present day, including the most recent investigations of benthic communities. A total of 108 species have been recorded: 2 species from class Crinoidea, 23 species from class Asteroidea, 22 species from class Ophiuroidea, 22 species from class Echinoidea and 39 species from class Holothuroidea. Non-indigenous echinoderm species have not been observed.

Ophiobyrsa intorta (Koehler, 1922) Figs. 11���12 Ophiobyrsella intorta Koehler, 1922: 27 ���29, pl. 4 (2���5), 92 (4). Ophiobyrsa rudis.���Koehler, 1930: 49 (in part) [Non Ophiobyrsa rudis Lyman T, 1878; see O'Hara, 1998]. Ophiobyrsa intorta.���Clark, A.M., 1965: 39���40.���O'Hara, 1998: 42. Material Examined. East Coast North Island. TAN 1108 / 250, NIWA 75542 (1). Comparative Material. Ophiobyrsa intorta (Koehler, 1922): TAN0413/ 130, Mahina Knoll, Bay of Plenty, 37 �� 21.34��S, 177 �� 5.98��E to 37 �� 21.29��S, 177 �� 6.22��E, 260���280 m, 14 / 11 / 2004, NIWA 14814 (1). TAN0413/ 140, Mahina Knoll, Bay of Plenty, 37 �� 21.35��S, 177 �� 6.09��E to 37 �� 21.21��S, 177 �� 6.08��E, 259���294 m, 14 / 11 / 2004, NIWA 14811 (1). Diagnosis. Numerous small spines covering entire disc surface dorsally and ventrally. Two (rarely fewer) oral papillae on each jaw side. 4���5 arm spines at arm base, distalmost spines transformed into denticulate hooks. Single, very small tentacle scale. Description. See Koehler (1922 a). Distribution. New Zealand (110���294 m), Indonesia (300 m), Philippines (969���1346 m). Remarks. Two specimens collected from the Bay of Plenty (NIWA 14811, 14814) have been identified as O. intorta. Each has five arm spines and two oral papillae, though sometimes only a single oral papilla is visible on the side of the oral plates, suggesting that these are easily lost and not a reliable character. These specimens represent the first records of this genus and species in New Zealand waters. The single specimen collected from Ranfurly Bank (NIWA 75542, Figs. 11���12), with a disc diameter intermediate to the two specimens collected in the Bay of Plenty, differs in having seven arm spines at the arm base, reducing to six by mid arm, and only a single oral papilla at each side of the oral plates. The paucity of specimens prevents any further determination or dissection to examine skin-covered plates at this time, but it is possible that there is more than one species of Ophiobyrsa in New Zealand waters., Published as part of Mills, V. Sadie & O'Hara, Timothy D., 2013, Ophiuroids (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) of biogenic habitats on the continental shelf of New Zealand, pp. 401-444 in Zootaxa 3613 (5) on pages 427-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/222703

Ophiomyxa brevirima H.L. Clark, 1915 Ophiomyxa australis.���Farquhar, 1895: 199.���Benham, 1909: 101 [Non Ophiomyxa australis L��tken C F, 1869; see Mortensen, 1924 a]. Ophiomyxa brevirima Clark, H.L., 1915 a: 169, pl. 1 (3���4).���Mortensen, 1924: 110���114, fig. 4 (1,3,4), 5, pl. 4 (4���5).���Mortensen, 1936: 242���243.���Fell, 1952: 12.���Fell, 1953: 100.���Fell, 1958: 22.���Fell, 1960 b: 67.���McKnight, 1967 a: 304.���Fenwick & Horning, 1980: 440.���McKnight, 1993 b: 193, 199. Non Ophiomyxa brevirima.���Bell, 1917: 7 [= Astrobrachion constrictum (Farquhar H, 1900); see Mortensen, 1924]. Material Examined.. TAN 1104 / 18, NIWA 72207 (2) Bay of Islands. TAN0906/ 2, NIWA 54392 (1). TAN0906/ 25, NIWA 77839 (1). TAN0906/ 93, NIWA 55598 (1). TAN0906/ 96, NIWA 77838 (1). TAN0906/ 134, NIWA 56146 (5). TAN0906/ 178, NIWA 77772 (1); NIWA 77832 (2); NIWA 57091 (1). TAN0906/ 236, NIWA 57423 (1). TAN0906/ 240, NIWA 77854 (3). East Coast North Island. TAN 1108 / 179, NIWA 77770 (2). TAN 1108 / 197, NIWA 77834 (1). Far North. TAN0906/ 154, NIWA 77837 (1). TAN0906/ 164, NIWA 56811 (4). Otago. TAN 1108 / 148, NIWA 74954 (3). Three Kings Islands. TAN 1105 / 35, NIWA 77835 (3). TAN 1105 / 69, NIWA 77849 (1). West Coast North Island. TAN 1105 / 74, NIWA 73602 (3). TAN 1105 / 88, NIWA 73661 (6). TAN 1105 / 104, NIWA 77833 (2). TAN 1105 / 137, NIWA 77807 (1). Diagnosis. Thin skin on disc and arms obscuring plates, disc usually torn. Oral papillae circular with glassy saw-like serration to proximal edge. Arm spines alternating 3���4, with 4 th spine placed more dorsally on arm. Live colour greenish or yellowish brown with variable blotches of red or orange on disc. Arms variably banded red and greenish or yellowish brown in life, paler banding ventrally. Description. See Mortensen (1925) Distribution. New Zealand (1���1108 m)., Published as part of Mills, V. Sadie & O'Hara, Timothy D., 2013, Ophiuroids (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) of biogenic habitats on the continental shelf of New Zealand, pp. 401-444 in Zootaxa 3613 (5) on page 429, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/222703

Family Ophiomyxidae Ljungman, 1867, Published as part of Mills, V. Sadie & O'Hara, Timothy D., 2013, Ophiuroids (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) of biogenic habitats on the continental shelf of New Zealand, pp. 401-444 in Zootaxa 3613 (5) on page 427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/222703

Ophiologimus prolifer (Studer, 1882) Ophioscolex prolifer Studer, 1882: 28, pl. 3 (13 a���e).���Clark, H.L., 1915 a: 174. Ophiologimus prolifer.���Martynov, 2010: 70. Material Examined. West Coast North Island. TAN 1105 / 137, NIWA 77767 (2). Comparative Material. Ophiologimus prolifer (Studer, 1882): TAN0905/ 119, Iceberg Seamount, 44 �� 9.49��S, 174 �� 33.3��W to 44 �� 9.69��S, 174 �� 33.14��W, 487���616 m, 28 / 6 / 2009, NIWA 69765 (1). SS 02/ 2007 / 8, Huon Margin, 44 �� 1.837��S, 147 �� 34.776��E to 44 �� 2.135��S, 147 �� 34.912��E, 830���1030 m, 31 / 3 / 2007, MV F 146329 (1). TAN0104/ 333, Pyre Seamount, 42 �� 43.1��S, 179 �� 54.57��W to 42 �� 43.18��S, 179 �� 54.87��W, 1075 ��� 1008 m, 20 / 4 / 2001, NIWA 43985 (1). TAN0205/ 39, Haungaroa Seamount, 32 �� 35.75��S, 179 �� 36.47��W to 32 �� 36.32��S, 179 �� 36.09��W, 1252 ��� 1175 m, 17 / 4 / 2002, NIWA 60368 (1). TAN0803/ 69, Macquarie Ridge, Seamount 6, 52�� 23.85��S, 160 �� 39.4��E to 52 �� 23.91��S, 160 �� 40.13��E, 451 ��� 438 m, 9 / 4 / 2008, NIWA 43108 (1). TN 228 /J 2-387 -023, Z 39 Seamount, 44 �� 23.32��S, 147 �� 15.349��E, 1599 m, 26 / 12 / 2008, MV F 168729 (1). Ophiolycus farquhari (McKnight, 2003): NZOI/R 437, off NE coast, 39 �� 35.1��S, 178 �� 25.08��E to 39 �� 35.1��S, 178 �� 23.8��E, 800 ��� 440 m, 16 / 6 / 1990, holotype, NIWA 3344 (1). Description. Disc to 7 mm dd, 6, rarely 7, arms, fissiparous. Disc covered in small overlapping translucent perforated plates embedded in a thin skin, no spines, plated skin extends onto the basal dorsal arm surface; small radial shields present but generally hidden beneath the skin. Jaw and arms covered in a thin skin that obscures the plates. Oral shields wider than long, proximal margin strongly convex, distal margin weakly convex or lobed, rounded lateral angles; jaw longer than wide, oral plates tumid proximally, 8���10 oral papillae, inner oral papillae small and pointed; 2���3 distal oral tentacle scales, slightly enlarged, rounded to spatulate. Dorsal arm plates thin and perforated, broadly triangular, as wide as long, convex distal and slightly flattened proximal margin, narrowly contiguous at base; ventral arm plates longer than wide, convex distal margin, concave lateral margins around large tentacle pore, broadly contiguous; 3 arm spines, subcylindrical to flattened, bluntly-pointed, sometimes wider at the base, subequal or upper and lowest a little wider and longer than the middle spine, short, less than 1 segment in length, distal upper and middle arm spines modified into hooks with 1���2 small teeth besides the terminal one; 1 oval to spatulate tentacle scale, sculptured longitudinal markings, rarely 2 on basal segments. Colour (dry) yellowish-brown. Distribution. New Zealand (170���1110 m), Macquarie Ridge (438���451 m), SE Australia (830���1640 m), Fiji (294���300 m). Remarks. This species, recently transferred to Ophiologimus and the Ophiomyxidae by Martynov (2010), is reported here for the first time since the type was collected at 1091 m off Barrier Island, north-eastern New Zealand, by the 1875 German Gazelle expedition. It has since been collected from seamounts or other hard substrata on the continental margins. This species is typically 6���7 armed and often shows signs of fissiparity. Several other similar species occur in the south-west Pacific that also have a skin covered disc and distal upper arm spines transformed into hooks. Ophiologimus quadrispinus H.L. Clark, 1925 has five arms, two tentacle scales and three (four basally) blunt arm spines (see O'Hara & St��hr 2006). Ophiolycus farquhari McKnight, 2003 is very similar to O. quadrispinus but has arm spines that alternate in number from three to two on succeeding arm segments. This species was retained with uncertainty in Ophiolycus by Martynov (2010) but here we re-assign it to Ophiologimus, as re-examination of the type material indicates that it has all the characters of Ophiologimus, including well-developed hooklets on distal arm segments (as developed as O. quadrispinus and O. prolifer) and unbroken dorsal arm plates that persist until the arm tip., Published as part of Mills, V. Sadie & O'Hara, Timothy D., 2013, Ophiuroids (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) of biogenic habitats on the continental shelf of New Zealand, pp. 401-444 in Zootaxa 3613 (5) on pages 428-429, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/222703

Ophiologimus martynovi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F05FA7AB-4BE9-43BE-B1D1-693D08CAE2D2 Fig. 11: 2-4 Diagnosis Species of Ophiologimus with large LAPs; well-developed vertical striation composed of overlapping lamellae at least in proximal LAPs; up to three large, ear-shaped spine articulations; ventral lobe more slender than dorsal one and projecting ventro-distalwards beyond latter; inner side of LAP with moderately wide, straight, oblique ridge ventrally not merged with ventral portion of LAP; tentacle notch very deeply incised. Etymology Species named in honour of Alexander Martynov, who generously provided SEM pictures of lateral arm plates of Recent species of Ophiologimus for comparison. Type material Holotype GZG.INV.78532. Paratypes GZG.INV.78533 and GZG.INV.78534. Type locality and horizon Blake Nose, borehole ODP 171B 1049C 12x6, tropical northeast Atlantic; latest Aptian to earliest Albian, Hedbergella trochoidea to Microhedbergella rischi planktonic foraminifer zones, Early Cretaceous. Additional material GZG.INV.78535 (45 dissociated LAPs). Description of holotype Holotype GZG.INV.78532 is a dissociated, large proximal LAP; nearly as high as wide; dorso-proximal tip fragmentary; outline of dorsal edge not determinable; distal edge gently convex; proximal edge irregularly concave, devoid of spurs; ventral third of LAP strongly protruding ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip of LAP strongly protruding ventralwards, tongue shaped; outer surface with well-developed, rather irregular, coarse vertical striation composed of overlapping lamellae with proximalward decrease in size and replaced by moderately coarsely to finely meshed stereom in proximal half of outer surface. Three large, equal-sized and equidistant, ear-shaped, nearly round spine articulations freestanding on non-elevated distal portion of LAP; dorsal and ventral lobes merged into continuous volute; ventral lobe more slender and smaller than dorsal one, ventro-distalwards projecting beyond dorsal lobe; gap between spine articulations and distal edge of LAP increasing in width ventralwards. Ventral edge of LAP with very large, deeply incised, concave tentacle notch. Inner side of LAP with large, sharply defined, prominent, oblique, straight ridge with very weakly widened, round dorsal and ventral tips; no kinks, knobs or extensions; no spurs on inner side of distal edge of LAP; inner side of tentacle notch very large, with coarsely meshed, horizontally elongate stereom. No perforations or furrow discernible. Paratype supplements and variation GZG.INV.78533 is a dissociated median LAP; approximately 1.5 times higher than wide; closely similar to holotype; outer surface with coarsely meshed stereom, trabeculae not merged into vertical striation; coarsely meshed stereom replaced by more finely meshed stereom near proximal edge of LAP. Three spine articulations similar to those observed on holotype. Tentacle notch large and conspicuous but not as deep as in holotype. Ridge on inner side similar to that of holotype. GZG.INV.78534 is a dissociated distal LAP; almost twice wider than high; dorsal edge slightly concave as a result of a weak constriction; outer surface with coarsely meshed stereom; few trabeculae merged into very weak, almost indiscernible vertical striation in distal half of outer surface; coarsely meshed stereom replaced by more finely meshed one towards proximal edge of LAP. Three spine articulations similar to those observed on holotype; ventral spine articulation slightly smaller than remaining two. Tentacle notch not as deep as in holotype but large, conspicuous, concave. Ridge on inner side of LAP with strongly widened ventral tip; dorsal part of ridge straight, slender and oblique. Remarks These LAPs display the distinctive combination of characters typically found in LAPs of Ophiologimus, thus warranting assignment to this genus. Closest similarities are shared with the LAPs of Ophiologimus rugosus (Kutscher & Jagt, 2000) comb. nov. (see below) in particular with respect to the outer surface vertical striation and the deeply incised tentacle notch. The LAPs of O. rugosus comb. nov., however, display up to seven, rather than three, spine articulations as well as two widely separate knobs or short ridges rather than a single large one on the inner side. Occurrence Latest Aptian to earliest Albian of the tropical northeast Atlantic., Published as part of Thuy, Ben, 2013, Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), pp. 1-242 in European Journal of Taxonomy 48 on pages 51-53, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.48, http://zenodo.org/record/3822836, {"references":["Clark H. L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the Unites States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1324","Kutscher M. & Jagt J. W. M. 2000. Early Maastrichtian ophiuroids from Rugen (northeast Germany) and Mon (Denmark). In: Jagt J. W. M. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and the northeast Belgium - Part 3: Ophiuroids. Scripta Geologica 121: 45 - 107."]}

Ophiologimus rugosus (Kutscher & Jagt, 2000) comb. nov. Fig. 11: 7-8 Ophiacantha ? rugosa Kutscher & Jagt, 2000 in Jagt 2000: 11, pl. 13 fig. 1. Ophiacantha ? rugosa Kutscher & Jagt, 2000: 63, pl. 25 fig. 7. Ophiacantha ? n. sp. – Jagt 1999a: 200, pl. 2 fig. 5. Diagnosis Species of Ophiologimus with large LAPs displaying well-developed vertical constriction on outer surface composed of coarse, strongly overlapping lamellae; up to seven large, ear-shaped spine articulations; ventral portion of LAP relatively narrow; inner side of LAP with two widely separate short ridges or knobs; tentacle notch deeply incised. Material examined GZG.INV.78539 and GZG.INV.78540 (leg. Manfred Kutscher) 50 dissociated LAPs, original material listed by Kutscher & Jagt (2000); dissociated LAP (NHMM JJ 10600/12e) from the upper Campanian Zeven Wegen Member (Gulpen Formation) of Haccourt, northeast Belgium, the original material of Jagt (2000). Description Relatively large LAPs, proximal ones nearly 1.5 times higher than wide, distal ones slightly wider than high; ventral fifth (proximal LAPs) to third (distal LAPs) strongly protruding ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip of LAPs tongue shaped, conspicuously protruding; dorsal edge straight to slightly concave as a result of a very weak constriction; distal edge evenly convex; proximal edge undulose, with convex central part and protruding ventral fifth to quarter, separated by kink; no spurs on proximal edge; outer surface with conspicuous irregular striation composed of broad, flattened, distalwards slightly overlapping stripes loosely following outline of proximal edge of LAP; striation restricted to central band, proximally bordered by band of very finely meshed stereom and distally bordered by confluent areoles of finely meshed stereom surrounding all spine articulations. Four (distal LAPs) to seven (proximal LAPs) relatively large, ear-shaped, equal-sized spine articulations; dorsalward increase in size of gaps separating spine articulations; dorsal and ventral lobes forming continuous volute in all spine articulations. Ventral edge of LAPs with extremely large, deeply concave tentacle notch. Inner side of LAPs with two separate ridges or knobs; ventral ridge consisting of a short, prominent dorsalward protrusion of the slightly thickened ventral portion of the LAP, with well-defined, widened, rounded dorsal tip; second ridge near centre of inner proximal edge of the LAP, consisting of a welldefined, prominent, reversed V-shaped knob with a ventro-proximally pointing branch and slightly shorter and narrower ventro-distalward pointing branch; in distal LAPs poorly defined and only slightly prominent connection between both ridge-like structures; inner side of ventro-distal tip of LAP strongly protruding but not thickened and devoid of spurs. Inner side of tentacle notch with coarsely meshed, horizontally stretched stereom. Very faint, irregular vertical row of small perforations on inner side of proximal LAPs. Remarks This species was originally described by Kutscher & Jagt (in Jagt 2000) on the basis of dissociated LAPs from the early Maastrichtian of Germany and Denmark and tentatively assigned to the genus Ophiacantha. Reassessment of the type specimens has revealed that the species is assignable to Ophiologimus. Within this genus, it is unambiguously recognisable on account of the high number of spine articulations. Occurrence Late Campanian of northeast Belgium and early Maastrichtian of northeast Germany and Denmark., Published as part of Thuy, Ben, 2013, Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), pp. 1-242 in European Journal of Taxonomy 48 on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.48, http://zenodo.org/record/3822836, {"references":["Kutscher M. & Jagt J. W. M. 2000. Early Maastrichtian ophiuroids from Rugen (northeast Germany) and Mon (Denmark). In: Jagt J. W. M. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and the northeast Belgium - Part 3: Ophiuroids. Scripta Geologica 121: 45 - 107.","Jagt J. W. M. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and nordeast Belgium - Part 3: Ophiuroids. With a chapter on Early Maastrichtian ophiuroids from Rugen (northeast Germany) and Mon (Denmark) by Manfred Kutscher & John W. M. Jagt. Scripta Geologica 121: 1 - 179.","Jagt J. W. M. 1999 a. Ophiuroid diversity in the type area of the Maastrichtian Stage. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78 (2): 197 - 206."]}

Ophiologimus aiodipius sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C014CC2C-60E3-43F6-B1D6-20F6410E6A97 Fig. 11: 5-6 Diagnosis Species of Ophiologimus with large LAPs displaying coarsely meshed stereom on outer surface; trabeculae of coarsely meshed stereom merged into short, irregular vertical stripes close to spine articulations; up to four lenticular, oblique spine articulations; ridge on inner side of LAPs very slender; ventral part of ridge merged with ventral portion of LAP and connected with dorsal part of ridge by gently rounded kink; tentacle notch rather shallow. Etymology Species name derived from IODP, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, under which the samples yielding the type material were recovered. Type material Holotype GZG.INV.78536. Paratypes GZG.INV.78537. Type locality and horizon Blake Nose, borehole ODP 171B 1049C 12x5, tropical northeast Atlantic; latest Aptian to earliest Albian, Hedbergella trochoidea to Microhedbergella rischi planktonic foraminifer zones, Early Cretaceous. Additional material GZG.INV.78538 (33 dissociated LAPs). Description Holotype GZG.INV.78536 is a dissociated, large, proximal LAP; slightly wider than high; dorsal edge straight; distal edge convex; proximal edge concave, devoid of spurs; ventral fifth of LAP strongly protruding ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip of LAP slightly protruding; outer surface with coarsely meshed stereom; trabeculae merging into short, irregular, vertical stripes close to spine articulations; coarsely meshed stereom replaced by finely meshed stereom in narrow band along proximal edge of LAP. Four large, lenticular, oblique, slightly elongate, nearly equal-sized and equidistant spine articulations freestanding on non-elevated distal portion of LAP; dorsal and ventral lobes merged by sharp, acute kink proximally into continuous volute; gap between spine articulations and distal edge of LAP narrow, slightly increasing in width ventralwards. Ventral edge of LAP with very large, moderately deeply incised, concave tentacle notch. Inner side of LAP with large, very slender ridge; dorsal part of ridge straight, oblique; ventral part almost vertical, merged with ventral portion of LAP and connected with dorsal part by gently rounded kink; no spurs on inner side of distal edge of LAP; inner side of tentacle notch very large. No perforations or furrow discernible. Paratype supplements and variation GZG.INV.78537 is a dissociated distal LAP; approximately twice wider than high; well in agreement with holotype; outer surface with very coarsely meshed stereom; trabeculae merged into shorter and even less regular vertical stripes than in holotype. Three spine articulations similar to those observed in holotype but with dorsalward increase in size. Ventral edge of LAP with very large, but shallow tentacle notch. Ridge on inner side of LAP straight, oblique, slender, merged ventrally with ventral portion of LAP. Remarks These LAPs are unambiguously assignable to Ophiologimus on account of the very large tentacle notch combined with the spine articulations freestanding on the non-elevated distal portion of the LAP and the simple ridge on the inner side devoid of conspicuously thickened parts. Among the fossil LAP types assigned to this genus, the above is unique in combining a coarsely meshed outer surface stereom with lenticular, oblique spine articulations and a continuous ridge on the inner side with the ventral part merged with the ventral portion of the LAP. Occurrence Latest Aptian to earliest Albian of the tropical northeast Atlantic., Published as part of Thuy, Ben, 2013, Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), pp. 1-242 in European Journal of Taxonomy 48 on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.48, http://zenodo.org/record/3822836

Genus Ophiologimus H.L. Clark, 1911 Type species Ophiologimus hexactis H.L. Clark, 1911, by original designation. Diagnosis LAPs with large, conspicuous tentacle notches; spine articulations not on elevated ridge and not sunken into depressions or notches; ventral portion of lateral arm plate strongly protruding ventroproximalwards; generally no spurs on outer proximal and inner distal edges of LAP. Remarks The LAPs of extant species of Ophiologimus are characterised by very large, generally deeply incised tentacle notches, the absence of a strong constriction or a strongly elevated distal portion, the moderately large, freestanding spine articulations and the relatively simple ridge on the inner side devoid of strongly widened parts. Closest similarities are shared with the LAPs of extinct Lapidaster gen. nov., which differ mainly in the possession of at least one spur on the outer proximal and inner distal edges. As discussed above, it seems highly probable that Ophiologimus and Lapidaster gen. nov. come from a single lineage, in view of the striking similarities in LAP morphology displayed by both genera., Published as part of Thuy, Ben, 2013, Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), pp. 1-242 in European Journal of Taxonomy 48 on page 51, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.48, http://zenodo.org/record/3822836, {"references":["Clark H. L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the Unites States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1324"]}

Astrogymnotes oharai sp. nov. Figures 4 E, F, 6 Type material. Holotype, in 80 % ethanol, sta. 1461, reef Shelter, 20 ��54.0'S, 167 ��02.1'E, 100���120 m, collected by dredging, [MNHN IE- 2009-9204]; skeletal elements on SEM stubs [MNHN IE- 2009-9205]. Comparative material. Astrogymnotes irimurai Baker et al., 2001, holotype, Japan, Izu Archipelago, Nii-jima Island, 15 m, on Antipathes sp. B, scuba, collector I. Soyama, 25 June 1997, [NSMT E- 3700]; 2 paratypes, Japan, Izu-Oshima Island, Akino-hama, 27 m, collector I. Soyama, 4 May 1997 [NSMT E- 3702 and 3705] Etymology. This species is named for Timothy D. O���Hara, eminent Australian ophiuroid expert, who once taught me the basics of ophiuroid taxonomy. Holotype description. Disk diameter 5 mm, six arms, three larger and three smaller ones, indicating a fissiparous nature. Two arms broken off close to the disk, the others near their tip. Disk interradially deeply incised. Disk and arms covered with thick skin, in which scattered round, low granules are embedded, concentrated on the radial areas. Radial shields not visible, but indicated by granule-covered ridges. Scraping away the skin on one of these ridges proved the existence of bar-like long radial shields, widely separated from each other. No other scales or plates present. Smaller granules form a dense cover on the dorsal side of the gradually tapering arms. Dorsal arm plates are obscured by skin. First arm segment under the disk spine-less, the following three bear a single spine each, which increases in length from a short stump to rod-like. From segment five there are two spines along the arm, of about equal length, longer than an arm segment, distally the ventral spine is shorter. Spines smooth, tapering towards a blunt tip. Ventral disk covered by naked skin. Each of the fully developed jaws bears a pointed triangular apical tooth and three to four smaller, conical, lateral papillae at each edge. On the regenerating jaws the conical oral papillae form a cluster. All plates obscured by skin, including oral shields and madreporite, which are however visible when the skin is scraped off. Ventral arms likewise covered with thick skin, obscuring any plates, with small round to oval embedded granules. Ventral arm spines flat, wing-shaped on the proximal arm, rounded rectangular with indented distal edge on the distal arm. A single, semi-erect tentacle scale resembling a short arm spine or granule. Genital slits open, about 1.5 arm segments long; a strong abradial genital plate supports the outer edge. Vertebral articulation zygospondylous with large proximal dorsal side flanges and smaller distal ones. Arm spine articulations on lateral arm plates vary in shape from round depressions with several larger holes to horseshoe shaped elevations with large hole towards the closed end. The corresponding articulation at the proximal end of the spine of curved shape with flat, denser surface and central hole. Isolated dorsal arm plate proximally wingshaped, twice as wide as long, curving inwards at about mid-length to a narrower distal part, with convex proximal and distal edges. Ventral plate about as wide as long, lateral edges straight, proximal and distal edges with deep notches. FIGURE 6. SEM images of skeletal details of the distal arm of Astrogymnotes oharai sp. nov., holotype MNHN IE- 2009-9205. A, vertebra, distal face; B, vertebra, proximal face; C, vertebra, lateral aspect; D, lateral arm plate, external, note the weakly developed spine articulations; E, lateral arm plate internal aspect; F, arm spine, articulation; G, dorsal arm plate; H, ventral arm plate. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Colouration of dorsal disk golden brown with darker irregular patches, white granules. Arms uniformly darker brown, in some radii a broad dark median line continues onto the arms. Ventral disk with large dark spots, arms and jaws light golden brown with small white spots that correspond to the granules; an interrupted darker brown median line or series of spots along the arms. This animal was collected without its host, but there is no reason to assume that it was not associated with black coral like all its conspecifics. Remarks. The arm spine articulation of Astrogmynotes has not been shown yet and the articulations found on the new species differ from those of Ophiomyxa and Ophiolycus (Martynov 2010 b) in being less pronounced and having a more porous stereom. It may still be a variation of the articulation typical for Ophiomyxidae, but further study is needed. The genus Astrogymnotes formerly included four species, the pentamerous A. thomasinae Baker et al., 2001 and A. hamishia Baker et al., 2001, and two hexamerous ones, A. irimurai Baker et al., 2001 and the type species A. catasticta H. L. Clark, 1914 (Baker et al. 2001). The colour pattern of the new species resembles the holotype of A. irimurai, from which it differs by its smaller and more sparsely distributed granules, and the longer, thinner and smooth arm spines that don���t turn into hooks. A paratype of A. irimurai showed a darker, almost black colour with larger white patches than the holotype and differed even more from A. oharai. In that specimen, the madreporites or oral shields were obscured, whereas they are obvious, covered only with thin skin and white in colour in the holotype. Another paratype had three small, obviously regenerating, arms and three large ones, an indication of the fissiparous nature of the species. Astrogymnotes oharai differs from A. catasticta in the colour pattern and length of arm spines. The intraspecific variation of A. oharai is not known since only a single specimen was found, but it is probably fissiparous and somewhat variable in colouration. The largest species is A. catasticta, which reaches a disk diameter of 9 mm, but A. thomasinae with a holotype of 7 mm may possibly reach a similar size, while the remaining species have only been found at sizes of about 4���5 mm dd. Unusual among ophiuroids, the ventral side is often more brightly coloured in these species, and they orientate themselves with the ventral side outwards, dorsal side towards their coral host. Distribution. The depth distribution of the species of Astrogymnotes is probably dependent upon that of their hosts, the black coral Antipathes spp., and varies greatly, with A. irimurai occurring at the shallowest depth at 15 m and A. hamishia at 1225 m at the greatest depth. The new species was found at medium depth of 100���120 m, similar to A. catasticta, which has been found at 55���205 m depth (Liao & Clark 1995). So far, the widest geographic distribution has been documented for A. catasticta, found off Western Australia (type locality), the Philippines and Southern China (Clark 1911; Liao & Clark 1995). Astrogymnotes irimurai has only been found in Japan. The remaining two species were described from Kermadec Islands; A. hamishia has also been found in New Caledonia (O'Hara & St��hr, unpublished result)., Published as part of St��hr, Sabine, 2011, New records and new species of Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Lifou, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, pp. 1-50 in Zootaxa 3089 on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279037, {"references":["Baker, A. N., Clark, H. E. & McKnight, D. G. (2001) New species of the brittlestar genus Astrogymnotes H. L. Clark, 1914, from New Zealand and Japan (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31, 299 - 306.","Martynov, A. (2010 b) Reassessment of the classification of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata), based on morphological characters. I. General character evaluation and delineation of the families Ophiomyxidae and Ophiacanthidae. Zootaxa, 2697, 1 - 154.","Clark, H. L. (1911) North Pacific Ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 75, 1 - 302."]}

New Caledonia is a species-rich region that has been the focus of biodiversity research for over 40 years. The expedition “Atelier Lifou 2000” collected benthic fauna at the island of Lifou, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, in November of 2000. This is a taxonomic account of the brittle stars found. 94 species were identified, 51 of them new for the region, and seven new to science, increasing the total number of species known from the New Caledonia region to 204. New species are described in the genera Squamophis, Astroceras, Astrogymnotes, Ophiochondrus, Ophiomoeris, Ophiozonella and Amphipholis. Three species and a subspecies are revised, one of them placed in a new genus. The taxonomic status of Euryale Lamarck, 1816, a junior homonym of Euryale Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (a medusa), is stabilized by formally establishing precedence over the senior name.

Astrogymnotes oharai sp. nov. Figures 4 E, F, 6 Type material. Holotype, in 80 % ethanol, sta. 1461, reef Shelter, 20 °54.0'S, 167 °02.1'E, 100–120 m, collected by dredging, [MNHN IE- 2009-9204]; skeletal elements on SEM stubs [MNHN IE- 2009-9205]. Comparative material. Astrogymnotes irimurai Baker et al., 2001, holotype, Japan, Izu Archipelago, Nii-jima Island, 15 m, on Antipathes sp. B, scuba, collector I. Soyama, 25 June 1997, [NSMT E- 3700]; 2 paratypes, Japan, Izu-Oshima Island, Akino-hama, 27 m, collector I. Soyama, 4 May 1997 [NSMT E- 3702 and 3705] Etymology. This species is named for Timothy D. O’Hara, eminent Australian ophiuroid expert, who once taught me the basics of ophiuroid taxonomy. Holotype description. Disk diameter 5 mm, six arms, three larger and three smaller ones, indicating a fissiparous nature. Two arms broken off close to the disk, the others near their tip. Disk interradially deeply incised. Disk and arms covered with thick skin, in which scattered round, low granules are embedded, concentrated on the radial areas. Radial shields not visible, but indicated by granule-covered ridges. Scraping away the skin on one of these ridges proved the existence of bar-like long radial shields, widely separated from each other. No other scales or plates present. Smaller granules form a dense cover on the dorsal side of the gradually tapering arms. Dorsal arm plates are obscured by skin. First arm segment under the disk spine-less, the following three bear a single spine each, which increases in length from a short stump to rod-like. From segment five there are two spines along the arm, of about equal length, longer than an arm segment, distally the ventral spine is shorter. Spines smooth, tapering towards a blunt tip. Ventral disk covered by naked skin. Each of the fully developed jaws bears a pointed triangular apical tooth and three to four smaller, conical, lateral papillae at each edge. On the regenerating jaws the conical oral papillae form a cluster. All plates obscured by skin, including oral shields and madreporite, which are however visible when the skin is scraped off. Ventral arms likewise covered with thick skin, obscuring any plates, with small round to oval embedded granules. Ventral arm spines flat, wing-shaped on the proximal arm, rounded rectangular with indented distal edge on the distal arm. A single, semi-erect tentacle scale resembling a short arm spine or granule. Genital slits open, about 1.5 arm segments long; a strong abradial genital plate supports the outer edge. Vertebral articulation zygospondylous with large proximal dorsal side flanges and smaller distal ones. Arm spine articulations on lateral arm plates vary in shape from round depressions with several larger holes to horseshoe shaped elevations with large hole towards the closed end. The corresponding articulation at the proximal end of the spine of curved shape with flat, denser surface and central hole. Isolated dorsal arm plate proximally wingshaped, twice as wide as long, curving inwards at about mid-length to a narrower distal part, with convex proximal and distal edges. Ventral plate about as wide as long, lateral edges straight, proximal and distal edges with deep notches. FIGURE 6. SEM images of skeletal details of the distal arm of Astrogymnotes oharai sp. nov., holotype MNHN IE- 2009-9205. A, vertebra, distal face; B, vertebra, proximal face; C, vertebra, lateral aspect; D, lateral arm plate, external, note the weakly developed spine articulations; E, lateral arm plate internal aspect; F, arm spine, articulation; G, dorsal arm plate; H, ventral arm plate. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Colouration of dorsal disk golden brown with darker irregular patches, white granules. Arms uniformly darker brown, in some radii a broad dark median line continues onto the arms. Ventral disk with large dark spots, arms and jaws light golden brown with small white spots that correspond to the granules; an interrupted darker brown median line or series of spots along the arms. This animal was collected without its host, but there is no reason to assume that it was not associated with black coral like all its conspecifics. Remarks. The arm spine articulation of Astrogmynotes has not been shown yet and the articulations found on the new species differ from those of Ophiomyxa and Ophiolycus (Martynov 2010 b) in being less pronounced and having a more porous stereom. It may still be a variation of the articulation typical for Ophiomyxidae, but further study is needed. The genus Astrogymnotes formerly included four species, the pentamerous A. thomasinae Baker et al., 2001 and A. hamishia Baker et al., 2001, and two hexamerous ones, A. irimurai Baker et al., 2001 and the type species A. catasticta H. L. Clark, 1914 (Baker et al. 2001). The colour pattern of the new species resembles the holotype of A. irimurai, from which it differs by its smaller and more sparsely distributed granules, and the longer, thinner and smooth arm spines that don’t turn into hooks. A paratype of A. irimurai showed a darker, almost black colour with larger white patches than the holotype and differed even more from A. oharai. In that specimen, the madreporites or oral shields were obscured, whereas they are obvious, covered only with thin skin and white in colour in the holotype. Another paratype had three small, obviously regenerating, arms and three large ones, an indication of the fissiparous nature of the species. Astrogymnotes oharai differs from A. catasticta in the colour pattern and length of arm spines. The intraspecific variation of A. oharai is not known since only a single specimen was found, but it is probably fissiparous and somewhat variable in colouration. The largest species is A. catasticta, which reaches a disk diameter of 9 mm, but A. thomasinae with a holotype of 7 mm may possibly reach a similar size, while the remaining species have only been found at sizes of about 4–5 mm dd. Unusual among ophiuroids, the ventral side is often more brightly coloured in these species, and they orientate themselves with the ventral side outwards, dorsal side towards their coral host. Distribution. The depth distribution of the species of Astrogymnotes is probably dependent upon that of their hosts, the black coral Antipathes spp., and varies greatly, with A. irimurai occurring at the shallowest depth at 15 m and A. hamishia at 1225 m at the greatest depth. The new species was found at medium depth of 100–120 m, similar to A. catasticta, which has been found at 55–205 m depth (Liao & Clark 1995). So far, the widest geographic distribution has been documented for A. catasticta, found off Western Australia (type locality), the Philippines and Southern China (Clark 1911; Liao & Clark 1995). Astrogymnotes irimurai has only been found in Japan. The remaining two species were described from Kermadec Islands; A. hamishia has also been found in New Caledonia (O'Hara & Stöhr, unpublished result).

Fam: Ophiomyxidae Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) Material: 13 specimens; stations: S 11, S 14; depth: 6-25 m; substrates: gravels, mud, sand. Distribution: Atlantic���Mediterranean. Literature records for central and/or north Adriatic: Lorenz (1863), Kolosv��ry (1937), Zavodnik (1960, 1977, 1997), Tortonese (1965), Zavodnik et al. (2006). Literature records for south Adriatic (Croatia): Zavodnik (2003). Literature records for Montenegro: Karaman & Gamulin-Brida (1970), Milojević (1979)., Published as part of Ka����elan, Slavica, Mandi��, Sreten, Radovi��, Ivica & Krpo-��etkovi��, Jasmina, 2009, An annotated checklist of Echinodermata of Montenegro (the south Adriatic Sea), pp. 21-40 in Zootaxa 2275 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191048, {"references":["Lorenz, J. R. (1863) Physikalische Verhaltnisse und Vertheilung der Organismen im Quarnerischen Golfe. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 379 pp.","Kolosvary, G. v. (1937) Die Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand, 2, 433 - 473.","Zavodnik, D. (1960) Echinodermata der Insel Krk. Acta Adriatica, 11, 3 - 19.","Zavodnik, D. (1977) Echinodermata of the island Vir (Adriatic Sea). Biosistematika, 3, 69 - 78.","Zavodnik, D. (1997) Echinodermata of the marine National Park \" Kornati \" (Adriatic Sea). Periodicum Biologorum, 99, 367 - 380.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Echinodermata, Fauna d' Italia. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Zavodnik, D., Legac, M. & Gluhak, T. (2006) An account of the marine fauna of Pag Island (Adriatic Sea, Croatia). Natura Croatica, 15, 65 - 107.","Zavodnik, D. (2003) Marine fauna of Mljet National Park (Adriatic Sea, Croatia) 2. Echinodermata. Acta Adriatica, 44, 105 - 160.","Karaman, G. & Gamulin-Brida, H. (1970) Contribution aux recherches des bicenoses benthiques du Golfe de Boka Kotorska. Studia Marina, 4, 3 - 42.","Milojevic, S. (1979) Biocenoti c ki pregled faune Echinodermata u Bokokotorskom zalivu. [Bioecoenotic review of the echinoderm fauna in the Bay of Kotor.] II Kongres ekologa Jugoslavije, Zbornik radova, Zagreb, pp. 1859 - 1868. (in Serbian)"]}

Fam: Ophiomyxidae Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) Material: 13 specimens; stations: S 11, S 14; depth: 6-25 m; substrates: gravels, mud, sand. Distribution: Atlantic–Mediterranean. Literature records for central and/or north Adriatic: Lorenz (1863), Kolosváry (1937), Zavodnik (1960, 1977, 1997), Tortonese (1965), Zavodnik et al. (2006). Literature records for south Adriatic (Croatia): Zavodnik (2003). Literature records for Montenegro: Karaman & Gamulin-Brida (1970), Milojević (1979).

Ophiolycus Mortensen, 1933 Remarks: In the original account of Ophiolycus, Mortensen (1933) used subgeneric status, but suggested ���it should rather be made a separate genus, or at least a subgenus���; Fell (1960) gave it generic status, though Paterson (1985) regarded it as a subgenus. The presence of disc scales, dorsal armplates, transformed distal armspines, and visible radial shields are here considered sufficient for generic status. Fell (1960) was in error in listing Ophiolycus inermis Mortensen as the type species since Ophioscolex dentatus Lyman, 1878 is the type species., Published as part of Mcknight, Donald G., 2003, New brittle��stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from New Zealand waters, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 352 on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156750, {"references":["Mortensen, Th. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea). Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk naturhistorisk Forening I K o benhaven, 93, 215 - 400, 12 pls.","Fell, H. B. (1960) Synoptic keys to the Genera of Ophiuroidea. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington, 26, 1 - 44.","Paterson, G. L. J. (1985) The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 49 (1), 1 - 162.","Lyman, T. (1878) Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the \" Challenger \" Expedition. 1. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 5 (7), 65 - 168."]}

Ophiolycus farquhari n.sp. Fig. 1. C, D. Material examined: NIWA Stns B 314 (1); R 437 (1); Z 10813 (4); Z 10816 (1). Depth Distribution: 236��� 800 m. Geographic Distribution: This species is recorded from central New Zealand, on both east and west coasts, and also from Rumble 5, an active submarine volcano, off the Bay of Plenty. Description: Holotype specimen, NIWA Stn R 437: disc diameter 6 mm, arms about 25 mm long. Disc pentagonal in outline, more or less flat, margin rounded; covered with skin, when dried is finely scaled above and below; radial shields evident at arm base, exposed portion ovoid, longer than wide. Ventral surface of disc with fine scaling; genital clefts, extending 3 / 4 distance to margin, interradial border with enlarged scales. Oral shield wider than long, bluntly pointed proximally, rounded laterally and distally. Adoral shields meet broadly within, and to just beyond mid��length of oral shield. Second oral tentacle��pore conspicuous, opening more or less outside oral slit; below tentacle��pore, i.e. deeper on oral slit, are 1���2 small, spiniform papillae; 6���7 small, pointed oral papillae along side of jaw, outer 3 near proximal margin of the tentacle��pore; 1 similar apical papilla at tip of jaw. Arms broadly rounded above, slightly flattened below. Dorsal armplates in contact and entire throughout, longer than wide, widest at about 2 / 3 length of plate, proximal margin concave, lateral margins straight, distal margin well rounded. Lateral armplates visible from above. Two or three pointed, flattened armspines at armbase, sometimes alternating 2 and 3; uppermost spine (about 1 segment in length) longest and widest; beyond proximal 1 / 3 of arm, usually 2 spines, sometimes 3, the upper 1���2 the shortest. Near arm��tip the 2 spines are small, denticulate, and weakly hooked at the tip; where 3 spines occur, uppermost is similar or sometimes not modified. Two very small, flattened tentacle��scales placed just proximal to lowest armspine. Ventral armplates in contact throughout, rarely some plates may be separated; plates longer than wide, proximal plates have short, concave proximal margin; distal plates with a proximal point; lateral margins slightly concave at tentacle��pore, distal margin rounded, wider than proximal. Colour: (Preserved specimens) dull uniform creamy��white dorsally and on ventral surface of arms, light grayish at margin and on ventral surface of disc. Etymology: Named for H. Farquhar, an early worker on New Zealand echinoderms. Holotype: Deposited in the NIWA collection, Wellington No. H�� 818 (Stn R 437). Paratypes: Deposited in the NIWA collection, Wellington No. P�� 1369 (Stn Z 10813). Remarks: This species differs from both O. dentatus Lyman and O. purpureus Duben and Koren in having entire dorsal armplates even at the arm base, spiniform rather than flattened outer oral papillae on the margin of the oral tentacle��pore and 2 small tentaclescales for most of the arm., Published as part of Mcknight, Donald G., 2003, New brittle��stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from New Zealand waters, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 352 on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156750

Mcknight, Donald G. (2003): New brittle­stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from New Zealand waters. Zootaxa 352: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156750

Thirteen new species of brittle-stars (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) and one new genus are described from the New Zealand region. These include: Ophiacanthidae (Ophiolebes); Ophiomyxidae (Ophiolycus, Renetheo n. gen.); and Ophiuridae (Amphiophiura, Ophiocten, Ophiophycis, Ophiura (Dictenophiura), Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha), Ophiomidas, and Ophiophyllum). Keys are provided to the described species of Ophiophycis and 4 closely related species of Amphiophiura occurring around New Zealand.