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The authors showed that the imperfection of precision farming methods, methods of transferring energy from the tractor engine to the working bodies required the development of new methods for reliable and accurate identification of the soil and its properties, as well as the state of machine-tractor units. (Research purpose) To determine the actual energy and economic indicators of a working machine and unit reliably and promptly in the operating conditions of agricultural production by parameters closely related to the energy indicators of an internal combustion engine, the measurement of which did not require large costs. (Materials and methods) 24 indirect parameters reflecting the power and degree of engine load were used for the operational assessment. In this case, the angular accelerations of the internal combustion engine and the turbocharger rotor crankshaft, including those caused by the operation of individual cylinders, the working processes of the generator (their average and extreme values), as well as the amplitude-frequency spectra of these processes, and speed characteristics were taken into account. To improve the accuracy and reliability of the assessment of energy indicators, the authors selected the processes in the frequency and phase domains. (Results and discussion) The considered methods were tested in production conditions during the main processing of the alkaline-chernozem complexes of the Chulym district of the Novosibirsk region. The authors found that the use of a flexible machine-tractor unit based on an energy-rich tractor improved the quality of soil cultivation: the share of soil lumps less than 5 centimeters in size was 73-80 percent; the productivity of the tillage machine increased by 15-20 percent. (Conclusions) The authors proved that with the help of indirectly determined indicators of power and degree of load, it was possible to estimate the actual values of the energy and technical and economic indicators of the working machine and the unit, the quality of the assembly of the unit, the heterogeneity of the soil was much easier and cheaper than using the known force-measuring methods. It was found that the use of digital systems for automatic control of the unit using the indicated indicators made it possible to provide quite simply the setting of the optimal zone of energy modes.

Industrial enterprises are one of the main causes of air pollution in eastern China. How to monitor them efficiently is directly related to the result of air pollution control in China. However, the monitoring of enterprises now mainly relies on the ground online monitoring technology, and only for some large enterprises, some small and medium-sized enterprises will be missed which also contribute a lot to the air pollution. Based on the satellite remote sensing technology, this paper explores an operational method of monitoring the whole coverage of pollution enterprises from macro to micro, focusing on monitoring the regional pollution status results of the pollution enterprises and identifying the key monitoring objects including the small and medium-sized ones. Based on the air pollutants retrieval results of satellite remote sensing, a remote sensing high-occurrence index model of air pollution is built. By using the pollution focused grid extract method and high-resolution satellite image identification technology, the key monitoring objects of pollution enterprises can be extracted. The result of the application cases in eastern China and the typical districts show that the remote sensing high-occurrence index model can clearly reflect the comprehensive pollution status by the pollution enterprises; validation of the identification rate of the small and middle-sized enterprises can reach over 77%, which has made a great progress compared with the inspection only relying on the supervision personnel in the absence of specific objects. The method proposed in this paper can greatly improve the scientific and accurate supervision level of environmental management.

International audience; In 2017-2019, a seismic swarm was triggered in the Maurienne valley (French Alps), with more than 5000 events detected by the regional SISmalp network. The population, who asked SISmalp to provide information on the processes and the associated risk, felt many earthquakes. In a post-L'Aquila trial context, we conducted a reflection on the scientific and social operational management of the crisis. The geological and tectonic analysis, the deployment of a temporary seismic network, an automatic double-difference relocation procedure (HypoDD) after clustering earthquakes, as well as the interactions with the population and the risk managers, have been carried out jointly. The length and unpredictability of the sequence complicated crisis management and the relations between local authorities and civil protection. The involvement of SISmalp, beyond its main scientific and observation prerogatives, has contributed to moderate the fears of the population by providing scientific explanations.

Annotation Purpose. Effective soil decompressing in modern crop production technologies. Methods. Analysis of modern methods of monitoring the physical condition of the soil, the method of radio wave profiling of the surface of the field, the method of synthesis of technical means, the theory of automatic control. Results. Model ultrasonic monitoring of the depth of the soil compacted layer, the device of forming a control signal to change the depth of the working body of the soil ripper, the results of the device study for operational determination depth of the compacted soil layer. Conclusions. The method of continuous radio wave profiling of the surface of the field in the movement of the ITA allows to effectively determine the depth of the location of the compacted soil layer in modern technologies of crop production. The device for operational control of the depth of the soil cultivator of the agricultural ITA allows to effectively loosen the soil while reducing fuel consumption by 20% and increasing the productivity of the unit by 10%. Keywords: agrotechnology, soil ripper, radio physical method, operational monitoring of soil compaction.

This paper discusses the issues of creating an aerial survey complex based on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The analysis of the efficiency of using aerial survey complexes based on unmanned aerial vehicles for operational monitoring of the state of natural and man-made territorial complexes is carried out. The paper considers the process of developing a modified control system for unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as the subsequent photogrammetric processing of aerial photographs. The quality of electronic units installed on unmanned aerial vehicles has been determined. The created modified control system for unmanned aerial vehicles and geographically referenced terrain orthophotomaps obtained by photogrammetric methods make it possible to classify the captured objects, perform their vectorization and provide each object with semantic information. The developed modified aerial survey complex will allow real-time monitoring of the state of natural and man-made territorial complexes based on remote sensing data from UAVs.

In order to control the chemical composition of atmospheric air in cities located in the zone of influence of petrochemical enterprises, automatic atmospheric air monitoring stations (ASKAV) are installed. For the effective use of experimental data, the authors of the article developed a data collection system with ASKAV, in which the air control in residential quarters and the gas mixture at the source of organized emissions are synchronized. The analysis of data on the concentration of pollutants in the atmospheric air of the Sterlitamak obtained from ASKAV, on the basis of which a list of marker substances for enterprises of the city was compiled. Priority sources of air pollution with marker substances during a different wind regime were identified. The authors developed models for changing the concentration of marker substances in the air using the method of factor regression. Based on the results of the cross-correlation function, the time of movement of the contaminated gas cloud from the source of emission to the residential area of the city is obtained. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness of the developed air monitoring system and the field of application of the acquired models.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between crop yields and total chlorophyll potential of different barley and oats cultivars. For this purpose, we used the spectra of grain crops obtained from ground-based remote sensing, and laboratory data. Ground-based data were obtained at the experimental fields located in the Krasnoyarskii Krai. Experiments were carried out in different seasons and under various lighting conditions. Spectral measurements were done with a double-beam spectrophotometer. It was installed on the mobile work platform at heights of 5 to 18 m. The study showed good correlation between crop yields and total chlorophyll potential for barley and oats cultivars

Research project “PerManeNt” aims at developing an integrated platform for operational monitoring, smart control, and sustainable energy management of the external aqueduct system of the city of Patras in western Greece, which consists of more than 60 km of pressurized pipeline, 44 pumping wells, 3 springs, 22 regulating tanks, and 14 pumping stations. Given the significance of the existing infrastructure, 5 main pipelines, 7 pumping wells, 9 reservoirs, and 5 pumping stations were selected to be monitored in the context of: a) real-time data collection, processing and visualization, b) near real-time detection of system malfunctioning and automatic alarm generation, and c) generation of short and longer term forecasts for the water demand and corresponding energy consumption rates, based on hydrometeorological data and environmental indices. The development of the integrated platform is expected to have significant scientific, financial, societal and environmental impacts including: i) efficient water resources management and environmental protection, ii) reduction of the operational costs and regulator expenses for system maintenance and management, iii) promotion of citizens’ awareness regarding environmental issues, and iv) significant improvement of the quality of services offered, including pricing and emergency planning.Acknowledgments:This research is co‐financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH – CREATE – INNOVATE (project code: T2EDK-4177.

Purpose. Develop a methodology for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the soil environment with working electrodes to ensure the required quality of implementation of the main technological processes in plant cultivation thanks to integrated information and technical systems for operational monitoring of the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Methods. Theoretical scientific method with the use of the laws of theoretical mechanics and scientific laws of electro-dynamic measurement for the construction of a method for calculating the specific conductivity of the soil environment by working electrodes of the information and technical system local operational monitoring the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Results. The generalized formula for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the soil environment by working electrodes information and technical system of local operational monitoring of agro-biological state of agricultural lands was obtained. Conclusions. The proposed method for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the agro-biological ground environment by the stationary contact method of the working electrodes of the information and technical system local operational monitoring will allow obtaining reliable data on the state of the soil environment by reducing the error in determining the value of the electrical conductive properties soil, providing individual stabilization of the working electrodes and the mechanism of lifting / lowering the workers electrodes, copying roughness inequalities on the environment, reduction the intensity destruction of the soil structure, self-cleaning working contact electrode and ensuring the stability of the electrical contact electrode with the soil due to the improvement of the design of the device with the use of the proposed technical solutions. The result of using the device for determining the electrically conductive properties soil environment construction of Alexander Brovaryts is an increase in profits of 20–30% by optimizing the seeding rate of the process material, taking into account the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Keywords: information and technical system, local operational monitoring, soil, samples, variability, size, research.

A practical example of a hermetic cable gland for nuclear power plants is described. A model is constructed for performing diagnostics of the parameters of the hermetic cable gland and a procedure for performing operational monitoring of its state is developed. The proposed device makes it possible to reduce the development risk of emergency situations in the system by increasing the operational reliability of the hermetic cable gland. For this reason, operation monitoring of the electrodynamic state of a hermetic gland in NPP on the basis of an equivalent model is significant and urgent.

The present technical condition of the fleet of electric motors serving the actuators of the infrastructure facilities of the fuel and energy complex is presented. The statistics of damage and damage from abnormal operation of electric drive units operating on mechanisms with a fan and pump load are given. The analysis of the causes of the increase in the range of vibration displacement, which leads to premature failure of electric motors, is given. A method for reliably determining the causes of damage, based on measuring and analyzing the electrical parameters of the harmonic spectrum of the motor current, is proposed. Its essence consists in creation of the universal diagnostic system working at the physical principle at which any indignations in work of an electric and mechanical part of the engine and related actuator lead to modulation of the consumed current. Existence in a range of current of characteristic frequencies of a certain size demonstrates existence of these or those damages. The device for its implementation includes phase current sensors of the supply voltage, a signal conditioner for normalizing and filtering signals, an analog-to-digital converter with a USB interface, and a controller with software for analyzing, evaluating, and diagnosing the condition. Experimental results have been obtained confirming the adequacy of the methodology and technical means for monitoring electric motors of various mechanisms.

The CO2 Human Emission (CHE) project is an European initiative bringing together a consortium of 22 European partners to build a prototype global CO2 source inversion system that can provide policy-relevant information on the spatiotemporal characteristics of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This prototype shall evolve toward a new Copernicus CO2 service, which will provide a Monitoring and Verification Support (MVS) capacity that can address the challenge of the global stocktake (GST) devised under the Paris Agreement. The global inversion system will build on existing operational infrastructures (CAMS, C3S) at the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) to exploit ground-based measurements as well as space-based observations from current and future satellite missions (e.g., Sentinel 5p and CO2M). We will present ongoing efforts at ECMWF to develop a source inversion capability in the current operational Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), which will serve as the basis for the future global CO2 inversion prototype. Preliminary results will be discussed, that include model transport error estimations based on Monte-Carlo ensemble simulations as well as the first chemical source optimization experiments performed with the IFS 4D-Var system.

The water stored in the snowpack is a crucial contribution to the hydrological cycle in mountain areas. Estimating the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountain regions is, therefore, a key question in snow hydrology research. For this reason, direct measurements of SWE are still essential, but they are often scarce, not easy to install and maintain, mostly non-continuous or rather expensive. A promising alternative to conventional SWE in-situ measurement methods is a newly developed method based on signals of the freely available Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which can be received with standard low-cost sensors. In general, this measurement technique is based on signal differences between one GNSS antenna buried below the snowpack and one reference antenna above the snow cover. The signal differences reflect the GNSS carrier phase time delay and the GNSS signals strength attenuation within the snowpack, which can be translated into SWE and the snow liquid water content (LWC). So far, this method showed excellent results over several years at the high-alpine test and validation site Weissfluhjoch (Eastern Swiss Alps, 2540 m asl.). Currently, our aim is to assess whether this method is suitable for deriving SWE continuously with reasonable accuracy also at other locations with different characteristics. Therefore, we set up further GNSS sensors at different elevations, where the snow characteristics can vary considerably. At lower elevations the snow cover is normally shallower and is more frequently subject to melt-freeze cycles leading to faster snow aging and different snow densities. Moreover, rapid transition from dry- to wet-snow conditions as well as steep valley sites can be seen as a challenge. In total, we were operating for two season four GNSS stations along a steep elevation gradient (820 m, 1185 m, 1510 m, and 2540 m asl.) within only a few kilometres in the Eastern Swiss Alps. For validation purposes, we monitored SWE and snow height manually and with additional automatic sensors at all locations. We analysed the GNSS SWE derivation accuracy in general and in detail for different meteorological conditions as snowfall, snow settlement, rain on snow and dry or wet snow periods. Eventually, we compared the GNSS results with results from numerical snow cover models.

This study proposes an enhanced damping estimation procedure for flexible cable-supported bridges based on operational modal analysis (OMA). The OMA approach combines the natural excitation techniq...

The distinctive features and key areas of analytical tools application for the operational monitoring and security analysis of cyber-physical systems of critical information infrastructure are highlighted. Problems of applying data analytics methods and technologies to ensure the security of cyber-physical systems at enterprises of the fuel and energy industries are described. The architectural solutions of the advanced security analytics platform are proposed. The chapter discusses the use of data analysis methods and technologies to ensure the security of cyber-physical systems at enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. Identified the distinctive features and highlighted the key areas of application of analytical tools of the system of operational monitoring and security analysis of cyber-physical systems of critical information infrastructure. Problem questions are formulated, the possibilities and limitations of advanced analytics tools in solving the tasks of ensuring the security of cyber-physical systems at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are defined. Architectural solutions of the advanced cybersecurity analytics platform are described. The presented results are based on the analysis of information from open sources: materials of scientific-practical conferences, analytical and technical reviews on the subject of security of industrial systems, and generalization of practical experience in the development, implementation, and support of integrated security systems at enterprises of the fuel and energy complex.

This article presents the results of work on a mobile device for conducting operational monitoring of the technical condition of water supply structures, designed to determine various parameters of defects and damages, as well as calculate the projected remaining life of their elements. The modern development of mobile devices, network computer technologies, cellular communication and mathematical methods opens up new prospects in the automation of operational monitoring of water supply structures. The technical part of the mobile device for conducting operational monitoring includes various technical schemes of frames for each water supply structure separately. It can be used for conducting operational monitoring of the technical condition and determining the remaining life of the protective coating of water supply channels and soils under them, identifying dangerous defects and damages, as well as evaluating and predicting its technical condition and further suitability for operation. The technical result achieved by this mobile device is to identify the influence of defects and damages, both of the protective coating itself and the condition of the soil located under it, on the formation of decompressions and subsidence at an early stage of their formation. The mobile device is developed using the Data Mining database management system and Microsoft Access. The use of a mobile device makes it possible to improve the quality of operational monitoring of water supply channels due to the fact that the survey is carried out over the entire cross-section of the water supply channel for defects, damages, decompression and subsidence of the soil under the structure by non-destructive testing methods. And the presence of a vehicle that transports the complex allows you to speed up significantly the survey of water supply channels.

The combination of pneumoperitoneum and pneumomediastinum are the main pathophysiological characteristics of laparoscopic operations because of achalasia cardia and hernia of esophageal opening. Their impact on hemodynamics and biomechanics of breathing requires control and timely adjustment. Within the framework of prospective randomized clinical study 66 patients were examined, including execution of laparoscopic operations because laparoscopic operations because of esophageal achalasia and hernia of esophageal opening. The patients were divided in two groups and both consisted of two subgroups: with standard and extended monitoring. The study resulted in establishment of optimal scope of indices monitoring necessary for safe anesthetic support of the given operations.

Prosjektleder Jonas Persson I 2019 ble bunndyr i utvalgte bekker fra bruddene i Tvedalen og Tjølling prøvetatt. Stasjonene er plassert slik at de skal kunne måle påvirkninger fra bruddene. Referansestasjoner, som er lite eller ikke påvirket av avrenning fra bruddene, er også inkludert. Resultatene fra 2019 tyder på at flere av bruddene (Vevjeåsen, Tvedalen vest, Håkestad og Stålåker, Skallist) ikke har en tydelig negativ påvirkning på bunndyrsamfunnene, mens noen brudd (Tvedalen mot Askedalsbekken og Klåstad mot Klåstadbekken) har en markert påvirkning (høyere enn ved referansestasjonene). Påvirkningen fra disse to bruddene ser ut til å ha blitt mindre etter at etablering av sedimentasjonsdammer har redusert utslippene av partikulært stoff. Stasjonene ved bruddene Aak og Saga Pearl viser også påvirkning, men det er usikkert hvorvidt dette skyldes bruddene. Det har vært vanskelig å finne upåvirkede referansestasjoner med høy nok og stabil vannføring i området, og mange referansestasjoner er også påvirket av tilførsel fra andre kilder en bruddene (blant annet landbruk). Golder Associates AS

Prosjektleder Sigurd Øxnevad NIVA har gjennomført tiltaksorientert overvåking ved Eydehavn og i Tromøysundet i 2019 på oppdrag for Fiven Norge AS. Overvåkingsprogrammet er utført i henhold til Vannforskriften på bakgrunn av hvilke stoffer som bedriften har utslipp av til vannforekomsten. Hensikten med overvåkingen har vært å identifisere hvorvidt bedriftens utslipp påvirker vannforekomstens kjemiske tilstand. Det ble gjort analyser av arsen, bly, kadmium, kobber, krom, kvikksølv, nikkel og sink i prøver av blåskjell fra sju stasjoner. Kvikksølv er et av de prioriterte stoffene i Vannforskriften, og det eneste tungmetallet som det finnes EQS (grenseverdi) for i biota (20 μg/kg). Det var ingen konsentrasjoner i blåskjell som overskred grenseverdi for kvikksølv. Alle stasjonene i overvåkingsprogrammet ble derfor klassifisert til «god» kjemisk tilstand. Ved sammenligning av konsentrasjoner av tungmetaller i blåskjell mot beregnede verdier for høy bakgrunnskonsentrasjon (PROREF), var det noe forhøyede konsentrasjoner av kobber på fem av stasjonene og de høyeste konsentrasjonene var i blåskjell lengst vekk fra bedriften. Dette tyder på at det også er andre kilder enn Fiven for de påviste nivåene av kobber. På den ene stasjonen i Bekkevika var det også forhøyet konsentrasjon av bly i blåskjellene. Fiven Norge AS avd. Eydehavn

Prosjektleder Sigurd Øxnevad NIVA har gjennomført tiltaksrettet overvåking i Ranfjorden i 2019 på oppdrag for Mo Industripark AS, Celsa Armeringsstål AS, Elkem Rana AS, Ferroglobe Mangan Norge, Rana Gruber AS og Miljøteknikk Terrateam AS. Overvåkingsprogrammet er utført i henhold til Vannforskriften på bakgrunn av hvilke stoffer som bedriftene har utslipp av til Ranfjorden. Hensikten med overvåkingen har vært å identifisere hvorvidt bedriftenes utslipp påvirker vannforekomstens kjemiske tilstand. Kjemisk tilstand ble bestemt ved analyse av miljøgifter i prøver av blåskjell fra tre stasjoner. Det ble gjort analyser av metaller (arsen, bly, kadmium, kobber, krom, kvikksølv, nikkel og sink), polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner (PAH), polyklorerte bifenyler (PCB), perfluorerte alkylstoffer og tinnorganiske forbindelser. Det var overskridelse av grenseverdier for de prioritert stoffene benzo(a)pyren og fluoranten i blåskjell fra Moholmen og nord for Toraneskaia. Kjemisk tilstand for disse to stasjonene er derfor klassifisert som «ikke god». Det var ingen overskridelser av grenseverdier i blåskjell fra Bjørnbærviken. Kjemisk tilstand for denne stasjonen er derfor klassifisert som «god». Konsentrasjonene av PAH-forbindelser som ble påvist i blåskjell fra Moholmen og nord for Toraneskaia var omtrent fire ganger høyere enn i 2018. Mo Industripark AS, Celsa Armeringsstål AS, Elkem Rana AS, Ferroglobe Mangan Norge AS, Rana Gruber AS og Miljøteknikk Terrateam AS.

A method for nondestructively determining the diffusion coefficient of solvents in thin fibrous material with strongly anisotropic properties is described. The sought-for coefficient is determined in the absence of a real static characteristic of the converter of the diffusant concentration in the solid phase, which substantially increases the productivity of monitoring.

Diagnosing a railway track is a complicated task, both from the point of view of measuring equipment and organization. An important factor here is to ensure the safety of rail traffic while minimizing the cost of diagnostics (including time expenditures). One of the most promising is the approach based on the use of integrable track monitoring systems containing compact, relatively inexpensive sensors operating on different physical principles. This paper is dedicated to the peculiarities of the functioning, processing, presentation and transmission of information in organizing this approach, which is analyzed using the example of the InerTrack system developed with the participation of the authors.

Improving the technological process should be aimed at fulfillment of the requirements posed by all of the interested parties. The new standards ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 and project of the standard ISO 45001 introduce to the integrated scope the term of operational control, which application should limit the risk of not fulfilling the requirements. Therefore, the aim of the study was to prepare the operational monitoring model within the occupational safety. The proposed methodology poses the guidance for the risk assessment of the process as well as for the identification of the key technological features and parameters, which as the operational parameters of the process, should undergo supervision.

In this work, a wave run-up monitoring system and a model for forecasting the wave run-up height on a seawall were developed. Electrical conductivity sensors were installed on the seaward slopes of seawalls to measure the wave run-up heights. The general packet radio service protocol was used to transmit the measured data in real time to the desired remote location. The Princeton Ocean Model and WAVEWATCH III were used to predict the water levels and ocean waves, respectively, by using the available wind fields. The empirical formulas recommended in the Coastal Engineering Manual (2011) and EurOtop (2018) were adopted to estimate the run-up height. The wave run-up heights were forecasted 72 h in advance and were renewed at 6-h intervals as new wind fields became available. The developed monitoring system and forecasting model were combined for operational monitoring and forecasting of wave run-up on seawalls. The wave run-up monitoring system was set up at three seawalls along the southwestern coast of Taiwan from 2013 to 2016. Consistency between the forecasted and measured wave run-up heights during typhoon periods demonstrated the feasibility of using the proposed method for monitoring and forecasting wave run-up heights. Furthermore, the multi-model ensemble approach was adopted to improve the unsatisfactory run-up forecasting performance during typhoon periods, and the forecasted run-up heights were eventually presented as a band with upper and lower limits as opposed to single values. The forecast results can be used to provide advance warning of possible wave overtopping and associated coastal flooding during typhoon periods.

The Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) system of the ATLAS experiment the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN currently is composed of a large number of distributed hardware and software components (about 3000 machines and more than 25000 applications) which, in a coordinated manner, provide the data-taking functionality of the overall system. During data taking runs, a huge flow of operational data is produced in order to constantly monitor the system and allow proper detection of anomalies or misbehaviors. The Persistent Back-End for the ATLAS Information System of TDAQ (P-BEAST) is a system based on a custom-built time-series database and it is used to archive and retrieve for applications any operational monitoring data. P-BEAST stores about 18 TB of highly compacted and compressed raw monitoring data per year acquired at 200 kHz average information update rate during ATLAS data taking periods. Since P-BEAST has been put into production, 4 years ago, several promising database technologies for fast access to time-series and column-oriented data have become available. InfluxDB and ClickHouse were the most promising candidates for improving the performance and functionality of the current implementation of P-BEAST. This poster presents a the testing methodology and setup and the first batch of results, along with some preliminary conclusions and further work outlook.

The article discusses the experience of supporting a regional operational satellite monitoring system. Based on NASA IOPP free & open source software, a set of programs has been created to automate the reception and automated processing of incoming satellite information. The development is primarily focused on data coming from the satellite receiving station, however, it also deals with the interpretation of data received via the Internet. A three-stage scheme of distributed processing and data conversion is implemented. The output goes to the local satellite data storage. A collection of specialized multi-channel raster images is also being formed for quick visualization of images in a geographic information web system. The current version of the system performs processing from eight different sensors installed on several satellites.

Prosjektleder Sigurd Øxnevad. Revidert versjon av rapport 7415-2019. NIVA har gjennomført tiltaksrettet overvåking i Ranfjorden i 2018 på oppdrag for Mo Industripark AS, Celsa Armeringsstål AS, Elkem Rana AS, Ferroglobe Mangan Norge, Rana Gruber AS, Miljøteknikk Terrateam AS og Rana Kommune. Overvåkingsprogrammet er utført i henhold til Vannforskriften på bakgrunn av hvilke stoffer som bedriftene har utslipp av til Ranfjorden. Hensikten med overvåkingen har vært å identifisere hvorvidt bedriftenes utslipp påvirker vannforekomstens kjemiske og økologiske tilstand. For å dokumentere økologisk tilstand ble det gjort undersøkelse av bløtbunnsfauna på 10 stasjoner i Ranfjorden. Kjemisk tilstand ble bestemt ved analyse av miljøgifter i sedimentprøver fra fire stasjoner og prøver av blåskjell fra tre stasjoner. Det ble gjort analyser av metaller, polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner, polyklorerte bifenyler, perfluorerte alkylstoffer og tributyltinn. Det ble også gjort analyse for flotasjonskjemikaliet Lilaflot D817M i sedimentprøver. Generelt var hele Ranfjorden artsfattig. De to ytterste stasjonene (16R og 20R) oppnådde «god» økologisk tilstand. Videre fikk stasjon RE04 «god» tilstand, men den var helt på grensen til «moderat». De øvrige stasjonene er klassifisert til «moderat» økologisk tilstand. Faunasammensetningen viste stort innslag av tolerante arter, og arter som tolererer stor grad av nedslamming. Sedimentet var svært finkornet, og det var lavt innhold av næring i hele fjorden. Sammenholdt med observasjoner av avgangsmasser i sedimentene ut til og med stasjon RN9, konkluderes det med at det først og fremst er gruveavgang som påvirker bløtbunnsfaunaen negativt. To av sedimentstasjonene er klassifisert til «ikke god» kjemisk tilstand på grunn av overskridelse av grenseverdi (EQS) for PAH-forbindelser. Det var ingen overskridelser av grenseverdier for prioriterte stoffer i blåskjellene. Kjemisk tilstand for de tre blåskjellstasjonene er derfor klassifisert som «god».

Prosjektleder Sigurd Øxnevad NIVA har gjennomført tiltaksorientert overvåking av Hemnefjorden i 2018 på oppdrag for Wacker Chemicals Norway AS. Overvåkingsprogrammet er utført i henhold til vannforskriften på bakgrunn av hvilke stoffer som bedriften har utslipp av til Hemnefjorden. Hensikten med overvåkingen har vært å identifisere hvorvidt bedriftens utslipp påvirker vannforekomstens kjemiske tilstand og økologiske tilstand. Det ble gjort analyser av PAH-forbindelser og metaller i prøver av blåskjell fra fire stasjoner og i sedimentprøver fra seks stasjoner. Det ble ikke målt konsentrasjoner i blåskjellprøvene som overskred grenseverdi (EQS) for noen av de prioriterte stoffene. Blåskjellstasjonene var derfor i «god kjemisk tilstand». De to sedimentstasjonene utenfor deponiområdet viste lavere konsentrasjoner av PAH-forbindelser i 2018 enn i 2015. Den ene sedimentstasjonen utenfor deponiområdet var i «ikke god kjemisk tilstand» på grunn av en liten overskridelse av EQS for en av PAH-forbindelsene. En sedimentprøve tatt utenfor kaiområdet var i «ikke god kjemisk tilstand» på grunn av overskridelse av EQS for fire PAH-forbindelser. Det ble påvist at sedimentet på den andre siden av fjorden (i Grøtvågen) er noe forurenset av PAH-forbindelser. Sedimentet fra Grøtvågen overskred EQS for tre PAH-forbindelser, med konsentrasjoner tilsvarende moderat og dårlig jfr. Miljødirektoratets inndeling i tilstandsklasser. Det kan derfor ikke utelukkes at PAH-konsentrasjonene som ble påvist på stasjon S1 i overvåkingen i 2015 kan skyldes påvirkning fra Grøtvågen. Wacker Chemicals Norway AS

Prosjektleder Sigurd Øxnevad Undersøkelsene beskrevet i denne rapporten har blitt gjennomført i henhold til overvåkingsprogram utarbeidet av NIVA, etter de krav som er satt i vannforskriften, og etter at overvåkingsprogrammet ble godkjent av Miljødirektoratet. I følge kravene i vannforskriften skal alle vannforekomster oppnå minst god kjemisk og god økologisk tilstand innen år 2021. Kriteriene for å oppnå en slik tilstand er at ingen av de analyserte miljøgiftene definert som enten vannregionspesifikke stoffer (nasjonale miljøgifter) eller prioriterte stoffer, må overskride grenseverdiene fastsatt i vannforskriften. Disse grenseverdiene er definert som Environmental Quality Standards (EQS-verdier). Den tiltaksrettede overvåkingen for bedriftene Elkem Carbon AS og REC Solar Norway AS i Kristiansand har i 2018 bestått i analyser av relevante vannregionspesifikke stoffer og stoffer som er oppført på EUs prioriterte liste. Det er analysert på miljøgifter i blåskjell fra fem lokaliteter for å klassifisere den kjemiske tilstanden.. For blåskjell overskred den mest bedriftsnære stasjonen Lumber EQS-verdien for PAH-forbindelsen benzo(a)pyren og ble derfor klassifisert til «ikke god» kjemisk tilstand. De resterende blåskjellstasjonene ble klassifisert til «god» kjemisk tilstand. Grenseverdier for vannregionspesifikke stoffer ble ikke overskredet på noen av stasjonene. Det har vært en betydelig reduksjon i konsentrasjoner av PAH i 2018. Elkem Carbon AS og REC Solar Norway AS, Kristiansand

Acoustic sensor networks (ASN) are widely used to monitor water leaks in the power generating systems. Since the ASN are used in harsh climatic conditions the failures of microphone elements of ASN are inevitable. That's why the failure detection of ASN elements is a problem of current interest. Two techniques of operational monitoring ASN are developed. Both of them are based on the placement of the test sound source within a network. The signal processing for ASN sensors had to detect the failed element. Techniques are based time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimating at the each pair of ASN elements. TDOA estimates as argmaximum of cross-correlation function (CCF) for signals on each microphone sensors pair. The M-sequence phase-shift keyed signal is applied as a test acoustic signal to ensure high accuracy of the CCF maximum estimation at low signal/noise ratio (SNR). The first technique is based on the isolation principle for TDOA sum at three points. It require to locate the test sound source in the far field. This is not always possible due to technological reasons. For the second proposed technique test sound source can be located near the ASN. It is based on a system of hyperbolic equations solving for each of the four elements of the ASN. Both techniques has been tested in the computer imitation experiment. It was found that for the SNR to –5 dB both techniques show unmistakable indicators of control quality. The second method requires significantly more time control.

This manuscript proposes an agricultural environment monitoring server system for monitoring information concerning an outdoors agricultural production environment utilizing Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology. The proposed agricultural server collects environmental, agricultural land, seeds and soil information on the outdoors through WSN-based environmental and soil sensors, collects snaps information through CCTVs, area information through RFID and collects location information using GPS modules. This collected information is converted into data and saved in to a database through the agricultural server consisting of a sensor manager, which manages information gathered from the WSN sensors, an image information manager, which manages image information collected from CCTVs, RFID and a GPS manager, which processes location information of the agricultural server system, and provides it to producers. In addition, a solar cell-based power supply is implemented for the server system so that it could be used in agricultural environments with insufficient power infrastructure. This agricultural server could even monitor the environmental information on the outdoors, and it could be look forward that the use of such a system could participate to increasing crop yields and improving quality in the agricultural field by supporting the decision making of crop producers through analysis of the collected information.

Vegetation monitoring has been performed using remotely sensed images to secure food production, prevent fires, and protect natural ecosystems. Recent satellite sensors, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), provide frequent wide-scale coverage in multiple areas of the spectrum, allowing the estimation of a wide range of specialized vegetation indices (VIs), each offering several advantages. It is not, however, clear which VI performs better during operational monitoring of wide-scale vegetation patches, such as CORINE Land Cover (CLC) classes. The aim of this work was to investigate the performance of several VIs in operational monitoring of vegetation condition of CLC vegetation types, using Terra MODIS data. Comparison among the VIs within each CLC class was conducted using the sensitivity ratio, a statistical measure that has not been used to compare VIs and does not require calibration curves between each VI and a biophysical parameter. In addition, the VI’s sensitivity t...

Summary An innovative approach for the automation of operational monitoring activities in agricultural and forestry tasks is described and discussed in this article. This approach can be considered as a solution for Precision Agriculture and Precision Forestry applications and can be used as an information and communication technology (ICT) tool for the management aims by a variety of agricultural and forestry companies. The aim of the proposed concept is to develop a system, composed of both hardware and software units, with the ability to collect and manage operative raw data and then to translate them into operational information that will be used in decision-making processes. All the procedures will be carried out automatically, in order to ensure an objective compilation of the field activity register. Thus, the entrepreneur will have all the operative information automatically updated in a dedicated database system. All the obtained documents can then be used for certification and traceability processes, if required by the procedural guideline, as well as to satisfy any other management tasks, including the estimation of the actual operative costs of the farm.

The structure of the wireless sensor network (WSN) for operational monitoring of soil moisture and temperature on the agricultural field with high accuracy is considered in the article. The evaluation of wireless sensor networks' technical capabilities for agricultural applications is given; the advantages and disadvantages of their use in the field conditions are noted, taking into account the influence of different factors on the quality of communication. To solve the problems of radio communication in the soil and deploying a sensor device completely below the ground surface, the prototype model of a sensor node with a retractable antenna has been developed. Sensor nodes were communicated via the ZigBee protocol and the integrated spatial attribute information was transmitted into the database.

Each application of Precision Agriculture or Forestry should be supported by a technological platform able to perform, in an integrated way, the following data-information cycle functions: 1) data collection; 2) data processing; 3) data analysis and evaluation; 4) use of information. In accordance to this view, information are data that are usefully used in a decision making process or within a reporting protocol destined to users external to the enterprise (certification tasks). In order to manage the platform in a complete and efficient manner an adequate information system is needed. Firstly, the paper shows a classification of the possible monitoring solutions based on the different enterprise typologies, highlighting the main technological and interpretative requirements. Secondly, some case studies related to the application of operational monitoring in orchards and forestry are introduced, mainly focusing on some peculiar aspects of the algorithms developed for the implementation of the inference engines.

Prosjektleder Sigurd Øxnevad NIVA har gjennomført tiltaksrettet overvåking i Årdalsfjorden i 2017 på oppdrag for Hydro Aluminium Årdal. Overvåkingsprogrammet er utført i henhold til vannforskriften på bakgrunn av hvilke stoffer som bedriften har utslipp av til Årdalsfjorden. Hensikten med overvåkingen har vært å identifisere hvorvidt bedriftens utslipp påvirker vannforekomstens kjemiske tilstand. Det ble gjort analyser av PAH-forbindelser, metaller og fluorid i prøver av blåskjell fra fem stasjoner i Årdalsfjorden. Blåskjellstasjonen helt innerst i Årdalsfjorden (Hundshammar) var i «ikke god kjemisk tilstand» på grunn av overskridelse av grenseverdier for PAH-forbindelsene fluoranten og benzo(a)pyren. De fire andre stasjonene var i «god kjemisk tilstand», og hadde lave konsentrasjoner av PAH-forbindelser. Hydro Aluminium Årdal