1. Association between smoking and colorectal cancer in Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO): A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
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Keivanlou, Mohammad-Hossein, Amini-Salehi, Ehsan, Hassanipour, Soheil, Mahapatro, Abinash, Raghuma, Nakka, Joukar, Farahnaz, Letafatkar, Negin, Habibi, Arman, Norouzi, Naeim, Aleali, Maryam Sadat, Javid, Mona, Mirdamadi, Arian, and Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz
- Subjects
ONLINE information services ,PUBLICATION bias ,STATISTICAL power analysis ,META-analysis ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,REGRESSION analysis ,COLORECTAL cancer ,RISK assessment ,QUALITY assurance ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SMOKING ,MEDLINE ,ODDS ratio ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Background: Smoking poses a significant risk for colorectal cancer (CRC), considered the third leading reason for cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, there has been limited research on the relationship between smoking and CRC in the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO). Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to combine available data and gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between smoking and CRC in EMRO. Methods: Two independent researchers searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until December 2022. The included studies were checked for risk of bias administering the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistics and the Cochrane test. Publication bias was determined through funnel plot analysis and Egger's regression test. Additionally, a meta-regression analysis explored the impact of a country's Human Development Index (HDI) on the relationship between smoking and CRC. Results: The final analysis included 26 studies, revealing a significant association between smoking and CRC (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.11 - 1.78; P = 0.004). Moreover, smoking had a more pronounced adverse effect on CRC in countries with higher HDIs compared to those with lower HDIs (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 0.99 - 1.71; P = 0.054). Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of implementing smoking cessation programs and policies in EMRO countries, as they demonstrate a positive relationship between smoking and the risk of CRC. Furthermore, the results suggest that a country's level of human development may influence the association between smoking and CRC. Further research is needed to investigate this potential connection and develop targeted public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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