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In this study, we focus on exploring the medicinal potential of Olea Europaea L., a commonly used plant with diverse indigenous medicinal applications. The main aim is to identify promising phytoconstituents from Olea Europaea L. leaves that can act as inhibitors for the PTP-1B target, utilizing an in silico approach. The phytoconstituents were sourced from the IMMPAT database, and molecular docking was employed to assess their binding affinities. The docking results revealed that rutin (−10.05 kcal/mol) and quercetin (−8.28 kcal/mol) displayed the highest binding scores against PTP-1B, outperforming reference compounds. Furthermore, MM-GBSA calculations indicated favorable free binding energy. To ensure stability, 200 ns Molecular Dynamics simulations were conducted on the 2QBS-Rutin complex. The results revealed that the 2QBS-Rutin complex showed stable conformation throughout the simulation, maintaining consistency with RMSD values below 1 Å. This study highlights rutin and quercetin as promising phytoconstituents from Olea Europaea L. leaves, demonstrating potent-binding affinities against PTP-1B inhibitors. In this current study, the phytoconstituents of Olea Europaea L, leaves were screened against PTP-1B inhibitory activity by in-silico approach. ADMET properties of the phytoconstituents were found to be acceptable and MM-GBSA calculations showed favourable free binding energy. The phytoconstituents Rutin and Quercetin were emerged as promising hit molecules from Olea Europaea L leaves, showing potential binding affinities against PTP-1B inhibitors. In silico analyses were predicted for all the phytoconstituents in order to assess safety and efficacy under the various models revealing promising results. Molecular Dynamics simulations were conducted for 200 ns on the ligand-protein complexes and found to be stable through out the simulation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics over time, coupled with the conse-quential detrimental effects of oxidative stress on cellular aging, and the usage of pesticides with vary-ing degrees of toxicity, thereby impacting both human health and the environment, represents a pressing global concern. Consequently, researchers are compelled to identify novel biomolecules de-rived from plants and their derivatives that possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal proper-ties. The olive tree (Olea europaea L.), a fruit-bearing tree within the Oleaceae family, characterized by its olives, has been cultivated for millennia, particularly in Mediterranean regions, with its leaves being primarily employed for their multifarious therapeutic attributes. In this investigation, extracts were procured from olive leaves through employment of the Soxhlet apparatus, followed by the quantifica-tion of total polyphenols and flavonoids. The assessment of the antioxidant potential of these extracts was conducted using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antibacterial efficacy was evaluated via the disk diffusion method against six pathogenic bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudo-monas aeruginosa. Additionally, the in vitro aphicide activity of Olea europaea L. extracts were investi-gated at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% against the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop. The findings of this study suggest that olive leaf extracts exhibit robust antioxidant properties and dis-play modest antibacterial activity against pathogenic agents. Hence, these extracts are strongly en-dorsed for their potential role as eco-friendly antioxidants, and owing to their modest yet efficient in-sect-repelling attributes, they can be utilized as a sustainable, low-impact insecticide in the ecological engineering approach to controlling black aphids in bean crops. Therefore, the utilization of olive tree-derived extracts is encouraged.

Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae), is rich in phenolic content and has powerful antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. However, there are no medicinal products prepared due to this feature. Therefore, this study aims to characterize an O. europaea extract with strong antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and to prepare nanoformulations containing this extract. To determine the activities of the extracts prepared from the leaves of the plant, DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging, Fe+3 reducing activity, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition assays were performed. The oleuropein content of the absolute ethanol extract with the highest activity was analysed by HPLC. The characterized extract was loaded into liposomes and chitosan coated liposomes, and the long-term sustainability of their activity was investigated. The encapsulation efficiency was 65.2% for the liposome and 66.8% for the chitosan-coated liposome formulation. The amounts of the extracts released from the formulations were evaluated to exhibit antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products is the property of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cultivation of the olive tree is of great economic importance worldwide. For the 2022-2023 harvest, were produced around 3,010,000 Mg of olive oil and 2,955,500 Mg of table olives of selected varieties, managing to establish itself in approximately 56 countries with different environments. In most of the cultivated areas only monovarietals were used, but mixtures of varieties have been recommended, which act as pollinators, avoiding reproduction problems. Furthermore, global warming also affects production efficiency and the quality of derived products. The olive grove underwent important changes due to genetic improvement. However, despite modern molecular tools, most of the work continues to be based on agronomic classical methods such as crossing and selection in progeny, delaying the development of new varieties. Models with high resolution climate projections are being used, allowing predicting the future evolution of the olive tree. Unfortunately, Brazil produces only 0.2% of its internal consumption and therefore has become the world's second largest importer after the United States to cover the growing demand. Based on this information, this review aims to discuss the adjustments in olive growing, which has been gaining more and more areas dedicated to its cultivation in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive characterization of water stress is needed for the development of automated irrigation protocols aiming to increase olive orchard environmental and economical sustainability. The main aim of this study is to determine whether a combination of continuous leaf turgor, fruit growth, and sap flow responses improves the detection of mild water stress in two olive cultivars characterized by different responses to water stress. The sensitivity of the tested indicators to mild stress depended on the main mechanisms that each cultivar uses to cope with water deficit. One cultivar showed pronounced day to day changes in leaf turgor and fruit relative growth rate in response to water withholding. The other cultivar reduced daily sap flows and showed a pronounced tendency to reach very low values of leaf turgor. Based on these responses, the sensitivity of the selected indicators is discussed in relation to drought response mechanisms, such as stomatal closure, osmotic adjustment, and tissue elasticity. The analysis of the daily dynamics of the monitored parameters highlights the limitation of using non-continuous measurements in drought stress studies, suggesting that the time of the day when data is collected has a great influence on the results and consequent interpretations, particularly when different genotypes are compared. Overall, the results highlight the need to tailor plant-based water management protocols on genotype-specific physiological responses to water deficit and encourage the use of combinations of plant-based continuously monitoring sensors to establish a solid base for irrigation management.

Ayvalik is an important and widely grown olive cultivar in Turkey. Olive fruits were harvested at two different harvesting periods, early and middle. Olive oils were extracted in an industrial two-phase continuous system with/without olive leaves at 2%, 4%, and 6% (w/w) concentrations. Oils were stored at room temperature and 12 °C in darkness. Basic quality parameters such as free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value and absorbance values (K232 and K270) conformed to the European extra virgin olive oil standards. Besides, the fatty acid composition of samples was consistent with the values for extra virgin olive oil reported by the European Commission. Leaf addition enriched phenolic compounds, antiradical activity, oxidative stability, color parameters, and sensory characteristics of Ayvalik olive oils. During storage, the losses in phenolic compounds, color and sensory properties of the oils enriched by adding leaves were less than in the control sample. The sensory properties and phenolic composition of the cold-stored olive oils differed from those stored in the dark and at room conditions. Regarding positive sensory properties, the oils stored in the cold have less loss in their desired properties than those stored under room conditions. In addition, the breakdown of complex phenolic substances into simple phenolic substances such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol was found to be less in the samples stored at cold conditions. It has been shown that hydrolytic and oxidative changes occur less in cold storage.

Cover crops have long been proposed as an alternative soil management for minimizing erosion rates in olive stands while providing additional ecosystem services. However, the trade-off between these benefits and the competition for water with the trees makes the definition of optimal management practices a challenging task in semiarid climates. This work presents an improved version of OliveCan, a process-based simulation model of olive orchards that now can simulate the main impacts of cover crops on the water and carbon balances of olive orchards. Albeit simple in its formulation, the new model components were developed to deal with different cover crop management strategies. Examples are presented for simulation runs of a traditional olive orchard in the conditions of southern Spain, evaluating the effects of different widths for the strip occupied by the cover crop (Fcc) and two contrasting mowing dates. Results revealed that high Fcc resulted in lower olive yields, but only when mowing was applied at the end of spring. In this regard, late mowing and high Fcc was associated with lower soil water content from spring to summer, coinciding with olive flowering and the earlier stages of fruit growth. Fcc was also negatively correlated with surface runoff irrespective of the mowing date. On the other hand, net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was substantially affected by both Fcc and mowing date. Further simulations under future climate scenarios comparing the same management alternatives are also presented, showing substantial yield reductions by the end of the century and minor or negligible changes in NEP and seasonal runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees, with high economic, ecological, cultural and scientific value. China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s, and Yunnan Province is one of the main growing areas. Improving the cultivation and productivity of this tree crop species is an important challenge. Olive is a typical mycotrophic species and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for this plant is well recognized; nevertheless, studies of olive AMF in China are still very limited. Roots and rhizosphere soils of olive were sampled from five representative growing sites in the Yunnan Province of China to investigate the AMF colonization status in the root systems, the AMF community in the olive orchards and the edaphic factors influencing the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) parameters. Root samples of olive trees from different growing sites generally showed AMF colonization, suggesting that autochthonous AMF manifest a high efficiency in colonizing the roots of olive plants. The spore density on the five sites ranged from 81.6 to 350 spores per 20 g soil. Twenty-three AMF species from 9 genera were identified in total, and Glomeraceae was the dominant family. The findings of our study suggested a high AMF diversity harbored by olive growing in different areas of the Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Furthermore, the hyphal colonization in roots positively correlated with soil pH and EC. The arbuscule colonization in olive roots negatively correlated with soil pH, EC, OM, TN, TP and AN. The spore density positively correlated with OM, TN, AN, AP and sand content. Finally, the Shannon index of AMF in the rhizosphere soil positively correlated with the clay content, but negatively correlated with soil pH, TN and silt content. The high diversity of autochthonous AMF in Yunnan is promising for screening AMF isolates for utilization in the efficient cultivation of this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O interesse pela cultura da oliveira, planta originária da bacia do Mediterrâneo, se disseminou por regiões climaticamente diferentes do seu local de origem. Para a análise do potencial de cultivo desta espécie em uma nova região, como é o caso de Santa Catarina, o conhecimento dos parâmetros agroclimáticos desta cultura é o primeiro passo para se estudar a real possibilidade de sucesso deste empreendimento. Nesta revisão bibliográfica, buscou-se o conhecimento atual sobre as necessidades básicas da oliveira para se obter um desenvolvimento e produção comercialmente aceitáveis. O requerimento em frio, a temperatura na floração e a necessidade hídrica foram analisadas e discutidas.

In the Olive drupe (Olea europaea L.) oil extraction process, 80% of the volume generated is waste (bagasse). Advancing the expansion of the olive oil market, it is necessary to develop alternatives that, in addition to adding value to industrial waste, also reduce possible environmental damage. Our study aimed to understand the antimicrobial and Cytotoxic activity potential of the residues from the extraction of olive oil from the blend of the varieties Arbequina and Arbosana. The extract shows cytotoxic activity, inhibiting about 75% of cancer cells in the human colon at a concentration of 0.15 mg of Gallic Acid equivalent (GAE)/mL. The effectiveness of the extract against microorganisms often associated with foodborne diseases and food decomposition has also been discovered, without compromising the microorganisms responsible for fermentation. Thus, this study provides future perspectives for the use of active ingredients extracted from the residue from the extraction of olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a highly mycotrophic species that has been introduced and cultivated in China for half a century. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is extremely valuable as a kind of biofertilizer to promote the health and vigor of olive plants. However, it is still unclear how nativeAMFimpact growth and mineral nutrients, especially phosphorus absorption in the area where olive trees were introduced in China. In the present study, through a pot experiment, the effects of native AMF on the growth, phosphorus uptake and expression levels of four phosphate transporter genes (Pht) of olive plantlets were characterized. We found that (1) typical AMF colonization was observed within the roots of inoculated olive plantlets, and the growth of plantlets was significantly promoted; (2) some indigenous consortia (AMF1 and AMF2) notably promoted the absorption of phosphorus, fertilizers significantly increased the foliar content of nitrogen, and both AMF inoculation and fertilization had no significant effect on the uptake of potassium; and (3) AMF inoculation enhanced the expression of phosphate transporter genes in inoculated olive roots. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of nativeAMFon the cultivation of robust olive plantlets and highlights the role of AMF in increasing phosphorus uptake. There is great potential in using native AMF consortia as inoculants for the production of healthy and robust olive plantlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out on Yayla Lake in Denizli Province’s town of Buldan and its surroundings. The aim of the study is to determine the modern pollen distribution characteristics of the surroundings of Yayla Lake. For this purpose, modern pollen data were obtained from Tauber pollen traps, moss samples (moss), and surface sediment samples. A 3-year pollen monitoring was carried out between 2018-2021 in three different directions using the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples at different elevations, on the lake shore, and in the lake. Surface sediment samples were taken from nine different points in the lake in 2020. According to the pollen results obtained from the three sources, the taxa with high percentages and densities in the pollen distribution were Pinus sp. Quercus evergreen, Quercus deciduous, Olea europaea, and Poaceae. The results of these taxa and other taxa varied to reflect the main vegetation type of the area where the modern pollen monitoring had been done. While high forest rates were observed in forested areas and their close vicinities, the rate of herbaceous vegetation increased in open areas. Changes in the percentage of Olea europaea L. which is one of the indicators of past agricultural activities in fossil pollen studies, were obeserved based on the proximity to the source areas. The results from the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples were observed to include local scale results, while surface sediment samples included more regional scale results. As a result, the modern pollen results have been shaped according to the forest, pasture, wetland, and elevation characteristics of the areas where the monitoring had been done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Inflammatory process and apoptosis are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac injury and oxidative damage caused by diabetes mellitus. The cardioprotective effects of standardized aqueous ethanolic olive leaf extract (OLE), metformin (as a cardiovascular protective agent) and valsartan (as an angiotensin receptor blocker) in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. Methods Wistar rats divided into control, diabetic, OLE-treated (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), metformin (300 mg/kg)-treated, valsartan (30 mg/kg)-treated and metformin/valsartan-treated diabetic groups. Biochemical parameters, including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activates, and the total contents of thiol were measured, and histopathological and gene expression studies were done on cardiac tissues. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and cardiac injury markers were examined in serum. Key findings FBS; the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-muscle/brain (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST); and heart tissue MDA levels due to diabetes were significantly alleviated by OLE treatment (effect size; ηp2 = 0.934, 0.888, 0.848, 0.888 and 0.879, respectively), and SOD and CAT activity and the thiol content in heart tissue were significantly increased (effect size; ηp2 = 0.770, 0.749 and 0.753, respectively). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells were reduced in cardiac tissues of OLE-treated groups compared with the diabetic rats (effect size; ηp2 = 0.969 and 0.949, respectively). OLE up-regulated BCL2 gene expression and down-regulated BAX gene expression in cardiac tissue (effect size; ηp2= 0.490 and 0.522, respectively). Conclusion OLE in a dose-dependent manner ameliorates cardiac damage in diabetic cardiomyopathy, perhaps through attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olea europaea L. and Hyphaene thebaica L. are commonly employed by traditional healers in Africa for treating and preventing hypertension, either individually or in a polyherbal preparation (Ifanosine). The primary aim was to assess the antihypertensive effects of Olea europaea L. leaves aqueous extract (OEL), Hyphaene thebaica L. mesocarp extract (HT), and the Ifanosine on isolated rat aorta rings. The secondary objective was to evaluate the clinical benefits of a new oral formulation of Ifanosine. In vitro studies using an isometric transducer examined the antihypertensive effects of HT, OEL, and Ifanosine on rat aorta. Ussing chambers technic were employed to measure mucosal to serosal fluxes and total transepithelial electrical conductance (Gt) to assess the intestinal bioavailability of HT, OEL, and Ifanosine. HPLC was utilized to determine the phytochemical composition of OEL and HT extracts. Subchronic toxicity investigations involved two groups of rats, treated with either water (control) or Ifanosine at 5 g/kg for 28 days. Clinical benefits of the new Ifanosine formulation were evaluated in an observational study with 32 hypertensive patients receiving a fixed oral dose of 3.5 mg three times a day for 30 days. Aqueous extracts induced dose-dependent relaxation of rat aorta rings, with HT and OEL having higher IC50 values than Ifanosine (IC50 = 44.76 ± 1.35 ng/mL, 58.67 ± 1.02 ng/mL, and 29.46 ± 0.26 ng/mL, respectively). The pA2 values of OEL and HT were 1 and 0.6, respectively, while Ifanosine was 0.06. Intestinal bioavailability studies revealed better Prazosin bioavailability than plant extracts. Toxicological studies demonstrated the safety of Ifanosine, supported by histological examinations and biochemical parameters in rat blood. Biochemical analyses indicated flavonoids and phenolic acids as dominant active constituents. Clinical benefits in humans included reduced SBP, DBP, LDL-c, VLDL-c, and TAG, and increased HDL-c without overt adverse effects. This study validates the traditional use of OEL and HT for hypertension and advocates for alternative and combinatorial polyphytotherapy (ACP) to enhance traditional remedies. [Display omitted] • Mixture of OEL and HT aqueous extracts show a better antihypertensive effect than each extract alone. • The antihypertensive effect of Ifanosine is greater than clinical prescribed medicine prazosin (PRZ). • Clinical benefits were observed after utilization of Ifanosine with a reduction in SBP, DBP, LDL-c, VLDL-c, TAG and an increase HDL-c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical compositions of the volatile fractions, produced by the flowers and leaves of two Olea europaea L. cultivars (Chemlal and Sigoise) were investigated. The plant materials were harvested from two different zones in Algeria (Mediterranean and arid regions). The samples were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. GC-MS analysis allowed the identification of 51 compounds. According to the geographic origin and the cultivar, qualitative and semi-quantitative variations were observed, especially with the abundance of the main compounds. Overall, the principal component analysis showed that the environmental condition was mainly affecting the production of the major compounds. Throughout the two regions, the main substances in the samples from the Mediterranean region were (Z)-jasmone (51.8%), nonanal (32.4%), theaspirane II (23.7%) and phenylethyl propionate (17.9%). While those of the arid region were bornyl acetate (26.8%), 3-ethenyl pyridine (17.2%), (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (16.9%) and (E)-geranylacetone (14.4%), with a significant correlation between the flower volatiles, more than 86% in both regions. These results can add a valuable insight into the effect of arid climate on the production of volatiles by Olea europaea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐based metabolic profiling has been widely used in food and plant sciences. Despite its simplicity and inherent reproducibility, the determination of the appropriate pre‐processing procedures greatly affects the obtained metabolic profile. Objectives: The current study represents a detailed guide of use for untargeted NMR‐based metabolic profiling of table olives (Olea europaea L.). Methods: Greek Kalamon table olives from different geographical origins were selected as reference materials. Differently treated samples were extracted using different solvents and/or solvent systems. Chemical profiles were evaluated with high‐performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Different deuterated solvents and sample concentrations were evaluated for the recording of optimal quality spectra. Results: The methanol extract of freeze‐dried table olives was found to contain the most representative secondary metabolites, in higher concentrations, as well. The optimal deuterated solvent for the NMR analysis was methanol‐d4, while final sample concentration should be within the range of 10 to 15 mg/mL. Multivariate data analysis was also used to estimate and confirm the variation and clustering caused by different characteristics of the samples. Conclusions: Results of the present study make evident the necessity for thorough planning and method development prior to any extensive metabolomic study based on NMR spectroscopy. Pre‐processing and sample preparation stages seemed to greatly affect the metabolic profile and spectral quality in the case of table olives, which by extrapolation could apply to other food commodities. Nevertheless, the nature of the samples must be fully described in general, in order to proceed to solid conclusions. The current study represents a detailed guide of use for untargeted NMR‐based metabolic profiling of table olives (Olea europaea L.). Greek Kalamon table olives from different geographical origins were selected as reference materials, examining different treatment, extraction & deuterated solvents, and concentrations. Extracts were evaluated via HPTLC and NMR. The methanol extract of freeze‐dried table olives dissolved in methanol‐d4 within the range of 10 to 15 mg/mL gave the most representative metabolic profile of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Arauco' forms part of the over two thousand olives (Olea europaea L.) varieties identified worldwide with the peculiarity of being the only recognized variety from Argentina. In this work, the fruit and oil characteristics from the 'Arauco' variety cultivated in the three main olive growing zones of Mendoza province (Argentina) were evaluated over two harvests (2016 and 2017). The characteristics assessed were oil and water concentrations, pulp/pit ratio, industrial yield, oxidative stability, fatty acid profile, total phenols and total flavonoids, among others. The results showed relatively high oleic acid and phenolic contents, together with low acidity and extinction coefficients (K232 and K270), as well as a well-balanced fatty acid profile. In addition, three interesting relationships among oxidative stability and ratios of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (R²=0.96), oleic/linoleic (R²=0.96) and stearic acid (R²=0.93) were observed. These results showed that the 'Arauco' variety cultivated in Mendoza provides excellent oil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cold tolerance is one of the important factors in the distribution of plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival and gas exchange responses of olive (Olea europaea L.) seedlings to low temperature and freezing stress. For this purpose, 144 two-years-old potted seedlings of olive (cultivar yellow) with averaged height of 30 cm were examined as factorial in a completely random design (CRD) with 3 replications. Seedlings were exposed to six temperature levels (+2, -5, -7, -10, -16, and -20° C) for 1 and 3 hours. Gas exchange parameters such as net photosynthesis rate, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were measured for each treatment in three steps: before stress, immediately after stress, and 12 days after stress. Results showed that in each temperature level net photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration reduced in both 1 and 3 hours chilling and this reduction was higher in seedlings subjected to 3 hours chilling. Olive seedlings exposed to -10, -16 and -20 °C temperatures were dead while in seedlings subjected to -7 °C and higher temperature (under both 1 and 3 hours chilling) gas exchange variables were recovered on day 12 after the stress. In general, this research revealed that olive seedlings (cultivar yellow) are able to tolerate low temperature up to -7°C for 3 hours.

The olive is a long-lived evergreen tree, capable of regenerating itself from any part of the plant (pollard tree). This characteristic has allowed the olive trees to survive across the centuries until they become real natural monuments. The aim of this work has been to study the monumental "Olivo della Strega" ("Witch's Olive tree") olive tree, located in the olive orchard of Santissima Annunziata church, in Magliano (Grosseto, Italy), a tree with a special place in local history and folklore and with estimated age over 700 years. The morphometric data of leaf, fruit, stone and pollen were used to characterize the phenotype, while genetic diversity was assessed on the basis of microsatellite markers. The morphological and genetic analysis pointed to two clearly distinguishable parts in the "Olivo della Strega" tree, called sample left (SL) and sample right (SR). This ancient plant consists of two different genotypes: one part (SL) was identified as cv Frantoio and the other (SR) as an unknown genotype. Moreover, traditional (in vivo conservation) and advanced techniques (cryopreservation) have made conservation achievable to preserve its genetic heritage. In particular "Olivo della Strega" pollen was stored for 1 year in liquid nitrogen. The morphology of pollen grains, viability and germinability of fresh and long term cryopreserved pollen were observed at different times during preservation, without revealing significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterise phenolic compounds of olive flower obtained from Olive tree cultivar Chemlali and to investigate their anticancer effect on MCF-7 cells. Phenolic characterisation was determined using LC/MS-MS. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined using MTT. Biochemical markers of apoptosis were evaluated by immunoblotting. Our results showed that olive flower contained significant amounts of phenolic compounds mainly flavonoids, secoiridoids and simple phenols. Furthermore, the phenolic extract exerted a significant reduction in MCF-7 cell viability (EC50 values equal to 220.8 μg/ml). Western blot analysis revealed the presence of the cleaved forms of Parp-1. The DAPI staining analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of cells and a considerable change in the morphology of the treated cells. In conclusion, Olea europaea. L flower contained great amounts of different bio-phenols able to reduce the proliferative activity of breast cancer MCF-7 cells by the induction of apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines physiological and biochemical changes in three Moroccan varieties of young olive trees (Olea europaea L.) grown under three different water regimes (control, moderate stress and severe stress). Leaf relative water content (RWC), water potential (yw), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the contents of total chlorophyll (TCC), proline (ProC) and soluble sugars (SSC) were measured at the flowering stage during three growing seasons (2015, 2016 and 2017). ANOVA analyses showed that the effect of the water regime was predominant in all of the examined parameters, except for Fv/Fm, which was under the effect of both water regime and growing season. Impacts of variety and interactions were of lesser magnitude. Water deficit reduced E, yw and gs by 25%, while its effect on RWC and Fv/Fm was a decrease of about 7%; however, increases in SSC and ProC were more than 10%. Among the growing seasons, 2015 flowering displayed the lowest values for RWC, yw, E, gs, TCC and Fv/Fm, and the highest for ProC and SSC. Among plant varieties, no significant differences were observed. The three principal component (PC) axes accounted for 91% of total variance. PC1 was better explained by the water regime, while the growing season fitted PC3 variability. Correlation studies highlighted significant associations between most parameters. Positive relationships were found between RWC, yw, E, gs, Fv/Fm and TCC, while all of these parameters were negatively linked to ProC and SSC.

Introduction-Objective-In recent decades the study of medicinal proprieties of Olea europaea showed an increase interest of medicinal plants and their traditional use for the treatment of various diseases. The olive tree or Olea europaea L. is an inseparable entity of the Mediterranean people. This plant belongs to the large family of oleaceae. The purpose of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts from four wild varieties of O.europea in the eastern regions of Algeria: Batna and Mila (highlands), Biskra (Sahara) and Skikda (coastal city). Material and methods - The evaluation of the antioxidant activity in vitro of the ethanolic extracts of O.europaea plant was carried out by various methods, in particular, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging effect and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results -Quantitative analysis of ethanolic extracts from the leaves of the plant O.europaea revealed that Mila’s extract was richer (420.36 mg GAE / g DM), followed by that of Batna (396.84 mg GAE/g DM), then that of Biskra (380.69 mg GAE / g MS) and finally by Skikda extract (368.45 mg GAE / g MS). The results of DPPH free radical scavenging of the ethanolic extracts showed that those of Batna and Mila had the most important power. Conclusion - The obtained results favorably confirm the use of O.europaea leaves in traditional Algerian medicine for the treatment of various diseases.

In some agricultural practices, application of plant growth regulators is very useful as an efficient means to modulate olive tree vigour to optimize fruit production. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying these effects are still poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of paclobutrazol, chlormequat and prohexadione on the modulation of vegetative growth and fruit set, with a special emphasis on the underlying effects exerted by phytohormones, in one-year-old olive trees (Olea europea cv. Arbosana). Paclobutrazol and chlormequat were tested using both foliar spraying and soil irrigation, while prohexadione was applied by foliar spraying only, and all treatments were compared to a control. Among treatments, paclobutrazol and chlormequat were the most effective in promoting vegetative growth retardation, when applied through foliar spray. Growth retardation by foliar application of paclobutrazol was associated with proline accumulation and reduced gibberellin contents in leaves. Furthermore, hormonal profiling revealed that not only all treatments were effective in reducing the endogenous contents of gibberellins, but also that the entire hormonal profiling was altered upon treatments. It is concluded that (i) various plant growth regulators can be effectively used to control olive tree growth, and (ii) paclobutrazol seems to be more efficient on vegetative growth retardation than the other tested treatments, being foliar application more effective than soil treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Background: recently, a relationship between diabetic complications and oxidative stress has been emphasized. There have been some studies showing the effect of olive leaf on hyperglycemia and diabetic complications due to its antioxidant properties. In many studies the effect of olive leaf on plasma total antioxidant level has been measured by different methods. Our study represents the first time it has been measured by a new method of total thiol disulfide homeostasis. Aim: chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications through oxidative stress mediators. Thiol is one of the most important antioxidant barriers in humans, and thiol disulfide homeostasis is a new oxidative stress marker. We aimed to investigate the effect of olive leaf extract (OLE) obtained from fresh leaves of Olea europaea, var oleaster on diabetic complications through their hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect in diabetic rats. Methods: twenty-eight Wistar albino rats aged 12-13 weeks were used in the study. The rats were divided into a control group (C), a diabetic control group (DC), a diabetic group treated with 200 mg/kg OLE (D+200), and a diabetic group treated with 400 mg/kg OLE (D+400), having 7 rats in each group. The treatment groups received OLE by the gavage method for 21 days. At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Blood samples collected from the heart were centrifuged and glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) level, and thiol-disulfide homeostasis were determined. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analysis was performed on complete blood. In addition, a tail flick test and hot plate modeling were performed to indicate pain perception loss. Results: it was observed that OLE had no effect on serum glucose and HbA1c levels. On the contrary, OLE reduced the levels of total cholesterol (p < 0.01), urea (p < 0.01) and hot plate latency (p < 0.01) in a significant manner. Also, OLE showed a tendency to reduce LOOH levels and to increase thiol levels in a dose-dependent manner (p > 0.05). Conclusion: OLE supplementation for 21 days, at the amounts used, cannot protect against hyperglycemia but may be protective against hypercholesterolemia and tissue damage as caused by diabetes mellitus in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied changes in antioxidant enzymes activity, Total Soluble Proteins (TSPs), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline content in the leaves of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Amphisis, Gorgan, and Manzanilla) at five different dates, and investigated their relationship with cold tolerance. The results revealed that coldacclimation dramatically increased cold tolerance. Furthermore, antioxidant enzymes activity, MDA, TSP, and proline content increased throughout the acclimation stage, whereas they declined in the de-acclimation stage. The ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the leaves tissues correlated with the alterations in cold tolerance. Higher TSP, greater antioxidant enzyme activities, and more proline content together with lower MDA content in Amphisis cultivar led to relative improvement in cold tolerance capacity of this cultivar. Our results showed antioxidant enzymes activities, TSP and proline content could be useful indices to screen cold tolerance in olive cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six olive oils extracted from the cultivars Arbequina, Arbosana, Coratina, Frantoio, Koroneiki, and Picual from 2017 and 2018 harvests, cultivated in Pinheiro Machado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are evaluated for standard oil composition parameters and bioactive constituents (pigments, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds). Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and univariate ANOVA and Fisher's LSD test are used to verify the effect of cultivar and harvest year on oil composition. Olive oil composition met extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) standard parameters and is influenced by both cultivar and harvest year. EVOO produced in 2018 has greater chlorophyll, caffeic acid, ligstroside aglycone, hydroxyoleuropein aglycone, syringic acid, and hydroxytyrosol acetate contents than the EVOOs from 2017. Linoleic acid, ferulic acid, ligstroside aglycone, and hydroxytyrosol acetate are the variables whose contents most contributed to the differentiation of oils by cultivar in both harvest years. Chemical characterization analyses allow for the differentiation of oil composition based on harvest year and cultivar. Metabolic quality data obtained here support the establishment of a local EVOO profile and the compounds that most contributed to treatment differentiation may serve as markers that can be utilized in determining origin, cultivar, and harvest year. Practical Applications: Olive production in Brazil is recent and is based on European cultivars which have not been bred for the local environmental conditions. Therefore, the measurement of olive oil metabolic quality will determine cultivar adaptability to local edaphoclimatic conditions as well as assist in the establishment of a standard of identity for the product and promote the development of its market. Olive oil produced in Southern Brazil shows high quality, and is especially rich in phenolic compounds. Although harvest year influences oil composition, oil from both harvests meet EVOO standards and cultivar specific metabolic markers are observed. This study provides the foundation for olive producers in Southern Brazil to seek authentication of the geographical origin of olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: 'Arauco' is the only autochthonous olive cultivar from Argentina. Little has been reported so far regarding the management of this crop. In this work, variations in fruit and chemical characteristics of olives harvested over a wide range of dates and seasons are reported for this cultivar at two sites in Mendoza province in central west Argentina. RESULTS: During the harvest periods studied, fruit oil content on a dry basis remained at its maximum and was stable, but fruit oil content on fresh basis increased as water content decreased with delay in harvest date. Harvest date affected the maturity index of fruits as well as the oxidative stability and phenolic content of oil. In contrast, the fatty acid profile was not consistently affected by harvest date. Environmental conditions, mainly the occurrence and intensity of frosts, strongly influenced oil quality as well as maturity with delay in harvest date. CONCLUSION: The most appropriate harvest time to obtain Arauco oil with a high oil yield and good chemical quality was before mid‐May and with maturity index lower than 2. Fruits harvested after mid‐May were exposed to minimum temperatures between −1.2 °C and − 4.0 °C, producing oil with low phenolic compounds and oxidative stability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive (Olea europaea Linn., Fam. Oleaceae) is commonly known as Zaytoon in Mediterranean region. Its fruits and oil are essential components of Mediterranean diets. Olive tree is a prevalent plant species and one of the important cultivated crops of Mediterranean region. Oleuropein is a phenolic constituents of olive, which, along with its related compounds, has been indicated to be majorly responsible for its beneficial effects. Oleuropein is a secoiridoid type of phenolic compound and consists of three structural subunits: hydroxytyrosol, elenolic acid, and a glucose molecule. It is also reported to be the chemotaxonomic marker of olive. The oleuropein is reported to possess a number of biological activities including action against dyslipidemia, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, and hepatoprotective actions. The scientific evidence supports the role of oleuropein as a potential agent against metabolic syndrome. The present review discusses chemistry of oleuropein along with potential role of oleuropein with reference to pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No country has a larger area under olive (Olea europaea subs. europaea var. europaea) cultivation than Spain. In the Spanish northwest, however, this crop has largely been forgotten, even though olive oil was once an important product of the area. Sadly, apart from a few scraps of information handed down orally, little information exists regarding the genotypes grown, or from where they may have originally come. Many centuries-old olive trees, however, can still be found in the area, some even forming groves now part of open woodland but which may harbour an important genetic reservoir. The present work describes a botanical and molecular analysis of these ancient trees, following a survey of allegedly native genotypes surviving in different locations in Galicia. Comparison of their molecular profiles with those in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba, and those in the database compiled by the Agronomy Department of the University of Cordoba, revealed two known Galician genotypes, ´Brava Gallega´ and ´Mansa Gallega´, and the Portuguese genotype ´Cobrancoça´. Six genotypes present in neither database were also detected. In addition, some misidentifications of the ´Mansa´ genotype in recent studies were clarified. Botanical analysis confirmed the molecular results in all cases. The findings suggest a larger survey should be performed so that the full olive genetic diversity of this region can be recorded and preserved.