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BackgroundAnti-PD-1(L1) therapies are less efficacious in patients withEGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood.MethodsThe characteristics of T cells inEGFR-mutated and wild-type tumors were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database and clinical samples. Plasma levels of 8 T-cell-related cytokines were evaluated and its association with immunotherapy efficacy were explored. Association between EGFR signaling pathway and IL-10 was examined through tumor cell lines and clinical tumor samples.In vitrorestimulation model of human CD8+T cells isolated from peripheral blood was used to analyze the impact of IL-10 on T cells. Doxycycline-inducible transgenicEGFRL858Rmouse models were used to investigate the efficacy of combining recombinant mouse IL-10 protein and PD-1 blockade and its underlying mechanismin vivo.ResultsEGFR-mutated tumors showed a lack of CD8+T cell infiltration and impaired CD8+T cell cytotoxic function. The incompetent CD8+T cells inEGFR-mutated tumors were characterized as absence of CD39 expression, which defined hallmarks of cytotoxic and exhausted features and could not be reinvigorated by anti-PD-1(L1) treatment. Instead, CD39 expression defined functional states of CD8+T cells and was associated with the therapeutic response of anti-PD-1(L1) therapies. Mechanically, IL-10 upregulated CD39 expression and was limited inEGFR-mutated tumors. IL-10 induced hallmarks of CD8+T cells immunity in CD39-dependent manner. Using autochthonousEGFRL858R-driven lung cancer mouse models, combining recombinant mouse IL-10 protein and PD-1 blockade optimized antitumor effects inEGFR-mutated lung tumors.ConclusionsOur study suggested that owing to low level of IL-10 to induce the expression of CD39 on CD8+T cells, fewer phenotypically cytotoxic and exhausted CD39+CD8+T cells inEGFR-mutated tumors could be potentially reinvigorated by anti-PD-1(L1) treatment. Hence, IL-10 could potentially serve as a cytokine-based strategy to enhance efficacy of anti-PD-1(L1) treatment inEGFR-mutated tumors.

Background Resistance is almost inevitable and is still a major obstacle in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Only limited relevant clinical studies evaluated the therapeutic effects by combing metformin and EGFR-TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of concurrent use of metformin with EGFR-TKIs, and assessed whether the addition of metformin may improve clinical outcomes and delay the occurrence of EGFR-TKI resistance. Methods We conducted cell proliferation and apoptosis assay for investigation of metformin in combination with EGFR-TKIs to overcome EGFR-TKI resistance in vitro. Furthermore, we retrospectively reviewed clinicopathological characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC diabetic patients who received EGFR-TKIs with or without concurrent use of metformin. Results In vitro experiment, metformin showed synergistic interaction both with gefitinib in PC9R (CI =0.77) and with osimertinib in PC9R/OR (CI =0.77) in proliferation inhibition assay. Metformin can also augment apoptosis effect of these TKI-resistant cells to EGFR-TKIs. In retrospective cohort, a total of 85 patients were identified (cohort A), in which 28 patients had concurrent use of metformin. The objective response rate in metformin use group was significantly higher (85.7% vs. 47.4%, P=0.001). The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in metformin use group were significantly longer (21.6 vs. 9.2 months, P=0.000; 48.4 vs. 36.6 months, P=0.049). Further analysis revealed that metformin obviously prolonged the median PFS2 of osimertinib treatment among patients who progressed to prior line EGFR-TKIs due to secondary EGFR T790M mutation (cohort B). Conclusions Our study suggest that concurrent use of metformin could be beneficial to EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients treated with either first-line EGFR-TKIs or second-line osimertinib.

Background A strong association between M descriptors and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been demonstrated recently. However, its predictive and prognostic significance for advanced NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed at investigating the impact of M descriptors on clinical outcomes in those patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted. Patients treated with more than two cycles of ICIs were included. Detailed characteristics and clinical response after immunotherapy were recorded. M descriptors were classified into M1a, M1b, and M1c according to the 8th TNM classification. Results A total of 103 patients were enrolled, including 42 with M1a disease, 16 with M1b disease and 45 with M1c disease. Patients with M1a disease demonstrated significant longer median progress-free survival (PFS) (11.9 vs. 4.1 and 3.2 months, respectively, P=0.0002) and overall survival (OS) (35 vs. 22.1 and 12 months, P=0.02) than those with M1b and M1c disease. Patients with M1a disease showed higher objective response rate (ORR) (28.6% vs. 14.8%, P=0.08) and disease control rate (DCR) (81% vs. 59%, P=0.02) compared with those with M1b and M1c disease. Multivariate analysis identified M1a stage as being independently associated with prolonged PFS and had better OS than those with M1c disease (P=0.05) but not M1b disease (P=0.06). Conclusions The current study demonstrated a clear association between M descriptors and the therapeutic response to ICIs and confirmed its prognostic role in advanced patients treated with ICIs monotherapy. M descriptors may need to be stratified in future study design.

Purpose Our previous study demonstrated that cytological specimens can be used as alternative samples for detecting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion with the method of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The current study aimed to investigate the feasibility of cytological specimens for ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) fusion detection by RT-PCR in advanced NSCLC patients. Patients and methods A total of 2,538 patients with advanced NSCLC, including 2,101 patients with cytological specimens and 437 patients with tumor tissues, were included in this study. All patients were screened for ROS1 fusion status by RT-PCR. The efficacy of crizotinib treatment was evaluated in ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC patients. Results Among 2,101 patients with cytological specimens, the average concentration of RNA acquired from cytological specimens was 47.68 ng/μL (95% CI, 43.24-52.62), which was lower than the average of 66.54 ng/μL (95% CI, 57.18-76.60, P=0.001) obtained from 437 tumor tissues. Fifty-five patients harbored ROS1 fusion gene that was detected by RT-PCR, and 14 of them were treated with crizotinib. The incidence of ROS1 fusion was 1.95% (41/2,101) in 2,101 patients with cytological specimens, similar to the rate of 3.20% (14/437, P=0.102) for the 437 patients with tumor tissue. Regarding crizotinib treatment, no statistically significant differences were observed in the objective response rate (ORR) (81.8% vs 100%, P=0.604) between the cytological and tissue subgroups of ROS1-positive patients. Conclusion This study shows that cytological specimens can be utilized as alternative samples for ROS1 fusion detection by RT-PCR in advanced NSCLC patients.

BackgroundDespite disappointing outcomes from immuno-monotherapy, studies reported that NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation may possibly benefit from combined immunotherapy. Whether the response to prior EGFR-TKI has association with the outcomes of subsequent immunotherapy remains unclear.Patients and MethodsAdvanced NSCLC patients with resistance to EGFR-TKIs and received ICI treatment from January 2016 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Single cell sequencing and flow cytometry were conducted to explore the difference of cell components in tumor microenvironments (TME). A 1:3 matched case–control study was conducted to compare the clinical effects of combined immunotherapy with standard chemotherapy as second-line treatment.ResultsFifty-eight patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 based immunotherapy behind EGFR-TKI treatment were enrolled. Correlation analysis showed TKI-PFS had a significantly negative association with corresponding IO-PFS (r = −0.35, p = 0.006). TKI-PFS cutoff 10 months had the most significant predictive function for posterior immunotherapy and was validated to be an independent predictor by uni- and multivariate analyses. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that patients with TKI-PFS less than 10 months had significantly prolonged IO-PFS and higher ORR than those with long (median PFS, 15.1 vs 3.8 months; HR, 0.26, p = 0.0002; ORR, 31.8 versus 10%, p = 0.04). Single cell RNA-seq revealed that the cell components were varied among patients after treatment with EGFR-TKI. Patients with short TKI-PFS demonstrated a relatively higher proportion of CD8 effector cells and lower ratio of M2 like macrophage to M1 like macrophages, which was validated by flow cytometry. Case–control study demonstrated that combined immunotherapy achieved significantly longer PFS (HR, 0.51, 95% CI: 0.31–0.85, p = 0.02), longer OS (HR, 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26–0.89, p = 0.05) and higher ORR (33.3 vs 10.0%, p = 0.02) than traditional chemotherapy for patients with short TKI-PFS.ConclusionPatients with short TKI-PFS conferred better response to immunotherapy than those with long. The status of TME were different among those two populations. Combined ICI treatment could promisingly be a better choice than classical chemotherapy in second-line setting for patients with short TKI-PFS and no T790M mutation. Underlying mechanisms need to be further explored.

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed on tumor tissues is a vital molecule for immune suppression and its impact on the response to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) has been reported. The significance of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) for lung cancer patients remains unknown. This study investigated whether sPD-L1 could predict the response of EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to EGFR-targeted therapy. We retrospectively evaluated patients who received first-line treatment with EGFR-TKIs for advanced NSCLC with EGFR mutations. Pre-treatment plasma concentrations of PD-L1 and on-treatment (1 month after treatment initiation) plasma concentrations of PD-L1 were measured using the R-plex Human PD-L1 assay. The association between the sPD-L1 level and the clinical outcome was analyzed. Among 66 patients who were eligible for the study, patients with high pre-treatment or on-treatment sPD-L1 levels had decreased objective response rate (ORR) compared with that of patients with low sPD-L1 levels (39.4 vs. 66.7%, p = 0.026 for pre-treatment sPD-L1 level, and 43.5 vs. 73.9%, p = 0.025 for on-treatment sPD-L1 level). A high baseline sPD-L1 level was associated with a shortened progression-free survival (PFS) rate (9.9 vs. 16.1 months, p = 0.005). Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that a high baseline sPD-L1 level was an independent factor associated with the PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.56, p = 0.011). Our study revealed that the sPD-L1 level was strongly related to the outcome of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death receptor/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway have profoundly improved the clinical management of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, the superiority of single-agent PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in pretreated EGFR mutant patients has turned out to be moderate. One proposed mechanism for poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors is an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we utilized two autochthonous EGFR-driven lung tumor models to investigate dynamic microenvironmental responses to EGFR-TKI treatment. We observed that at an early stage, sensitive EGFR-TKIs caused obvious tumor shrinkage accompanied by increased cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, eradication of Foxp3+ Tregs, and inhibition of M2-like polarization of macrophages. However, the tumor microenvironmental changes that may be most beneficial for combination treatment with immune-mediated anticancer approaches were only temporary and disappeared as treatment continued. Meanwhile, the level of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), particularly mononuclear MDSCs, was consistently elevated throughout the treatment. Analysis of inflammatory factors in serum showed that EGFR-TKIs increased the levels of IL-10 and CCL-2. Our study systematically analyzed dynamic changes in tumor microenvironments responding to EGFR-TKIs in vivo. The results have implications for combination therapy using EGFR-TKIs. The optimal sequence of the treatment and strategies that modulate the tumor microenvironment to a state that may favor antitumor immune responses need to be considered when designing clinical trials.

Objectives Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been viewed as a smoking-related disease, with only 2% to 5% patients being never-smokers. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of never-smoking and its association with treatment outcomes in Chinese SCLC patients in real world. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 303 patients with SCLC and grouped into smokers and never-smokers. The clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of two groups were collected and compared. Results In total, 113 patients with limited-stage (LS) SCLC and 190 patients with extensive-stage (ES) SCLC were enrolled. Sixty-nine (22.8%) patients were never-smokers. Both the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly longer in never-smokers than in smokers (PFS, 8.37 vs. 7.10 months, P = 0.036; OS, 19.73 vs. 14.40 months, P = 0.044) in all populations. Multivariate analysis suggested that never-smoking was a significant favorable prognostic factor for PFS (HR = 0.753; P = 0.047) instead of OS (HR = 0.780; P = 0.236) in patients with SCLC. The objective response rate (ORR) to first-line therapy were similar between two group (52.6% vs. 59.4%, P = 0.315). Moreover, prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) resulted in marginally significantly longer PFS than observation in patients with ES-SCLC who obtained objective response after first-line therapy (10.57 vs. 7.73 months, P = 0.075). Conclusion The current study indicated that never-smokers are increasingly prevalent in Chinese patients with SCLC. Never-smokers with SCLC had significantly longer PFS and OS compared with smokers, and smoking was an independent poor prognostic factor for PFS in patients with SCLC.

Primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with limited data. In this study, a population-based study of primary breast DLBCL in the United States was performed to determine its incidence trends, prognostic factors, survival, the role of surgery as well as the comparison with nodal DLBCL. 1021 patients diagnosed with breast DLBCL were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries from 1973–2014. The incidence of both breast and nodal DLBCL increased over time. Patients with breast DLBCL were older, mainly women, diagnosed at earlier stages and had lower prevalence in white and black races compared with nodal DLBCL. Multivariate analysis revealed older age (≥ 70 years old) and advanced stage as independent predictors of worse OS. Independent predictor of better DSS were younger age (< 70 years old), early stage and diagnosis after 2000. When analyzed according to age, stage, race, tumor laterality and year of diagnosis, the overall survival did not benefit from surgery except in patients diagnosed between 2001–2010 and the surgery rate decreased overtime. Compared with nodal DLBCL, breast DLBCL patients exhibited a better outcome. In conclusion, breast DLBCL is a rare tumor with increasing incidence and improved survival over the last four decades. The introduction of rituximab seems to improve the outcome of breast DLBCL. Further studies are needed to advance our understanding of breast DLBCL and optimize the treatment strategy.

To investigate the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression combined with CD8+ TILs density in patients with resected NSCLC and correlations with clinicopathological features. We retrospectively enrolled 178 patients with resected NSCLC from 2011 to 2015. All surgical primary and 58 matched metastatic lymph node specimens were tested for PD-L1, CD8+ TILs, and oncogenic alterations. PD-L1+ was detected in 71 (39.9%) and CD8high TILs in 74 (41.6%) cases. Smoking, SqCC, and EGFR- were associated with both PD-L1+ and CD8high TILs. Patients with CD8high TILs had longer OS (P = 0.012). PD-L1- was significantly associated with longer OS in patients with oncogenic alterations (P = 0.047). By multivariate analysis, CD8high TILs (HR = 0.411; 95% CI, 0.177-0.954; P = 0.038), rather than PD-L1, was the independent predictive factor for OS. The longest and shortest OS were achieved in patients with PD-L1+ /CD8high and PD-L1+ /CD8low , respectively (P = 0.025). Inconsistent PD-L1 expression levels were observed in 23 of 58 (39.7%) patients with primary and matched metastatic lymph node specimens. Of them, CD8high TILs was significantly associated with longer OS in patients with metastatic lymph nodes and/or consistent PD-L1 expression (P = 0.017 and 0.049, respectively). The combination of PD-L1 and CD8+ TILs density, instead of PD-L1 alone, suggested impressive prognostic values in NSCLC patients. Less than half of patients with resected NSCLC experienced inconsistent PD-L1 expression between primary and metastatic lesions. The level of PD-L1 expression in advanced NSCLC needs to be evaluated more comprehensively.

BACKGROUND The authors' previous study demonstrated that the B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma (Bcl-2)-like 11 (BCL2L11) (Bim) deletion polymorphism was associated with poor clinical response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutations. The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of the Bim deletion polymorphism among patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive or ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1)-positive NSCLC who were treated with crizotinib. METHODS A total of 55 patients with ALK-positive NSCLC and 14 patients with ROS1-positive NSCLC who were treated with crizotinib were enrolled into the current study. The Bim deletion polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The clinical features of the Bim deletion polymorphism and its impact on the effect of crizotinib were investigated. RESULTS The Bim deletion polymorphism was present in 9 of 69 patients with ALK-positive or ROS1-positive NSCLC (13.0%). There were no differences noted with regard to clinicopathological features between patients with and without the Bim deletion polymorphism. Patients with the Bim deletion polymorphism had a significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and lower objective response rate compared with those without (median PFS, 182 days vs 377 days [P = .008]) (objective response rate, 44.4% vs 81.7% [P =.041]) in all populations. The significant difference in PFS was observed in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC (83 days vs 305 days [P =.0304]) compared with those with ROS1-positive NSCLC (218 days vs not reached [P =.082]). Multivariate analysis indicated that the Bim deletion polymorphism was an independent predictive factor for patients with ALK-positive NSCLC who were treated with crizotinib (hazard ratio, 4.786 [P =.006]). CONCLUSIONS The Bim deletion polymorphism was found to be associated with poor clinical response to crizotinib in patients with ALK fusion-positive NSCLC. Cancer 2017;123:2927–35. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Objectives EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been the standard treatment for non-small cell lung cancer patients with EGFR mutations. However, most patients eventually develop resistance. With the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death receptor/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1), there is a growing interest in developing combination strategies. However, there are concerns that the combination of a PD-(L)1 inhibitor and EGFR-TKI may be associated with an increased risk of pneumonitis. Therefore, we utilized an established EGFR-driven tumor-bearing mouse model to investigate whether the combination would induce pneumonitis in mouse lung tissue. Materials and Methods Mice were treated with monotherapy or combined therapy of PD-L1 antibody and EGFR-TKIs including first-generation gefitinib and third-generation osimertinib. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) and lung tissues were collected for analysis at the end of treatment. Results and Conclusion The osimertinib and anti-PD-L1 combined treatment group had the highest inflammation scores in pathologic grades of H&E staining of lung tissue and had the highest percentages of myeloperoxidase positive cells. However, combining gefitinib and anti-PD-L1 treatment appeared to not increase the level of pneumonitis in mice. Total cell counts, neutrophil counts and total protein concentration in BALFs were also significantly increased in the osimertinib and anti-PD-L1 combined treatment group. We next evaluated proinflammatory factors in BALFs. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5, TNF-α and IL-12p70 were increased in osimertinib and anti-PD-L1 combined treatment group. Comparison of different sequences of drug administration demonstrated that mice treated with osimertinib followed by PD-L1 antibody did not show evident lung inflammation. Our findings indicate that osimertinib, rather than gefitinib combined with anti-PD-L1 treatment could lead to lung injury in an EGFR mutated tumor-bearing mouse model. The sequence and timing of combining EGFR-TKI and PD-L1 antibody may influence the severity of pneumonitis.

Objective Data on the clinical activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and uncommon EGFR mutations remain insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the effect of first-line EGFR-TKIs or platinum-based chemotherapy in NSCLC patients with uncommon EGFR mutations. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 504 patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC. The clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected and compared between patients with common and uncommon EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Results Seventy patients (13.9%) harboring uncommon EGFR mutations were included. Thirty of these patients received EGFR-TKIs and 40 received platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy. The objective response rate (ORR) and median progression-free survival (mPFS) of patients treated with TKIs in the uncommon mutation group was significantly inferior to that in the common mutation group (ORR: 23.3% vs. 51.8%, P=0.003; mPFS: 7.1 vs. 10.9 months, P

Hypoxia is a major cause of treatment resistance in breast cancer. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit unique properties that make them promising candidates for breast cancer treatment. In the present study, a new functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube carrying oxygen was synthesized; it was determined whether this material could increase chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of human breast cancer cell lines, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. MDA-MB-231 cells growing in folic acid (FA) free medium, MDA-MB-231 cells growing in medium containing FA and ZR-75-1 cells were treated with chemotherapy drugs or radiotherapy with or without tombarthite-modified-FA-chitosan (R-O2-FA-CHI)-SWCNTs under hypoxic conditions, and the cell viability was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salts-1 assay. The cell surviving fractions were determined by colony forming assay. Cell apoptosis induction was monitored by flow cytometry. Expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), survivin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), RAD51 and Ku80 was monitored by western blotting. The novel synthesized R-O2-FA-CHI-SWCNTs were able to significantly enhance the chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of human breast cancer cell lines and the material exhibited its expected function by downregulating the expression of Bcl-2, survivin, HIF-1α, P-gp, MRP-1, RAD51 and Ku80.

The prognostic and clinicopathological value of regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltration in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains undetermined. A comprehensive literature search of electronic databases (up to December 2015) was conducted. Relationship between Tregs infiltration and clinicopathological features, recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was investigated by synthesizing the qualified data. A total of 1303 NSCLC patients from 11 studies were included. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for survival showed that high Tregs infiltration had no effect on RFS (HR = 2.03, 95% CI: 0.61-3.44, P = 0.708) and OS (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.58-1.62, P = 0.981). High FoxP3+ Tregs infiltration was significantly associated with poor OS in NSCLC (HR = 3.88, 95% CI: 2.45-5.40, P = 0.000). Test methods, ethnicity and types of specimens had no effect on predicting prognosis of Tregs infiltration. While high Tregs infiltration was significantly correlated with smoking status [odds ratios (ORs) = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.15-2.08; P = 0.004], none of other clinicopathological characteristics such as gender, histological type, lymph node metastasis status, tumor size, vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion and pleural invasion were associated with Tregs infiltration. The present study demonstrated that high FoxP3+ Tregs infiltration was significantly associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC and smoking status.

Background Osimertinib demonstrates superior efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who acquired EGFR T790M mutation as resistant mechanism to upfront EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Not all the T790M-positive tumors are homogeneously sensitive to osimertinib, however, and the duration of response often varies. Previous studies suggest that loss of T790 M at osimertinib resistance is correlated with shortened survival benefit of osimertinib. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of T790 M loss after progression to osimertinib in Chinese patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR T790 M mutation and to compare their clinical outcomes and characteristics when stratified by T790 M mutational status at osimertinib resistance. Patients and methods All patients with a secondary T790 M mutation after progression to prior-line EGFR TKIs and received single-agent osimertinib were reviewed. The patients who were reassessed for T790 M mutation post-osimertinib resistance were included in final analysis. Detailed clinicopathologic characteristics and response data were collected. Results Of the patients with confirmed T790 M mutation as acquired resistance to early-generation EGFR TKIs and subsequently received single-agent osimertinib, 84 patients experienced clinical progression after osimertinib treatment and were eligible for analysis. Among them, 31 patients underwent repeated T790 M mutation testing on osimertinib resistance. Sixteen patients had maintained T790 M mutation, whereas 15 patients lost T790 M at resistance. Loss of T790 M at resistance was remarkably correlated with shorter duration of response to osimertinib (P = 0.0005). Furthermore, the overall survival after osimertinib treatment was also decreased in T790M-loss group (P=0.021). The objective response rates were comparable between T790M-maintain and T790M-loss group (31.3% and 26.7%, respectively). In multivariate analysis, loss of T790M remained statistically associated with early progression to osimertinib. Conclusion Loss of T790 M mutation at resistance was correlated with early progression and overall survival in response to osimertinib treatment in Chinese patients with NSCLC harboring acquired T790 M mutation.

Gut microbiome plays a dominant role in modulating therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed cell death receptor/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway, suggesting that co-administration of antibiotics (Abx), which might result in dysbacteriosis, can attenuate the clinical outcomes of ICIs. The current study aimed to investigate the predictive role of Abx on ICIs treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The impact of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), another medication that can induce dysbacteriosis, was also investigated.We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of eligible patients who received anti-PD-1-based therapies in our hospital. Tumor responses, patients' survival, the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and other baseline variables were examined. The application of Abx or PPIs treatment were also collected. Clinical outcomes and clinicopathologic features were compared according to the status of Abx or PPIs co-administration.A total of 109 patients were included. Of them, 20 (18.3%) patients were categorized in Abx-treated group. No major difference in baseline characteristics was observed between Abx-treated and -untreated groups. Concomitant Abx treatment was significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (p 0.0001) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.0021). And primary disease progression tended to increase in Abx-treated group (p = 0.092). Yet, the occurrence and grades of irAEs were comparable between two groups. In multivariable analysis, Abx treatment was markedly associated with worse PFS (HR=0.32, 95%CI 0.18-0.59, p 0.0001) and OS (HR=0.35, 95%CI 0.16-0.77, p = 0.009). Regarding the use of PPIs, no significant difference was observed in clinical outcomes between the patients with or without concomitant PPIs treatment.Abx treatment was significantly associated with attenuated clinical outcomes derived from anti-PD-1-based ICIs in a Chinese cohort of patients with advanced NSCLC.

Background Although EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are the standard treatment for patients with EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), responses vary within individuals. The current study aimed to investigate whether serum levels of several cytokines and their dynamic changes during TKI treatment could be used to predict the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs. Materials and methods Pre-treatment and one-month post-treatment serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and U-plex biomarker group assays in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC received first-line EGFR-TKIs. Results Patients who had lower baseline serum levels of IL-6 had better object response rate (ORR) than those with high levels (74.2% vs 42.9%, p = 0.014). PFS was significantly longer in patients with low baseline level of IL-6 (19.57 vs. 13.73 months, p = 0.003) and in those with reduced serum VEGF and HGF levels after treatment (20.30 vs. 14.33 months, p = 0.009; 22.77 vs. 14.33 months, p = 0.002; respectively). Multivariate analyses showed that lower baseline serum IL-6 level was significantly associated with longer PFS (HR = 0.469, p = 0.022) and OS (HR = 0.181, p = 0.004). Reduction of serum VEGF and HGF levels after treatment was associated with significantly longer PFS (HR = 0.447, p = 0.017; HR = 0.365, p = 0.003; respectively). Lower pre-treatment serum VEGF level was associated with dramatically longer OS (HR = 0.277, p = 0.018). Conclusions Our study suggested that serum levels of HGF, IL-6 and VEGF and its dynamic change during TKI treatment could be used to predict the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs treatment in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

We performed this retrospective study to investigate whether the KRAS mutation status and its subtypes could predict the effect of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients received who had KRAS mutations were enrolled. Correlations between KRAS mutations, specific mutant subtypes and responses to chemotherapy were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard methods. A total of 2,183 cases who received KRAS mutation detection were included. A total of 218 of these cases were indicated to have KRAS mutations. KRAS mutations were identified more commonly in males compared with females (P=0.035). The most common subtypes were G12C, G12D and G12V. Among 73 KRAS mutant patients and 100 EGFR/ALK/KRAS wild-type patients with advanced NSCLC, KRAS-mutant NSCLC patients had a significantly shorter progression-free survival (P=0.007) compared with NSCLC patients with KRAS wild-type. In addition, there was a shorter but marginally statistically significant progression-free survival (PFS) in KRAS mutant patients with adenocarcinoma compared with those with non-adenocarcinoma (P=0.051). In the KRAS mutant group, patients with the KRAS G12V mutation had the poorest PFS compared with non-G12V mutant cases (P=0.045). In conclusion, KRAS mutation was a negative predictive factor of PFS in Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC who received first platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients with KRAS G12V mutations exhibited the poorest PFS compared with those with other KRAS mutant types.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is frequently altered in DLBCL and inhibition of HDAC6 has potent anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo. We profiled miRNAs that altered in the HDAC6 knockdown DLBCL cells with NanoString nCounter assay and identified microRNA-27b (miR-27b) as the most significantly increased miRNA. We validated decreased expression of miR-27b in DLBCL tissues, and we found that low expression of miR-27b was associated with poor overall survival of patients with DLBCL. In addition, forced expression of miR-27b suppressed DLBCL cell viability and proliferation in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, Rel A/p65 is found to negatively regulate miR-27b expression, and its acetylation and block of nuclear translocalization caused by HDAC6 inhibition significantly elevates miR-27b expression. Furthermore, miR-27b targets MET and thus represses the MET/PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings highlight an important role of miR-27b in the development of DLBCL and uncover a HDAC6-Rel A/p65-miR-27b-MET signaling pathway. Elevating miR-27b through HDAC6 inhibition would be a promising strategy for DLBCL treatment.

The aim of this study was to assess associations between ER, Ki67, Her-2 phenotypes, molecular subtypes of breast cancer and circulating levels of lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, NK, CD19+, CD20+) and the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ prior to treatment. Cells from peripheral blood were counted by flow cytometry, ER, Her-2, and Ki67 expressions were detected by pathological examination, and Her-2 was also detected by FISH. We conducted a case–case comparison of 494 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer to evaluate association between levels of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and breast cancer phenotypes [ER− vs. ER+; Ki67 ≥ 14 % vs. Ki67 < 14 %; Her-2+ vs. Her-2−; triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) vs. luminal A]. Women with the highest levels of CD3+ (OR 0.45, 95 % CI 0.22–0.94), CD4+ (OR 0.22, 95 % CI 0.08–0.59), and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ (OR 0.17, 95 % CI 0.06–0.47) were least likely to have TNBCs compared with luminal A cancers. The highest tertile of CD8+ (OR 3.67, 95 % CI 1.06–12.72) and NK (OR 2.64, 95 % CI 1.12–6.24) was significantly associated with TNBC compared with luminal A cancer. ER−, Ki67 ≥ 14 %, Her-2+ were associated with low levels of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ compared with ER+, Ki67 < 14 %, Her-2−. Women in the highest level of CD8+ had more likelihood to have ER− and Her-2+ compared with ER+ and Her-2−. High levels of NK cells were associated with increased risk of ER− compared with ER+ cancers. Highest levels of CD19+ and CD20+ were associated with low risk of ER−, compared with ER+ cancers. These findings show that immune function differs among different breast cancer phenotypes or subtypes and is associated with ER−, Her-2+, Ki67 ≥ 14 %, and TNBC which are likely to be aggressive phenotypes.

Objective To study the in vivo and in vitro effects of adding oxygen carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to chemotherapy for breast cancer. Methods MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells were co-cultured with paclitaxel and then exposed to oxygen-CNTs under hypoxic conditions. Cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis rate were analyzed. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. Nude mice were used as a human breast cancer model to explore the impact of oxygen-CNTs on the in vivo chemotherapeutic effect of paclitaxel. Results Oxygen-CNTs had no significant effects on the growth of breast cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia. However, in the hypoxic environment, oxygen-CNTs significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on cell proliferation, as well as the apoptosis rate. Under hypoxia, downregulation of HIF-1α and upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, LC3 and Beclin-1 were observed when paclitaxel was combined with oxygen-CNT. Furthermore, addition of oxygen-CNTs to chemotherapy was found to significantly reduce tumor weight in the tumor-bearing mice model. Conclusions Oxygen-CNTs can significantly increase the chemotherapeutic effect of paclitaxel on breast cancer cells. Oxygen-CNTs may be a potential chemosensitizer in breast cancer therapy.

Purpose To investigate the effects of trastuzumab (herceptin) and fulvestrant (falsodex) either in combination or alone, on downstream cell signaling pathways in lab-cultured human HR+/HER2+ breast cancer cell lines ZR-75-1 and BT-474, as well as on protein expression levels in mouse xenograft tissue. Methods Cells were cultivated in the presence of trastuzumab or fulvestrant or both. Molecular events that resulted in an inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression or in an increased rate of apoptosis were studied. The distribution and abundance of the proteins p-Akt and p-Erk expressed in these cells in response to single agents or combinatorial treatment were also investigated. In addition, the effects of trastuzumab and fulvestrant, either as single agents or in combination on tumor growth as well as on expression of the protein p-MED1 expressed in in vivo mouse xenograft models was also examined. Results Cell proliferation was increasingly inhibited by trastuzumab or fulvestrant or both, with a CI1 in both human cell lines. The rate of apoptosis increased only in the BT-474 cell line and not in the ZR-75-1 cell line upon treatment with fulvestrant and not trastuzumab as a single agent (P0.05). Cell accumulation in the G1 phase of cell cycle was investigated in all treatment groups (P

Objective : To conduct a systematic review, with meta-analysis, of studies assessing the association between night work and the risk of breast cancer, using available epidemiological evidence. Method : Relevant studies were identified by searching several databases and the reference lists of retrieved articles. We combined the relative risks (RR) from individual studies using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was carried out as the data showed statistically significant heterogeneity. Results : Thirteen studies consisting of eight case–control studies and five cohort studies were included in the analysis. In the combined analysis of all studies, night work was associated with an increased risk for breast cancer (RR=1.20, 95%CI=1.08–1.33). The higher-quality studies showed a similar finding with a pooled RR of 1.40 (95%CI=1.13–1.73). Both case–control studies (RR=1.32, 95%CI=1.17–1.50) and cohort studies (RR=1.08, 95%CI=0.97–1.21) showed a positive association between night work and the risk of breast cancer. No publication bias was found either from Begg's funnel plot ( P =0.086) or the Egger's test ( P =0.107). Additional well-conducted and large-scale epidemiological studies are needed.

Aim: The major obstacles of autologous fat grafting after surgery for breast cancer were low graft survival and high resorption rate. The purpose of this study was to explore adipose-derived stem cells with a new scaffold could control release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote transplant survival and neovascularization. Methods: Polylactic acid fiber catheters loaded with VEGF were included in a gelatin scaffold produced by freeze crosslinking. The release dose and persistence of VEGF from the tridimensional structures were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were extracted and expanded ex vivo, seeded to the scaffold and cultured to test the biocompatibility using the WST-1 assay. Three days after co-cultured with hASCs, the scaffolds were transplanted to the back of nude mice, the control groups were only inject hASCs, transplanted control scaffold with hASCs. Three months later, transplants volume and histology were evaluated and neovascularization was determined by the quantity of capillary and the positive of endothelial cell marker CD31 in immunohistochemistry. Results: The tridimensional structures could release VEGF stable and durable, which had no significant cytotoxicity on hASCs. The transplants volume and the capillary quantity of hASCs with the control release VEGF polylactic acid fiber catheters gelatin scaffold group was significantly larger than other two groups. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the transplants were rich in CD31-positive cells. Conclusions: Adipose-derived stem cells together with the control release VEGF polylactic acid fiber catheters gelatin scaffold could significantly promoted vasculogenesis and reduced absorption and necrosis after transplant. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.