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Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin produces fragrant flowers. The volatile oil secretary cells, quantity and quality as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the oils extracted from buds and flowers, have been investigated. The distribution of essential oil secretory cell in bud and flower revealed that the density and size of the oil cells were significantly higher in flowers compared to buds. In different floral parts, carpel has a higher oil cell density followed by gynophore and tepal. The histochemical analysis revealed the essential oil is synthesized in oil secretory cells. The volatile oil yield was 0.25 % in the buds and 0.50 % in flowers. GC/FID and GC/MS analysis identified 33 compounds contributing 83.2-83.5 % of the total essential oil composition. Linalool is the main constituent contributing 58.9 % and 51.0 % in the buds and flowers oils, respectively. The essential oil extracted from the flowers showed higher antimicrobial efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, the essential oil isolated from the flowers depicts higher free radical scavenging, and antioxidant activity compared to buds' oil., (© 2020 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Background: Curcuma longa L. is an important industrial crop used by medicinal and cosmetic industries in the world. Its leaves are a waste material after harvesting rhizomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical and pharmacological profile of essential oil from waste leaves of Curcuma longa (EOCl) against skin inflammation., Methods: EOCl was subjected to gas chromatography (GC) analysis for identification of essential oil constituents and its anti-inflammatory evaluation through in vitro and in vivo models., Results: Chemical fingerprinting using GC and GC-MS analysis of EOCl revealed the presence of 11 compounds, representing 90.29% of the oil, in which terpinolene (52.88%) and α-phellandrene (21.13%) are the major components. In the in vitro testing EOCl inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Topical application of EOCl produced anti-inflammatory effects by reducing ear thickness, ear weight and ameliorating the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) at protein and mRNA levels as well as regulating the overproduction of oxidative markers and restoring the histopathological damage in a TPA-induced mouse model of inflammation., Conclusion: These findings of topical anti-inflammatory properties of EOCl provide a scientific basis for medicinal use of this plant material against inflammatory disorders.

Essential oil of Mentha spicata L. var. viridis 'Ganga', an indigenously developed variety, was chemically profiled using various gas chromatographic techniques. Piperitenone oxide was characterized as the most exclusive constituent (69.7%) along with a new C₃-oxygenated p-menthane alcohol,- diosphenolene (1.6%). Enantiomeric discrimination revealed (4S)-(-)-limonene, (R)-(-)-linalool and (lS,2S)-(+)-piperitenone oxide as predominant enantiomers. The oil contained mainly C₃-oxygenated p-menthane monoterpenoids, which are distinctive of peppermint, instead of the characteristic C₆-oxygenated class of spearmint. The present findings will aid in understanding the pathway and cause of C₃-oxygenation in a spearmint taxon. The essential oil and pure piperitenone oxide showed growth inhibiting properties and thus, may be utilized in antifungal preparations for disease management of medicinal and aromatic plants.

Enantioselective GC-FID and enantioselective GC-MS have been utilized under temperature gradient mode with differently substituted heptakis- and octakis-cyclodextrins to achieve the resolution of chiral terpenoids in the essential oil of indigenously grown cultivars of Mentha spicata. Modified cyclodextrins were derivatized in GC column for the separation of chiral terpenoids. A 2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin doped into 14% cyanopropylphenyl/86%dimethylpolysiloxane (TBDE-β-CD) showed good enantioselectivity for all the studied chiral compounds excluding carvone. Carvone enantiomers were well resolved in 2,3-diacetoxy-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin column (TBDA-β-CD) with enantioseparation (Es) of 1.006. A TBDE-β-CD provides maximum enantiomeric separation for β-pinene (Es 1.038), sabinene (Es 1.051), limonene (Es 1.045), isomenthone (Es 1.029) and α-terpineol (Es 1.014). Furthermore, enantiomer elution order reversal was observed for sabinene, menthone, terpinen-4-ol and menthol while changing from β- to γ-cyclodextrin phase. Carvone exhibits enantiomer elution order reversal by changing substituents i.e., methyl to acetyl at 2- & 3- position of the cyclodextrin derivative. Chiral constituents such as (+)-isomenthone, (-)-menthone, (1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthol and (4S)-(+)-piperitone exist as a single enantiomer with >99% excess. Existence of (R)-(+)-limonene and (S)-(+)-carvone enantiomers has been proven first time in M. spicata essential oils and can be used as the marker for Indian origin., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The essential oil from different parts of Zingiber roseum plants was extracted by hydrodistillation, and analyzed using enantio-GC, capillary-GC and GC-MS. Two chiral selectors, 6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-diethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (TBDE-beta-CD), and 2,3,6-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (PM-beta-CD) doped into 14% cyanopropylphenyl/86% dimethylpolysiloxane, and 35% diphenyl/65% dimethylpolysiloxane, respectively were compared in order to clarify the stereochemistry and enantioselectivity of terpenoids using chiral gas chromatography. The enantiomeric excess for (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene, (1R)-(+)-beta-pinene, and (R)-(+)-limonene were characteristic for the rhizome. In TBDE-beta-cyclodextrin coated chiral columns, a significant increase in separation factor (alpha) for beta-pinene, limonene, linalool and alpha-terpineol enantiomers was observed when compared with methyl substituted beta-cyclodextrin. The increase in chain length of the alkyl substituents may be the possible cause for enantiomer separation in beta-cyclodextrin cavity. In addition, enantioreversal of alpha-pinene enantiomers in 6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-diethyl-beta-cyclodextrin was noticed as a unique feature. The enantiomeric compositions of Z. roseum fruit and flower essential oils were similar, but, in contrast, the rhizome oil contained an entirely different composition. Therefore, these results aid in the authentication of the natural origin of Z. roseum essential oils.

The essential oil of Melaleuca decora twigs has been obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-FID, GC/MS and (1)H-, (13)C-NMR experiments. The most abundant class of compounds in M. decora twig oil was phenylpropanoids represented by methyl eugenol (92.4%) as the most exclusive constituent. In terms of molecular diversity, phenylpropanoids dominate M. decora essential oil with low terpenoid (3.9%) proportion.

The essential oils yield and composition of the aerial parts of A. annua var. CIM-Arogya grown in Uttarakhand, India were analyzed and compared by capillary GC and GC-MS at different stages of development. The analysis led to the identification of 81 constituents forming 91.0%-97.1% of the essential oils compositions. The essential oil content of the aerial parts was found to vary from 0.3% to 0.7% at different stages of growth. A. annua crop harvested at full flowering and seed setting stage gave higher yield of essential oil (0.6%, 0.7%) than that harvested at pre flowering (0.5%), late vegetative (0.4%, 0.5%), mid vegetative (0.4%, 0.4%) and early vegetative stages (0.3%, 0.3%). The essential oils at different stages of growth showed monoterpenoids (38.5%-72.0%) and sesquiterpenoids (22.2%-48.2%) as major grouped constituents. The major constituents identified were camphor (22.8%-42.6%), 1,8-cineole (3.7%-8.4%), linalool (<0.1%-11.9%), beta-caryophyllene (2.0%-9.2%), (E)-beta-farnesene (1.3%-8.5%), germacrene D (0.5%-7.3%) and 1-epi-cubenol (0.7%-5.2%) in essential oil samples collected at different crop stages.

Variations in volatile composition of the leaf and fruit oils from Callicarpa macrophylla were compared, using GC-FID, Kovat's Index calculation, and GC/MS. The oils were rich in selinene derivatives. The fruit oil was comprised of 41.6% beta-selinene and 6% alpha-selinene. The leaves from both the harvests contained 29% and 20% beta-selinene and 1.7% alpha-selinene. In addition, dendrolasin, a potential perfumery natural furanoid sesquiterpenoid, was a characteristic of both leaf and fruit essential oils.

The hydrodistilled essential oil of aerial parts of Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae), cultivated in the Kumaon region of western Himalaya was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty-nine compounds, representing 91.8% of the oil, were identified. The major components were thymol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.7%), thymol methyl ether (4.0%), borneol (3.8%), sabinene (3.4%), gamma-terpinene (3.4%) and carvacrol methyl ether (3.2%).

Enantiomeric ratios of linalool have been determined in various authentic essential oils of Indian origin using 10% heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral stationary phase. A complete enantiomeric excess (ee) for (3S)-(+)-linalool was characteristic of Lippia alba and Cinnamomum tamala leaf oils while less than 90% excess was noticed in Zanthoxylum armatum leaf, Zingiber roseum root/rhizome and Citrus sinensis leaf oils. On the contrary, an enantiomeric excess of (3R)-(-)-linalool characterizes essential oils of basil (100% for Ocimum basilicum) and bergamot mint (72 to 75% for Mentha citrata). Notably, some essential oils containing both enantiomers in equal ratios or in racemic forms are rose, geranium, lemongrass and Origanum. The enantiomeric composition studies are discussed as indicators of origin authenticity and quality of essential oil of Indian origin.