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Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The non-carcinogenic health risk in adult and child consumers was calculated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The rank order of pesticides detected by UHPLC-MS/MS based on median concentration in onion was tebuconazole (0.004551 mg/kg) > imidacloprid (0.00233 mg/kg) > boscalid (0.00211 mg/kg) > diazinon (0.00079 mg/kg) > thiabendazole (0.00075 mg/kg) > acetamiprid (0.00052 mg/kg) > thiophanate-methyl (0.00052 mg/kg) > dichlorvos (0.000349 mg/kg) > fenitrothion (0.000132 mg/kg) > penconazole (0.00005 mg/kg). The median of TTHQ in adults and children's consumers were 4.00E–3 and 2.00E–2, respectively. TTHQ in adults and children's consumers was lower than 1 value. Hence, consumers were in the acceptable range (TTHQ <1). Consequently, onion consumption cannot endanger consumers' health status due to the pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present the results of a survey conducted among owners on the toxicity of selected vegetables, fruits and their seeds for their animals and to discuss poisoning in animals after eating onions and other plants of the Allium genus, avocado (Persea Americana), grapes (genus Vitis from the Vitaceae family) and raisins and seeds of plants from the Rosaceae family. The article describes the sources and risk of poisoning, the mechanism of toxic action, clinical symptoms, therapeutic procedures and prevention of poisoning with the above-mentioned plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early sprouting is a main cause of onion spoilage during storage. However, limited knowledge is available on which factors trigger sprouting. Here, this was studied in the Hyfive and Exhibition cultivars, which largely differ in sprouting time. Sprouting progress was compared to the fructan and abscisic acid (ABA) profiles in the bulb scales and basal plates. Fructan concentrations decreased in the scales from harvest time onwards in the late-sprouting cultivar Hyfive, while remaining constant in the cultivar Exhibition until internal sprouting. In the basal plates, fructan concentrations increased in both cultivars from approximately one month after harvest, but reached maximum concentrations at moments that could not be related to the difference in internal sprouting. ABA levels generally decreased in the scales of both cultivars, while increasing in their basal plates. Nevertheless, for fructans, the measured variation in ABA concentrations was not consistently associated with differences in internal sprouting. A subsequent perturbation of internal sprouting by Maleic Hydrazide treatment in the cultivar Hyfive confirmed a lack of correlation. Altogether, this indicates that fructan and ABA levels in the scales and basal plate tissue change independent of internal sprouting and cannot be regarded as predictive markers for sprouting and storability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion is one of the most important crops in the world, including Iran. Despite the high quantity produced in Iran, it is sent to the domestic and foreign markets in inappropriate conditions and at a low price due to the lack of a sorting process and appropriate packaging. This study aimed to evaluate an onion sorting machine, study the effect of the performance characteristics of the machine on the sorting quality indexes, and determine the probable mechanical damage to the product during the sorting to achieve the machine's optimum performance characteristics. This machine was designed and constructed with two reciprocating sieves with a length and width of 2×1 m², using a wobble shaft. Onion was sorted at 3 degrees based on their diameter according to the international standards code (D<50 mm, 50mm70mm). The sorting performance indexes comprised the degree of pollution and purity, measured and calculated while sorting 200 kg of onion. Also, based on the obtained indexes in all test conditions, the number of optimum performance characteristics of the machine was determined, such as effective capacity, slope (6, 8, and 10 degrees), and frequency of sieves (2.66, 3, 3.33 s-1) and their effect on the onion mechanical damage during the sorting process. The highest degree of purity, equal to 95.60%, was obtained at a frequency of 3.33 s-1 and a slope of 10 degrees for the sieves at a capacity of 1 to 1.2 t/h. Also, the overall sorting efficiency of the machine was 92.34%, and no mechanical damage was observed to the onion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistence of spirotetramat and imidacloprid residues on tomato and onion after three applications of a combination formulation, spirotetramat 12% + imidacloprid 12%, @ 625 and 1250 mL ha−1 is reported. An easy and simple methodology was standardised for the extraction of residues in tomato, onion and soil followed by estimation and confirmation on LC-MS/MS using C18 column by keeping the positive mode of electrospray. The methodology was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, repeatability, reproducibility and its limit of detection and quantification. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was worked out to be 0.05 mg kg−1. The results of recovery studies were consistent and more than 80% in all the matrices. No residues above LOQ were detected in tomato sample after 3rd day and after 7th day for onion samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the bacterial genus Burkholderia are a routine threat to onion production worldwide. In addition to the common onion‐pathogenic species, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia orbicola and Burkholderia gladioli, other Burkholderia species have the potential to cause onion disease. Despite their impacts and long‐known association with onion disease, the virulence mechanisms of onion‐pathogenic Burkholderia are far less well understood than Burkholderia in human and murine infection models. In this review, we will focus on genetically characterized virulence factors in species that contribute to symptom production in onion and other plant hosts. Specifically, we will focus on the variable roles of specialized protein secretion systems (T2SS, T3SS and T4SS) and secreted proteins, thiosulphinate tolerance gene (TTG) clusters and the well‐characterized phytotoxin toxoflavin in virulence. The regulation and roles of LuxI/LuxS quorum‐sensing system and IclR‐type transcriptional regulator, qsmR, as master regulators of secondary metabolite production and virulence factors will also be discussed. The TTG clusters, involved in bacterial tolerance to thiosulphinate defence compounds, exhibit onion tissue‐specific contributions to virulence. This suggests that Burkholderia onion pathogens have tissue‐specific virulence strategies for causing disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervised field trials were conducted to study dissipation of combination product of beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid (Solomon) in various samples of lemon and onion. The pesticides were extracted and analysed using QuEChERS (with some modifications) based methods after validation of the method. Linearity, accuracy and precision data showed that the results were in the acceptable range as per SANTE 2019. The results of dissipation revealed that the initial accumulation of beta-cyfluthrin was 0.6 and 1.1 mg kg−1 in lemon and 0.24 and 0.97 mg kg−1 in onion samples at standard and double dose respectively. The residues of imidacloprid were 2.61 and 4 mg kg−1 in lemon and 0.36 and 0.53 in onion at two doses. The residues of beta-cyfluthrin followed first order dissipation in both the crops at standard dose and showed biphasic dissipation in double dose in both lemon and onion samples. Imidacloprid followed first-order dissipation in lemon in both the doses. Half-life of beta-cyfluthrin ranged from 3.6 to 23.2 days in lemon samples and that of imidacloprid was 15.1 and 21.5 days in two different doses. In onion the half-life ranged from 2.1 to 4.0 for beta-cyfluthrin and 2.8 to 5.2 days for imidacloprid in different doses. Theoretical maximum residue concentration (TMRC) was always less than maximum permissible intake (MPI) in all the samples suggesting that the use of combination product is safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onions contain valuable phytochemical compounds, including quercetin derivatives. This study explores the potential of onion extract as a natural additive in chicken patties. The optimized conditions involved sonication at 80% for 5 min with a 75% ethanol concentration. The onion extract exhibited total phenolic and flavonoid compound values of 255.63 mg GAE g−1 DR and 196.87 mg QE g−1 DR, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the onion extract was characterized by an IC50 of 12.74 µg/mL. This onion extract was dominated by quercetin derivatives (quercetin 4’-O-β-glycoside and quercetin-3-O-β-glycoside and quercetin-3,4’-O-β-diglycoside). Chicken patties treated with 2% onion extract exhibited superior pH stability, lowest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level (0.40 mg/kg) and peroxide index (0.77 mEq O2/kg meat) and maintained color stability. Comparative analysis with BHT demonstrated the efficacy of onion extract in reducing lipid oxidation. These findings highlight the potential of a 2% onion extract as effective ingredient for enhancing the quality of chicken products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium species, such as Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.), have been cultivated worldwide for centuries due to its enormous medicinal uses as well as for cooking practices. A large number of RNA viruses have been known to cause significant yield losses and also adversely affect the quality of Allium species. Among them, iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and associated garlic virus X (GVX) from tospovirus family cause huge number of yield losses in onion and garlic crop. The disease due to IYSV and GVX was recorded in different locations on the basis of their characteristic symptoms. Experiments revealed that IYSV has the ability to transmit mechanically in a very efficient manner while the dispersal of GVX was only limited through its vector as compared to mechanical transmission. The disease incidence of IYSV on onion was reported about 80% while 2% of GVX was reported on garlic by mechanical transmission. Result revealed that IYSV is more viruliferous and has the ability to transmit more efficiently on onion as compared to GVX on garlic. PCR amplified IYSV samples of approximately 800 base pairs (bps) product using specific primer targeting coat protein (Cp) region, whereas no amplicon was detected for GVX infected samples. Phylogenetic analyses of 2 isolates RP13PK and RP27PK have shown 99.3% homogeneity with isolate DQ233469 as compared to remaining isolates. Therefore, the findings indicate that IYSV is a highly variable virus, undergoing rapid evolution in the region, necessitating vigilant monitoring and effective management. The outcomes imply that greater caution is required for controlling IYSV compared to GVX. Disease management strategies should be formulated with careful consideration of the swift evolution patterns exhibited by IYSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium chloride (NaCl) can cause oxidative stress in plants, which represents a potential obstacle to the development of monocultures worldwide. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a famous vegetable consumed and used in world cuisine. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of soil physicochemical profile and the remedial capacity of linalool on seed emergence, roots, and leaf growth in onions subjected to salt stress, as well as its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant potential, Fe2+chelating activity, and reducing power of Fe3+. The outcome of the soil analysis established the following order of abundance: sulfur (S) > calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > sodium (Na). NaCl (150 mM) significantly reduced the emergence speed index (ESI), leaf and root length, while increasing the peroxidation content. The length of leaves and roots significantly increased after treatment with linalool (300 and 500 μg/mL). Our data showed negative correlations between seed emergence and K+ concentration, which was reversed after treatments. Linalool (500 μg/mL) significantly reduced oxidative stress, but increased Fe2+ concentration and did not show potential to reduce Fe3+. The in vivo antioxidant effect of linalool is thought to primarily result from an enzymatic activation process. This mechanism underscores its potential as a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress–related conditions. Further investigation into this process could unveil new avenues for antioxidant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Onion waste was reported to be a valuable source of bioactive constituents with potential health-promoting benefits. This sparked a surge of interest among scientists for its valorization. This study aims to investigate the chemical profiles of peel and root extracts of four onion cultivars (red, copper-yellow, golden yellow and white onions) and evaluate their erectogenic and anti-inflammatory potentials. Methods: UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis and chemometric tools were utilized to determine the chemical profiles of onion peel and root extracts. The erectogenic potential of the extracts was evaluated using the PDE-5 inhibitory assay, while their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by identifying their downregulating effect on the gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated WBCs. Results: A total of 103 metabolites of diverse chemical classes were identified, with the most abundant being flavonoids. The organ's influence on the chemical profiles of the samples outweighed the influence of the cultivar, as evidenced by the close clustering of samples from the same organ compared to the distinct separation of root and peel samples from the same cultivar. Furthermore, the tested extracts demonstrated promising PDE-5 and anti-inflammatory potentials and effectively suppressed the upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers in LPS-stimulated WBCs. The anti-inflammatory activities exerted by peel samples surpassed those of root samples, highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate organ to maximize activity. The main metabolites correlated with PDE-5 inhibition were cyanidin 3-O-(malonyl-acetyl)-glucoside and quercetin dimer hexoside, while those correlated with IL-1β inhibition were γ-glutamyl-methionine sulfoxide, γ-glutamyl glutamine, sativanone, and stearic acid. Taxifolin, 3'-hydroxymelanettin, and oleic acid were highly correlated with IL-6 downregulation, while quercetin 4'-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 4'-O-glucoside, and p-coumaroyl glycolic acid showed the highest correlation to IFN-γ and TNF-α inhibition. Conclusion: This study provides a fresh perspective on onion waste as a valuable source of bioactive constituents that could serve as the cornerstone for developing new, effective anti-PDE-5 and anti-inflammatory drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early spring of 2020–2022, rot symptoms were observed on onion growing in Iwate and Akita Prefectures. The symptoms exhibited water-soaking rot on leaves, or light brown soft rot on leaf sheaths and bulbs, bringing death of whole plants. From lesions, LOPAT group IVa bacteria were isolated. Based on pathogenicity, bacteriological properties, and sequences of 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes, isolates were identified as Pseudomonas kitaguniensis. This is the first report of bacterial rot of onion caused by P. kitaguniensis. P. kitaguniensis caused strong rot on onion bulbs at 15–25 °C than 30 °C, different from other closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Allium cepa L. varieties, representing a versatile set of vegetables widely utilized by consumers, are appreciated for their bioactive properties, including antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant capacities. The aim of this study is to compare the morphometric characteristics and biochemical profiles of four cultivars of A. cepa, two of them represented by the perennial Sicilian landrace "Cipudda agghiarola" (Allium × proliferum (Moench) Schrader), widely known as the Egyptian walking onion (WO), and by the landrace "Cipudduzza" belonging to the variety known as aggregatum (ON), which were compared with two commercial cultivars of A. cepa var. cepa (onion), Stoccarda (OS) and Rossa Carmen (OR). The experimental trial was conducted in Catania (Sicily), following organic growing practices. The randomized complete block experimental design was adopted with one experimental factor, the genotype (GE) effect. The harvested plants were characterized for their main morphometric parameters, according to the International Plant Genetic Resources (IGPR) descriptors. The biochemical activity was assessed by analyzing the total phenolic content (TPC) and the total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The sugar profile (total sugars, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and fructooligosaccharides—FOS) and the volatile compounds by headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) were also determined. The OR bulb exhibited the highest TPC (16.3 mg GAE/g d.w., p < 0.01) and TFC (8.5 mg QE/g d.w., p < 0.01), with the highest antioxidant capacity measured by the FRAP (27.1 µmol TE/g d.w., p < 0.01) and DPPH assays (46.2 µmol TE/g d.w., p < 0.01). The ON bulb showed the highest ORAC value (209 µmol TE/g d.w., p < 0.01). Generally, the bulbs were richer in sugars (584 mg/g d.w., p < 0.01) than the leaf blade (239 mg/g d.w., p < 0.01), except for OR. Significant interaction between the genotype and plant organ was noted in the volatile compound profiles (p < 0.05) except for total ketones and carboxylic acids, where higher content was observed in the leaf blade compared to the bulb, regardless of the genotype. These findings highlight WO's potential for use in ready-to-eat products, enhancing its market value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onions are known not only for their culinary importance but also for their nutritional and health-promoting properties. Both properties are closely linked to their content of organosulfur compounds, which account for up to 5% of the dry weight of an onion. Given the importance of these compounds, suitable analytical methods are required for their study. Two techniques should be highlighted in this context: gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In this study, eight different onion varieties were analyzed using two distinct analytical techniques: direct thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (DTD-GC-MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) on an LC-ESI-QqTOF instrument. Each method identified different organosulfur compounds, with LC-HRMS targeting 15 non-volatile compounds, such as cysteine sulfoxides, and GC-MS targeting 18 volatiles, such as disulfides and trisulfides. The results obtained were studied using Pearson correlations and principal component analysis. No precise correlation was found between the initial organosulfur compounds in onions and their hydrolysates. Consequently, although GC is one of the most employed techniques in the scientific literature, the use of LC-HRMS or a combination of both techniques may offer a more comprehensive and accurate description of the metabolomic profile of onions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, there have been accumulating reports from researchers, farmers, and field extension personnel on the increasing incidence and spread of onion basal rot in India. Onion basal rot disease is mainly caused by Fusarium spp. This study aimed to validate the information on the active prevalence of F. falciforme and F. acutatum causing Fusarium basal rot (FBR) in Maharashtra. A survey was conducted, and the infected plants/bulbs were collected from fields of 38 locations comprising five districts of Maharashtra, namely, Nashik, Aurangabad, Solapur, Ahmednagar, and Pune, in 2023. This disease was prevalent in high-moisture and high-oil-temperature conditions and the symptoms were observed in most of the fields, with the FBR incidence ranging from 17 to 41%. The available data of basal rot incidence from 1998 to 2022 were analyzed, based on which the prevalence of FBR was 11–50%. Tissue from the infected samples of onion bulbs was used for the isolation. The identification was performed based on colony morphology and microscopic features and confirmed through molecular markers using ITS and Tef-1α gene primers. Of the ten Fusarium isolates collected from selected locations, six species were confirmed as F. acutatum and four as F. falciforme. The pathogenicity tests performed with onion seedlings and bulbs under moist conditions proved that both F. acutatum and F. falciforme independently could cause basal rot disease symptoms but with different degrees of virulence. Koch's postulates were confirmed by reisolating the same pathogens from the infected plants. Thus, the active prevalence of FBR was confirmed in Maharashtra and also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. falciforme and F. acutatum causing basal rot of onion independently in Maharashtra, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both onion and shallot are the most common ingredients to use for many recipes. Consuming onion and shallot provide health benefits including antidiabetic effects. However, the benefits of onion and shallot mixture at different ratios have not been studied in terms of total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and antidiabetic effects. Our study revealed that shallot significantly increased total phenolic content in the mixture from 492 ± 32 μg mL−1 (100% v/v onion) to 803 ± 24 μg mL−1 (100% v/v shallot) depending on the ratios of shallot in the mixture. Shallot also significantly enhanced total antioxidant capacity, SOD-like activity, α-amylase inhibition, and α-glucosidase inhibition in the mixture. Shallot juice exhibited the highest percentage inhibition of α-amylase activity (40.51 ± 1.57%) and α-glucosidase activity (89.61 ± 2.85%) in comparison to those of onion juice and the mixture. In addition, significant positive correlation between phenolic compound and different variables was observed (P < 0.05). Phenolic compounds present in onion and shallot are probably responsible for many health benefits including antidiabetic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An assessment of 16 onion varieties was conducted to evaluate their resistance to purple blotch disease, primarily caused by various Alternaria species, including Alternaria tenuissima. The findings revealed that none of the varieties exhibited complete resistance to the disease. The varieties were classified into three distinct categories based on their susceptibility levels. Eight varieties had a moderate resistance level, with an infection rate of 11–20% of the leaf area. These varieties, namely Ellora China King, Ellora Wonder 101, Onion Shyamla-111, Bhima Raj, Bhima Super, F1 Kalia, China Nashik Red, and Bhima Light Red, were promising. On the other hand, seven varieties, including Bhima Red, Bhima Shakti, Bhima Kiran, F1 AGNR 102, Bhima Shubhra, Panchaganga, and Bhima Dark Red, were categorized as moderately susceptible, showing infection in the range of 21–40% of the leaf area. Remarkably, Pune Fursungi stood out as the only variety entirely susceptible to the disease, with a significant 41–60% of the leaf area affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive winter seasons of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, in the private vegetable farm at Diarb Negm District, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of mineral nitrogen levels and plant density on fresh weight, total N, P, and K uptake, total yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and bulb quality of the onion (cv. Ahmar tantawy). This experiment included 12 treatments, which were combinations between four levels of mineral nitrogen (0, 192, 240, and 288 kg N/ha) and three plant densities (4, 5, and 6 rows per ridge, equalling 33.33, 41.67, and 50 plants per m2, respectively). These treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Nitrogen levels were randomly arranged in the main plots, and plant densities were randomly distributed in the subplots. The interaction between nitrogen levels at 288 kg N/ha and plant density (4 rows/ridge) gave the highest values of fresh weight of leaves, bulbs, and total fresh weight/plant, percentages of the yield of grade 1, grade 2, and exportable yield from total yield, and increased total N, P, and K uptake by the plant, total carbohydrates, total sugars, and vitamin C contents in bulbs. The interaction between N at 244 kg/ha and high plant density (6 rows/ridge) increased total yield per hectare and nitrogen use efficiency in onion plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercetin is a flavonoid with a great capability of crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is reported to exert numerous beneficial effects on both animal and human health. The study evaluates the effects of onion waste quercetin (OWQ) on the histology of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of mice. Twenty mice were assigned into four groups (n=5). The groups were given distilled water, and OWQ at 95mg/kg, 190mg/kg, and 380mg/kg respectively for 28 days. The brain of each mouse was harvested afterwards, weighed, and processed for light microscopy. The normal and degenerating cells of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus Cornu Ammonis (CA1 & CA3) were counted. The micrographs of the dentate gyrus showed normal molecular, granular, and polymorphic layers in the control mice, as well as the mice, treated with OWQ with few degenerating cells in the granular layer of OWQ-treated (190mg/kg) mice. The CA3 area of the hippocampus showed normal molecular and polymorphic layers in OWQ-treated mice. However, the granular layer of the mice that received OWQ at 190mg/kg showed numerous degenerating cells. OWQ especially at 95mg/kg was found to significantly increase the number of normal cells of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus (CA1 & CA3) of the brain related to the control at P< .05. It also significantly decreased degenerating cells relative to the control (P< .05). Conclusively, OWQ was found to significantly reduced degenerating cells in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus. Nevertheless, further studies are required to evaluate the possible biochemical mechanisms for this histological event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium basal rot (FBR) places a significant limitation on Allium production worldwide. The damage caused by the disease can be observed throughout the entire crop cycle. This research aimed to further our understanding of the impact of FBR on the cultivation of onions (Allium cepa) in northeast Israel. It focused on studying the composition and incidence of Fusarium species involved in disease outbursts in two representative fields, one in Galilee (Hula Valley) and the second in the Golan Heights, where the disease incidences reached 8%. Using colony morphology, microscopic taxonomic keys, and molecular methods, a new, unreported Neocosmospora (previously Fusarium solani) species complex (SC, mostly N. falciformis) was discovered as a wildly spread member of the Fusarium pathobiome community. This species complex appeared more generalist in its nature since it was found in all three onion cultivars' samples. It was also less virulent in seed germination (42–52% higher sprout biomass, p < 0.05) and bulb pathogenicity tests (41–45% less necrotic) than Fusarium acutatum. Whereas the Galilee yellow Orlando (Riverside) onion cultivar bulbs sampled were colonized by Neocosmospora SC (70%) and two other, less abundant species, F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and F. acutatum (15% each), the Golan Heights field's Fusarium community showed host specificity. In the Golan Heights field, F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae inhabited the red Ha2 onion cultivar bulbs, whereas F. acutatum colonized the yellow Ha1 cultivar (40% and 50% prevalence along with Neocosmospora SC). A better understanding of the complexity of this disease caused by different Fusarium species and with a divergence in host susceptibility and virulence is critical for developing disease management strategies. Since each Fusarium species reacts differently to pest control treatments, changes in the species composition may require specifically adapted management solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of maximizing onion (Allium cepa) yield and quality, farmers often face the challenges of unfavorable ecological conditions and inadequate agronomic practices. Therefore, our two-year study investigated the effects of biostimulants (BTs) of plant growth on bulb yield and the bioactive compounds of directly seeded onion. Four treatments were applied: control (C), seaweed extracts (BT1), humic and fulvic acid (BT2), and Trichoderma spp. (BT3). The results demonstrated a significant increase in bulb yield with BT1 (↑ 18.7%), BT2 (↑ 18.0%), and BT3 (↑ 24.3%). Intriguingly, all BTs markedly reduced phenolic content across both years. Additionally, BT1 and BT3 elevated flavonoid levels (↑ 16.8% and ↑ 16.7%, respectively), while BT2 decreased them (↓ 24.2%). Notably, in 2021, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS tests indicated a significant reduction in antioxidant capacity compared to C. Our study underscores the important role of BTs in enhancing yield, influencing secondary metabolites and contributing to environmental sustainability in onion cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi to evaluate the effect of bed types and fertilizer types on the growth and yield of onion seedlings/bulbs (Allium cepa L.). The study was a 2x4 factorial experiment {2 types (bed and ridge) and four fertilizer types (NPK20:10:10, poultry manure, cattle dung, and no application served as control)} laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated thrice. Data were collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's least significant difference (FLSD) was used to separate means. Results of the study revealed that onions raised on beds had statistically higher growth and yield parameters than the ridge bed system. Therefore, the onion planted on bed type system recorded the highest yields with bulb weight (13.45t/ha) and (23.35 t/ha) in both years. On the fertilizer types, NPK 20:10:10 application recorded the highest bulb weight of 14.57t/ha and 35.75t/ha in both years, followed by poultry manure with bulb weight of 11.29t/ha and 11.61t/ha and cattle dung with bulb weight of 10.70t/ha and 12.94t/ha while untreated (control) gave the lowest yields with bulb weight/plot 9.21t/ha and 7.40t/ha respectively. It is recommended that the application of NPK 20:10:10 fertilizers on bed type system be adopted for optimum yield of Onions in Makurdi, Nigeria. Furthermore, in the scarcity or high cost of NPK fertilizers, smallholder farmers in the study location can adopt either poultry manure or cattle dung as a substitute to boost yields of onions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drought stress increased root elongation but suppressed shoot growth. • MEL applications (100, 200, 300 mM) reversed the negative effects of drought stress. • 200 mM MEL promoted the yield by increasing the number of leaves above the control. • SA (10, 20, 30 mM) completely inhibited root growth and suppressed shoot growth. • MEL/SA completely suppressed germination and plant growth by antagonistic effect. Melatonin (MEL) and salicylic acid (SA), synthesised from the same precursor molecule chorismic acid, are known as molecules that support plants to develop tolerance against stress factors. In this study, antagonistic/synergistic effects of MEL and SA were determined on the basis of germination, plant growth and biochemical changes using onion with relatively small genome under drought stress. Germination and development of bulbs exposed to drought at -0.60 MPa were suppressed. Only MEL treatments (100, 200, 300 mM) had a promoting effect, while interestingly SA (10, 20, 30 mM) and MEL/SA combinations suppressed germination and vegetative growth. Even root formation was completely inhibited in the presence of SA. 200 mM MEL increased the germination rate up to 88 % under drought conditions. In addition, the number of leaves, which is an important yield parameter for onion, increased to 9.3 in 200 mM MEL, even exceeding the control treatment. Proteinogenic amino acids, water soluble vitamins and mineral content increased as a result of MEL applications. On the other hand, there was no increase in organic acid content as expected in onion, which is an alkaline sensitive species. SA and SA/MEL suppressed the growth by causing protein degradation. It was determined that SA doses used in the study had antagonistic effect with MEL under drought stress and reversed the ameliorative effect of MEL under drought conditions. For this reason, it is recommended that MEL/SA combinations should be used more carefully depending on plant species and dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) widely spread in nature which having verities of hosts majorly every kind of crops and feed on their roots. Every crop in the world is damaging through at least one species of PPN. The main objective of the present study is to identify various species of nematodes which damage vegetables crops like potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa) and cucumber (Cucamis sativa). Some vegetables cultivated areas of Khyber Pakhton Khawa (KPK) province were surveyed in the year of 2021 to identify various species of nematodes which damage vegetables crops. From these areas soil samples were collected the extraction of nematodes occurs through Cobb’s wet-sieving and Baerman funnel techniques and identify of species through morphological keys. A total of 13 genera of plant parasitic nematodes were identified from 5 vegetables crops throughout the KPK province. The identified nematode genera include Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Longidorus, Meloidogyne, Tylenchorhyncus, Paratylenchus, Aphelenchus, Ditylenchus, Boleodorus, Filenchus. The genera, Belonolaimus and Xiphenema were common in all the collected samples. The results indicated that vegetable cultivated areas of KPK are infested with many species of PPN which cause damage to crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences (SJAS) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Micronutrients play a crucial role in enabling crops and vegetables to achieve optimum productivity, improve storage quality, and overcome physiological disorders. The present study focuses on evaluating the effects of the foliar application of Zinc, Borax, and their combined application in enhancing onion yield and shelf life of Allium cepa L. (cultivars Red coral and Liberty). An experimental study was conducted for two years at Agriculture Research Unit, DIHAR Leh (34.1383˚N, 77.5725˚E) to assess the impact of different doses of ZnSO4, Borax, and their combination on onion yield and shelf-life improvement. Four treatments of ZnSO4 and Borax (T1: 0.5% ZnSO4; T2: 0.25% Borax; T3: 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.25% Borax and T4: control) were applied twice, once at 30 DAT and again after 45 DAT. Among four treatments, T3 showed a significant impact on growth parameters, yield, and onion shelf-life followed by T1 and T2 compared to the control T4 treatment. Foliar sprays of ZnSO4 and Borax, rather than only ZnSO4 or Borax application, significantly improved plant height, leaves number, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and onion yield. The storage examination revealed an important correlation between the concurrent application of ZnSO4 and Borax on onion, demonstrating a significant reduction in weight loss, an increase in Total Soluble Solids (T.S.S), and an extension of the onions' shelf life. These findings hold the potential for significant implications in elucidating the optimal utilization of micronutrients for improving onion cultivation and preservation practices in cold desert regions of Ladakh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maharashtra ranks first in onion (Allium cepa L.) production with a share of 28.32%. However, the productivity of onion is low as compared to other countries. In order to enhance onion productivity, new and innovative agri-inputs are being tried continuously like providing humic acid, fulvic acid, plant growth regulators (PGR), auxin/amino acid spray, seaweed extract, biofertilizers, sulphur application etc. PGRs are considered to be one of the novel inputs that can help in increasing the productivity of onion in India economically. Plant growth regulators are considered as a new generation of agrochemicals when added in small amounts, modify the growth of the plants usually by stimulation or modifying one part of natural growth regulatory system, thereby increasing the crop yield. Most of the research data available is based on biochemical, seaweeds etc. Almost negligible literature is available pertaining to a PGR made with formulation of Seaweed extract and Protein Hydrolysate. An attempt has been made in this research work to evaluate the effect of PGR formulated with seaweed extract and Protein Hydrolysate as major constituents on onion bulb yield through both foliar and drenching application. Methods: A field experiment for evaluating the effect of plant growth regulator (PGR) formulated by Research and Development Department, M/s Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited was conducted at Chilli and Vegetable Research Farm, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (MH). During the experiment, the effect of different concentration of PGR viz., 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% and 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4% and 1.6% through foliar and drenching application, respectively were studied. Result: Statistically, significant results of plant growth regulator application on vegetative growth, yield and qualitative characters of onion crop were observed. Significantly, maximum bulb yield was observed in the treatment PGR @ 0.6% (255.41 kg/ha) through foliar application which is at par with the treatment PGR @ 1.4% (246.67 kg/ha) through soil drenching along with RDF. According to the results, the suitable PGR dose for studied characters of onion under prevailing conditions was 0.6% foliar spray and 1.4% soil drenching along with recommended dose of fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous onion varieties are cultivated in India, exhibiting variations in antioxidant levels due to genetic and environmental factors. The health benefits associated with these antioxidant compounds motivate breeders to identify genotypes with superior functional properties. In the present study, we have attempted to characterize variations in biochemical compounds in different onion genotypes. Significant variations (p<0.05) were observed in the phenolic content, anthocyanins levels, and activities of biosynthetic enzymes [(phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL)] among thirty onion genotypes grown under sub-tropical Indian conditions. Among the red genotypes, namely D-305-B, Rec-1404, and PRO-6, high phenolic content, with a mean exceeding 0.7 g/100g DW, was observed. Genotypes Rec-1404 and PRO-6 exhibited the highest mean flavonol and ODH levels. Yellow genotypes POH-4 and POH-5 displayed high quercetin content. Anthocyanins levels were notably high in genotypes PRO-6 and Pb. Naroya. The highest PAL and TAL activities were recorded in the red genotypes D-888-B and Rec-1404, with mean activities exceeding 1.25 units. Total phenols exhibited positive correlations with ODH (r=0.902), flavonols (r=0.862), and anthocyanins (r=0.571). Additionally, TAL enzyme activity showed positive correlations with total flavonols (r=0.493) and anthocyanins (r=0.446). Overall, the red genotype PRO-6 emerges as a promising candidate for breeding programs aimed at developing onion varieties with high phenolics content. By prioritizing antioxidant-rich red genotypes and emphasizing phenolics content as a key parameter, breeders can contribute to the development of onions with enhanced health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The function of AcSCL4 in flowering was preliminarily studied to provide basis or understanding molecular regulation mechanism of onion flowering regulation. [Method] AcSCL4 was dentified by qRT-PCR and bioinformatics analysis based on the transcriptome data of a long-day onion inred line SB2. The AcSCL4 overexpression vector pB221-3300-AcSCL4 was constructed and transformed o Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Homozygous Arabidopsis transgenic lines (T3) were used or further phenotypic characterization and genes expression identification. [Result] The cDNA of AcSCL4 gene was 1 515 bp and encoded 504 amino acids. AcSCL4 had conserved GRAS domain at the C terminus and was highly variable at the N terminus. AcSCL4 was phylogenetically closer to the SCL4 of Asparagus fficinalis and Gossypium hirsutum. Overexpression of AcSCL4 delayed the flowering time of wild-type Arabidopsis. The expressions of CO and FT were significantly decreased in AcSCL4 overexpression trans-genic lines. [Conclusion] AcSCL4 suppressed flowering by regulating CO and FT expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onions are typically consumed as the bulb, but the peel and root are discarded as by-products during processing. This study investigated the potential functional use of these by-products by analyzing the polyphenols, antioxidant compounds, and antioxidant activity contained in onions. In this study, the bulb, peel, and root of five onion cultivars ('Tank', 'Bomul', 'Gujji' 'Cobra', and 'Hongbanjang') harvested in Korea were investigated. Caffeic acid and quercetin were most abundant in the peel, whereas methyl gallate was the predominant polyphenol in the bulb. Both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were higher in onion peel and root than in the bulb. These findings suggest that onion peel and roots, which are often discarded, have abundant antioxidant substances and excellent antioxidant activity. This study provides basic data for the future use of onion peel and roots as functional ingredients with high added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ancient and ecologically important symbionts that colonize plant roots. These symbionts assist in the uptake of water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, from the soil. This important role has led to the development of AMF inoculants for use as biofertilizers in agriculture. Commercial mycorrhizal inoculants are increasingly popular to produce onion and carrot, but their specific effects on native mycorrhizal communities under field conditions are not known. Furthermore, adequate availability of nutrients in soils, specifically phosphorus, can reduce the diversity and abundance of AMF communities in the roots. The type of crop grown can also influence the composition of AMF communities colonizing the plant roots. This study aimed to investigate how AMF inoculants, soil phosphorus levels, and plant species influence the diversity of AMF communities that colonize the roots of onion and carrot plants. Field trials were conducted on high organic matter (muck) soil in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, Canada. The treatments included AMF-coated seeds (three to five propagules of Rhizophagus irregularis per seed) and non-treated onion and carrot seeds grown in soil with low (~46 ppm) and high (~78 ppm) phosphorus levels. The mycorrhizal communities colonizing the onion and carrot roots were identified by Illumina sequencing. Five genera, Diversispora, Claroideoglomus, Funneliformis, Rhizophagus, and Glomus, were identified in roots of both plant species. AMF communities colonizing carrot roots were more diverse and richer than those colonizing onion roots. Diversispora and Funneliformis had a 1.3-fold and 2.9-fold greater abundance, respectively, in onion roots compared to carrots. Claroideoglomus was 1.4-fold more abundant in carrot roots than in onions. Inoculation with R. irregularis increased the abundance and richness of Rhizophagus in AMF communities of onion roots but not in carrot roots. The soil phosphorus level had no effect on the richness and diversity of AMF in the roots of either crop. In summary, AMF inoculant and soil phosphorus levels influenced the composition of AMF communities colonizing the roots of onion and carrot plants, but the effects varied between plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation assessed trait association and variability in biochemical and yield-related parameters in seventeen onion genotypes at ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, during rabi seasons. The studied material included varieties, hybrids and promising lines of onion. On the basis of two years of pooled data, DOGR-344 recorded the highest marketable and total yield (385.53 and 398.55 q/ha, respectively) as well as the maximum average bulb weight (62.23 g). The hybrid BSS-133 recorded the highest pyruvic acid content (5.49 μmol/g), followed by Bhima Shweta (5.22 μmol/g) and hybrid DOGR WHY-2 (4.89 μmol/g). The DOGR Hy-8 (3.92%) and Bhima Kiran (2.91%) recorded the highest amount of reducing and non-reducing sugar content, respectively. Total soluble solids content was highest in L-355 (11.72%) followed by DOGR-361 (11.65%) and RGP-2 (11.63%). Marketable and total yield showed a significant positive correlation with average bulb weight, days to harvest, pyruvic acid content, non-reducing sugar content and total soluble solids. These traits have a significant negative correlation with neck thickness, percentage doubles and bolter bulbs. Findings from this investigation will be helpful in the selection of trait-specific genotypes for further improvement in onion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive winter seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 to study the effect of mineral nitrogen levels and plant density on dry weight, yield and its components, as well as bulb quality of onions (cv. 'Ahmar Tanawy'). This experiment included 12 treatments, which were combinations between four levels of mineral nitrogen (0, 192, 240 and 288 kg N/ha) and three plant densities (4, 5 and 6 rows/ridge equal 33.33, 41.67 and 50 plants/m2, respectively). These treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Nitrogen levels were randomly arranged in the main plots, and plant densities were randomly distributed in the subplots. Nitrogen application at 192,244 and 288 kg N/ha led to increase dry weight/plant compared to control (zero N) and 288 kg N/ha gave the highest values of dry weight of leaves, dry weight of bulbs, and total dry weight per plant at 100 days in both seasons. The increases in total dry weight per plant were about 4.84 and 4.80 g per plant for 192 kg N/ha, 4.76 and 3.87 g per plant for 244 kg N/ha, and 6.86 and 5.74 g per plant for 288 kg N/ha over the control at 100 days in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The interaction between N at 288 kg/ha and low plant density (4 rows/ridge) gave the highest values of dry weight of leaves, bulb, and total dry weight/plant and increased yield of grade 1, exportable yield, average bulb weight, as well as nitrate and sulphur contents in bulbs, whereas the interaction between N at 244 kg/ha and high plant density (6 rows/ridge) increased grades 2, 3, and 4, marketable yield, and total yield/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On a worldwide scale, A. cepa is among the most commonly consumed vegetables. In Europe, the leading onion producers are Russia, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Germany. In this study, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Sr, Cd and Pb) by Allium cepa L. plants was followed under hydroponic conditions. The heavy metals were applied at six concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L−1) over three weeks. The quantitative analysis of selected heavy metals in plant tissues (bulbs, roots and assimilation leaves) was performed using atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization (F-AAS). The accumulation of metal ions was strongly dependent on their concentrations in the solution and the analyzed parts of plants. The highest accumulation of metal ions was confirmed for the roots and ranged from 8.48 to 5912.34 µg g−1 DW (dry weight). All parts of A. cepa were characterized by the high accumulation of Mn2+. The lowest accumulation was confirmed for Co2+ in the roots, Pb2+ in the assimilation leaves and Cu2+ in the bulbs of onion. Moreover, the study showed that the highest concentrations of heavy metals decreased the growth of bulbs and even caused them to die off. In contrast, lower concentrations of some elements stimulated plant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sauce can be defined as a flavorful liquid, usually thickened, used to season, liquid, usually thickened, used to season, flavor and enhance other foods. Onion is widely cultivated, second only to tomato, and is a vegetable bulb crop known to most cultures and consumed worldwide. Even yet, longterm storage of onions in bulk can result in significant losses of up to 25%- 30%. The present study aimed to develop and standardize the Onion sauce, assess its sensory, nutrition, texture, physicochemical and microbial analysis for a period of 60 days. Two types of Onion sauce were prepared with the variations in the ingredients. The sample A had the highest overall acceptability score (8.10) in sensory attributes. The moisture value of newly developed onion sauce was found to be 80.28g. The onion sauce contains low amount of fat 0.14g. The product contains very less content of sodium content (245.04g). The viscosity of onion sauce was identified to be a type of non-newtonian fluid with pseudoplastic behaviour. Physicochemical analysis indicated that the TSS and the titratable acidity values (21.90 °Brix and 1.20%) of newly developed onion sauce (21.90 °Brix) was found to be acceptable and was within the FSSAI limits for sauce. The color of onion sauce was good and brighter in color. The microbial results shows that the product had very low microbial colonies, no pathogenic organisms and no yeast and mold count on the 0th day, 30th day and 60th day of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone decomposition kinetics varies significantly in the presence of biological commodity. This variation depends on many factors but primarily on the active sites in agricultural commodities and storage environments. Ozone decomposition kinetics in onion bulbs at temperatures (2, 10, and 18°C) and relative humidity (RH) (35 & 85%) for different ozone concentrations (100, 200, 300 ppm) and number of exposures (1, 2, 3) were investigated. Zero-order, first-order, and second-order kinetic models were fitted to the ozone decomposition data with respect to time. It was found that the decomposition kinetics follows a first-order reaction and the decomposition rate constant ($${{\rm{k}}_{\rm{d}}}$$ k d ) varies from 1.712 × 10−3 s−1 − 5.181 × 10−3 s−1 in the presence of onion. The half-life period ($${{\rm{t}}_{1/2}}$$ t 1 / 2 ) was found to increase with concentration and number of exposures and decrease with temperature and relative humidity. The activation energy was found to vary between 1.840 and 10.216 kJ mole−1 and 6.271–12.461 kJ mole−1 for the relative humidity of 85% and 35%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Mannosidase (ALMAN) extracted from onion (Allium cepa) was purified by column chromatography such as hydrophobic and gel filtration. ALMAN is an acidic α-mannosidase that exhibits maximum activity against pNP-α-Man at pH 4.0-5.0 at 50°C. Amino acid sequence analysis of ALMAN was consistent with α-mannosidase deduced from Allium cepa transcriptome analysis. The gene alman was amplified by PCR using mRNA extracted from onions, and a full-length gene of 3,054 bp encoding a protein of 1,018 amino acid residues was revealed. ALMAN is classified as Glycoside Hydrolase Family (GH) 38 and showed homology with other plant-derived α-mannosidases such as tomato and hot pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollinators diversity and impact of different modes of pollination in onion seed production was conducted during rabi, 2021-22 at Bailhongal. Totally 21 species of insect pollinators belonging to four insect orders were recorded. Among which, Hymenoptera (97.67%) was the dominating group with 10 species followed by Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Among the pollinators Apis dorsata was the dominant (34.97%) pollinator. The peak activity of pollinators was observed during mid (75%) flowering stage. The time spent by individual bee species on individual flower was recorded highest for Tetragonula sp. (5.86 ± 0.56 s), whereas number of visits/5 min made by individual bee was higher for Apis florea (12.5 ± 2.08). The quantitative seed characters viz, seed weight, plot yield and number of seeds per umbel recorded higher in crop caged with Indian bees compared to plot caged with dammer bees. For qualitative parameters, the maximum germination was showed by the plot caged with Indian bees (98%), but the root length and shoot length was recorded higher for crop caged with dammer bees than Indian bees. The success of pollination depends on the pollinator species, its size in relation to flower size and floral handling behavior of particular pollinator sp. that impacts the seed yield in onion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pig farming is recognized as an activity with great polluting potential. The aim was to investigate possible environmental risks of effluents from the stabilization pond (SP) and the raw effluent (RE) from the biodigestion process of swine residues, in different concentrations in the models Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. Seeds were germinated in different dilutions, 100% (C1), 50% (C2), 25% (C3), 12.5% (C4), 6.25% (C5), 3.12% (C6), 0.78% (C7), and 0.39% (C8). Distilled water was used as the negative control (CN) and trifluralin (0.84 g/L−1) as the positive control. Germination (GR), root growth (RG), cell cycle, and oxidative stress (OS) were analyzed. To assess OS, the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the quantification of glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analyzed. Data were submitted to ANOVA (one way), followed by the Kruskal-Wallis mean test (P ≤ 0.05). Chemical analysis showed high values of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Dilutions (C1, C2, C3 RE) and (C1 and C2 SP) inhibited GR and RG of L. sativa and A. cepa than other concentrations. The mitotic index showed a reduction in C5 (RE), C6, and C7 (SP) of L. sativa and C3 and C4 (SP) of A. cepa in relation to CN and higher frequencies of chromosomal alterations. Regarding the OS, only the concentrations of SP treatment showed statistical difference in relation to the NC: in L. sativa model, GSH at (C5 and C8) concentrations and LPO (C7); in A. cepa model, SOD (C3 and C4), GST (C4, C5 and C6), GSH (C5 and C8), and CAT (C3 and C7). The alterations in metabolism are possibly related to the metals, such as zinc and copper, observed in high amounts in the raw waste. The results allowed us to conclude that the raw and stabilization pond effluents offer environmental risks, requiring caution and monitoring in the use of these effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are compounds with several chemical or biological agents developed to potentiate the biocide action. Their use is associated with increased economic and agricultural productivity worldwide but can harm health and the environment, damaging existing biota. Clethodim is a systemic post-emergent herbicide for grasses, highly selective for cotton, coffee, onions, carrots, soybeans, etc. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the harmful effect of the herbicide Clethodim with the model plant Allium cepa. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of the herbicide under study. Germination tests, root growth, cell, and nucleolar cycle analysis, as well as oxidative stress assessment and histological analysis of the roots, were performed. The results indicated that the herbicide demonstrated phytotoxicity, inhibiting germination at C1 (1.92 g/L) and C3 (0.84 g/L), and root growth at all concentrations, presenting mutagenicity at C1 (1.92 g/L) and C4 (0.24 g/L), evidenced by the increased frequency of micronuclei. In addition, changes were observed in the enzymatic activity of the enzymes catalase at concentrations C1 (1.92 g/L) and C2 (0.96 g/L) and ascorbate peroxidase at concentrations C1 (1.92 g/L), C2 (0. 96 g/L), and C3 (0.48 g/L) and in cell elongation at concentrations C1 (1.92 g/L) and C3 (0.48 g/L), demonstrated in histological analyses of the root apex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Onions (Allium cepa L.) are excellent sources of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals such as allicin, quercetin, fisetin, and other sulfurous compounds. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the effects of dried onion powder on growth performance, nitrogen balance, and biochemical parameters in Wistar albino rats with induced hyperuricemia. Methods: A total of 24 rats were randomly divided into four groups, with six in each group: HU (positive control) and HOT1, HOT2, and HOT3 groups, which received a diet containing onion powder at concentrations of 11.13,14.84, and 18.61 g/100 g, respectively. Hyperuricemia was induced in rats by administering a new formulation intraperitoneally (250 mg/kg potassium oxonate) and orally (40 mg/kg potassium bromate) daily for 14 days. After confirmation of hyperuricemia induction, rats were fed with onion-treated diets with various concentrations of quercetin for 21 days. Results: Significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05) in serum uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein were observed. An increasing trend (p ≤ 0.05) in the levels of hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet count was observed. An improvement in the levels of serum high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum total protein and neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes was observed. A positive progress (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Conclusion: In conclusion, a significantly lower uric acid level was observed in rats fed with HOT2 diet. Based on the ratio of the surface area (human/rat), the best recommended dose of onion for the incidence and prevention of hyperuricemia is 189.95 g, corresponding to the dose of 204 mg/day of quercetin in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been widely exploited for hybrid seed production in onions (Allium cepa L.). In contrast to long-day onion cultivars, short-day onion has not yet been investigated for mitochondrial genome structure and DNA rearrangements associated with CMS activity. Here, we report the 3,16,321 bp complete circular mitochondrial genome of tropical onion CMS line (97A). Due to the substantial number of repetitive regions, the assembled mitochondrial genome of maintainer line (97B) remained linear with 15 scaffolds. Additionally, 13 and 20 chloroplast-derived fragments with a size ranging from 143 to 13,984 bp and 153–17,725 bp were identified in the 97A and 97B genomes, respectively. Genome annotation revealed 24 core protein-coding genes along with 24 and 28 tRNA genes in the mitochondrial genomes of 97A and 97B, respectively. Furthermore, comparative genome analysis of the 97A and 97B mitochondrial genomes showed that gene content was almost similar except for the chimeric ORF725 gene which is the extended form of the COX1 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips tabaci, Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is the most serious pest on onion causing substantial yield losses. The present study aims to document the population dynamics of thrips and natural enemies in the Terai region of Uttarakhand, India. Observations were recorded during the crop growing seasons, i.e. April 2021 and April 2022 and the continued till crop harvest. Spiders, Coccinellids, and Orius bugs exhibited distinct activity peaks. Temperature, rainfall (2021), and sunshine hours (2022) positively influenced spider populations. Conversely, morning and evening relative humidity (RH) during 2022 had a negative impact on the spider population. Coccinellids were positively affected by maximum temperature (second year), minimum temperature, and first-year rainfall, while RH negatively influenced them. Orius bugs responded positively to temperature and sunshine hours but were negatively affected by morning and evening RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onions, essential in various salads and cooked dishes, are sought after by producers for high yields, while consumers value their quality, particularly the presence of antioxidant compounds. This study investigates the impact of production methods and biostimulants on the biomass yield and quality of onions. The two-year experiment was conducted in Vojvodina, Serbia, and compared directly seeded (DS) and from-set (FS) onions with four biostimulant treatments: control (C), seaweed extracts (T1), humic and fulvic acids (T2), and Trichoderma sp. (T3). DS onions yielded significantly more biomass, while FS onions had higher dry matter content. DS onions treated with T1 showed a significant increase in phenols (↑ 5.30%), while T2 and T3 led to declines (↓ 8.66% and ↓ 7.55%, respectively). All biostimulants reduced phenol content in FS onions. T1 and T2 significantly increased the flavonoid concentration in DS onions, with no significant changes in FS onions. T1 enhanced antioxidant properties in DS onions and reduced them in FS onions. Additionally, T2 and T3 decreased antioxidant activity in both DS and FS onions, as evidenced by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS tests. These findings guide onion production, advocating for the fresh consumption of DS onions with higher biomass and industrial processing suitability for FS onions, emphasizing the potential of bio-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Onion flavors arise from the enzymatically produced volatile sulfur-containing sulfinic acids created when onion cells rupture. The concentrations of these flavor-associated compounds depend on genetic and environmental factors, with soil sulfur (S) availability as a primary contributor. To understand how leaching influences S availability in soils of southeastern Georgia, a column leaching experiment was conducted over a 13-month period using soils from six historic Vidalia onion fields. Soil S in the A horizon ranged from 21–126 kg ha−1 and 126–261 kg ha−1 for plant available and total S, respectively, and 17–541 kg ha−1 for plant available S and 46–841 kg ha−1 of total S in the B horizon. Total S decreased 32% on average over the 13-month period, ranging from 10–65 kg ha−1. Unlike studies from other regions that determined that the overwhelming majority of soil S is organically bound, 16–64% of soil S in these soils was readily plant available, suggesting that in the sandy, low organic matter (OM) soils and thermic climate of southeastern Georgia, S retention is likely controlled by the combination of soil factors including, OM, amount and type of clay, and iron and aluminum content. While the amount of S decreased in all six soils, plant available S remained between 14–46 kg ha−1 in the A horizon, indicating it may take several seasons for soil S to appreciable decrease through leaching. Sweet onion producers like those in the Vidalia region should carefully monitor S additions to promote the production of low pungency onions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the relationship between the efficiency of the process of onion peeling and the amount of waste generated in the process. The research was carried out on a pilot test stand for onion peeling. The process variables were the value of the compressed air pressure (p) and the value of the flow opening time through the control valve (t). The experiment took into account the influence of the onion diameter (d0) and its hardness (H). The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. Standard deviations were of the percentage loss of onion mass in the form of the peel removed in the onion peeling process in relation to the obtained average values. Tukey's multiple comparison test was performed in order to identify the importance of individual process variables on the final effect of onion peeling. This was the basis for the development of a predictive model in the form of a non-linear regression Mp = f(p,t,d0,H), which is a mathematical description of the onion peeling process. Finally, the response surface area of the relationship between analyzed variables was determined. The results of research show that the peeling efficiency of the onion and waste of peel mass depend on the compressed air pressure. Extending the onion blowing time does not improve the process efficiency, while the hardness and size of the onion are irrelevant to the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The obtained results indicate the possibility of weed control in organic intercropping production systems of carrots and onions with the application of corn gluten, together with the ecological assessment of habitat based on bioindicator values of weed species. A total of 29 weed taxons are present in the intercoped and pure crops of carrots and onions, grown without (CO) and with the application of corn gluten (CO-G). Although floristically uniformed, 24 taxons (CO) and 23 taxons (CO-G), the total weediness on the CO-G variants was 24% higher. The highest value of fresh weed biomass was recorded on the treatment of pure onion crop with gluten application (2844.85 g/m2), while the lowest value was recorded on the treatment of intercropped carrot and onion (1004.99 g/m2). Ecological assessment of habitat, based on indicator values and abundance of weed species, indicates favorable climatic conditions with favorable temperature (Tx̄ - 4) and light (Lx̄ - 4) regime, which refers to temperate continental climate conditions (Kx̄ - 2,7). Soil indicators indicate slightly drier conditions (Fx̄ – 2,6), slightly acidic to neutral pH (Rx̄ – 3,3), rich in nutrients (Nx̄ – 4), with moderate humus content (Hx̄ – 3), moderate aeration (Dx̄ – 2,8) and locally salted (s) with the participation of salinity indicators in the amount of 54% (CO) and 40% (CO-G). The presence of heavy metals tolerance (m) indicators in the amount of 46% (CO-G) and 41% (CO) should not be neglected, which imposes the need for additional analysis of soil for heavy metal content. Based on the analysis of obtained indicator values, it can be concluded that these ecological conditions correspond to the development of carrots and onions and that the lowest values of fresh weed biomass were recorded on the treatment of intercropping of carrots and onions, without application of corn gluten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]