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Le présent travail est une version sensiblement modifiée d’un texte diffusé par le Parc amazonien de Guyane destiné aux communautés Wayãpi et Teko du bassin de l’Oyapock et de la Camopi et secondairement aux écoles de la région (Grenand et al. 2015). Il analyse successivement l’histoire de la cartographie du territoire teko et wayãpi, la construction de la toponymie autochtone, pour terminer par la présentation d’une sélection de toponymes mettant en valeur tout à la fois la mémorisation des noms et la visualisation des lieux. This work is a sensibly modified version of the text published by the Guianese Amazonian Park for Wayãpi and Teko communities of the Oyapock and Camopi regions and for this region’s schools (Grenand et al. 2015). It is an analysis of the history and cartography of the Teko and Wayãpi territories, of the construction of natives’ toponymy, and finally a presentation selected toponyms highlightin both name memorization and location visualization.

De nombreux espaces frontaliers périphériques des États nationaux font l’objet, de par le monde, de politiques publiques de développement territorialisées. La frontière franco-brésilienne, entre la Guyane française, département-région d’outre-mer français, et l’Amapá, État fédéré brésilien, constitue le cas d’étude sur lequel nous examinons ici ces politiques en nous intéressant non à leur efficacité mais à leur coïncidence. Cet examen révèle un différentiel politique majeur entre France et Brésil : s’appuyant sur des logiques nationales mises en place depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, mais aussi dotées de quelques spécificités locales, elles n’ont ni la même portée géographique, ni la même nature, ni les mêmes objectifs, ni les mêmes types de pilotes.En s’appuyant prioritairement sur l’analyse des documents de politiques publiques connexes, cet article revient successivement sur celles mises en œuvre du côté français et du côté brésilien, pour aboutir à un bilan tabulaire et cartographique comparatif mettant en exergue de nets écarts et une relative ignorance mutuelle. Muitas áreas de fronteira periféricas de estados nacionais no mundo são afetadas por políticas públicas de desenvolvimento territorializadas. A fronteira franco-brasileira entre a Guiana Francesa, departamento-região ultramarino francês e o Amapá, estado federal brasileiro, é o estudo de caso em que examinamos aqui essas políticas, concentrando-se não sobre a eficiência, mas sobre a coincidência delas. Esta avaliação revela uma grande divergência política entre França e Brasil : baseadas numa lógica nacional implementada desde meados do século XX, mas também com algumas especificidades locais, elas não têm o mesmo alcance geográfico, ou a mesma natureza, ou os mesmos objetivos ou os mesmos tipos de condutores. Baseado principalmente na análise de documentos relacionados a essas políticas públicas, este artigo sucessivamente debate as implementadas do lado do francês e do lado brasileiro. Isto leva a uma avaliação tabular e cartográfica comparativa destacando diferenças claras e uma ignorância mútua. Many peripheral border areas of national States around the world are affected by public territorial policies aiming to their development. The Franco-Brazilian border between French Guiana, a French overseas department and region, and Amapá, a Brazilian federal State, is the case study in which we examine here these policies, focusing not on their efficiency, but on their coincidence. This review reveals a major political gap between France and Brazil : based on national dynamics implemented since the mid-twentieth century, but also with some local specificities, they do not have the same geographic scope, or the same nature, or the same goals or even the same kinds of drivers. Based primarily on the analysis of documents related to those public policies, this paper successively discusses those implemented on the French side and then on the Brazilian side. This leads to a comparative tabular and mapping assessment highlighting clear differences and a relative mutual ignorance.

National audience; En géographie des frontières, la modélisation constitue une pratique qui n’est pas systématisée. Il s’agit d’un objet de débat au sein de la discipline, rejoignant plus largement les controverses existantes autour de sa/ses théorisation/s. Quelques auteurs se sont néanmoins risqués à proposer des « modèles » d’effets-frontière et de relations transfrontalières, pouvant être appliqués à divers cas d’étude. On peut citer les « six exemples d’effet-frontière » que proposent J.-P. Renard et P. Picouet : l’intégration de marges, l’effet de dissymétrie, l’effet de dysfonctionnement, l’effet d’abri et de transit, l’effet créateur et accumulateur, et enfin le métamorphisme de contact qui opère la création d’un système spatial transfrontalier (Renard et Picouet, 1993, p. 7). Sous forme de catalogue, plutôt que de typologie englobante, les deux auteurs proposent des schémas de synthèse modélisant des lectures de compositions territoriales pouvant exister aux frontières.

International audience; Ethnopharmacological relevance: In French Guiana, traditional phytotherapies are an important part of self-healthcare, however, a precise understanding of the interactions between local phytotherapies and biomedicine is lacking. Malaria is still endemic in the transition area between French Guiana and Brazil, and practices of self-treatment, although difficult to detect, have possible consequences on the outcome of public health policies.Aim of the study: The objectives of this research were 1) to document occurences of co-medication (interactions between biomedicine and local phytotherapies) against malaria around Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock (SGO), 2) to quantify and to qualify plant uses against malaria, 3) and to discuss potential effects of such co-medications, in order to improve synergy between community efforts and public health programs in SGO particularly, and in Amazonia more broadly.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 in SGO. Inhabitants of any age and nationality were interviewed using a questionnaire (122 questions) about their knowledge and habits regarding malaria, and their use of plants to prevent and treat it. They were invited to show their potential responses on a poster illustrating the most common antimalarial plants used in the area. In order to correlate plant uses and malaria epidemiology, all participants subsequently received a medical examination, and malaria detection was performed by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Results: A total of 1566 inhabitants were included in the study. Forty-six percent of them declared that they had been infected by malaria at least once, and this rate increased with age. Every person who reported that they had had malaria also indicated that they had taken antimalarial drugs (at least for the last episode), and self-medication against malaria with pharmaceuticals was reported in 142 cases. A total of 550 plant users was recorded (35.1% of the interviewed population). Among them 95.5% associated pharmaceuticals to plants. All plants reported to treat malaria were shared by every cultural group around SGO, but three plants were primarily used by the Palikur: Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus aurantifolia and Siparuna guianensis. Two plants stand out among those used by Creoles: Eryngium foetidum and Quassia amara, although the latter is used by all groups and is by far the most cited plant by every cultural group. Cultivated species accounts for 91.3% of the use reports, while wild taxa account for only 18.4%.Conclusions: This study showed that residents of SGO in French Guiana are relying on both traditional phytotherapies and pharmaceutical drugs to treat malaria. This medical pluralism is to be understood as a form of pragmatism: people are collecting or cultivating plants for medicinal purposes, which is probably more congruent with their respective cultures and highlights the wish for a certain independence of the care process. A better consideration of these practices is thus necessary to improve public health response to malaria.

Além de analisar as etapas que levaram ao atraso e à inauguração da Ponte Binacional, este artigo procura compreender os efeitos da ponte quatro anos após a sua inauguração. Com base em seis meses de trabalho de campo etnográfico assim como na análise de documentos e discursos, o artigo reforça o argumento de que a questão da não reciprocidade de vistos foi não apenas a chave para o atraso da ponte: após sua inauguração, ela realmente transformou a ponte em uma via de mão única, que perpetua as desigualdades com base na cidadania e em conexão com outros eixos de estratificação. Causando conflitos em uma região historicamente entrelaçada, a Ponte Binacional contradiz os enquadramentos políticos predominantes a uma ponte de conexão. Outre l’analyse des étapes qui ont conduit au retard et à l’inauguration du pont binational, cet article cherche à comprendre les effets du pont quatre ans après son inauguration. Basé sur six mois d’enquête de terrain ainsi que sur l’analyse de documents et du discours, l’article renforce l’argument selon lequel la question de la non-réciprocité des visas n’a pas seulement été la clé du retard du pont : après son inauguration, elle a en fait transformé le pont en une rue à sens unique qui perpétue les inégalités fondées sur la citoyenneté et en lien avec d’autres axes de stratification. A l’origine de conflits dans une région historiquement enchevêtrée, le pont binational est en contradiction avec les encadrements politiques dominants d’un pont de liaison. Besides analyzing the steps that led to the delay and the inauguration of the Binational Bridge, this article seeks to understand the effects of the bridge four years after its inauguration. Based on six months of ethnographic fieldwork as well as document and discourse analysis, the article reinforces the argument that the issue of visa non-reciprocity has not only been key to the delay of the bridge: in the aftermath of the inauguration, it actually turned the bridge into a one-way street which perpetuates inequalities on the basis of citizenship and in connection with other axes of stratification. Causing conflicts in a historically entangled region, the Binational Bridge contradicts prevailing political framings of a connecting bridge.

Cet article présente un exemple de coopération en santé entre la France et le Brésil autour du programme Oyapock Coopération Santé dont un des objectifs est l’amélioration du suivi des patients vivant avec le VIH (PvVIH) dans le bassin de vie transfrontalier de l’Oyapock. Les PvVIH résidant à Oiapoque, ville brésilienne frontalière ont d’importantes contraintes de mobilité liées au suivi spécialisé de leur pathologie dans leur État. Elles ont également des représentations plus positives sur le système de santé français. Ces raisons les conduisent à préférer traverser la frontière pour être pris en charge à Saint-Georges. Or ce suivi n’est pas pour autant optimal, engendrant des frais de déplacements, une potentielle illégalité sur le territoire français et/ou des difficultés administratives se surajoutant à un suivi contraignant. L’objectif du projet a été de mettre en place une consultation spécialisée pour les PvVIH à Oiapoque afin de leur donner accès à un suivi de qualité sur leur territoire de résidence. Ce projet a nécessité le travail de nombreux acteurs français et brésiliens d’origines socio-professionnelles différentes amenés à apprendre à collaborer en tenant compte de la complexité de l’interculturalité, matérialisée notamment par des barrières linguistiques et culturelles. Este artigo apresenta um exemplo de cooperação em saúde entre a França e o Brasil em torno do programa Oiapoque Cooperação Saúde cujo um dos objetivos é melhorar o acompanhamento dos pessoas vivendo com HIV (PvVIH) na área de convivência transfronteiriça de Oiapoque. Para os PvVIH residindo em Oiapoque, cidade fronteiriça brasileira, as restrições de mobilidade vinculadas ao acompanhamento especializado de sua patologia em seu Estado e representações imaginadas sobre o sistema de saúde francês os levam a preferir cruzar a fronteira para serem atendidos. No entanto, esse acompanhamento não é tão ótimo, gerando despesas com viagens, uma potencial ilegalidade no território francês e/ou dificuldades administrativas se sobrecarregando a um à um acompanhamento restritivo. O objetivo do projeto era estabelecer uma consulta especializada para os pacientes PVHIV em Oiapoque a fim de dar-lhes acesso a um acompanhamento de qualidade em seu território de residência. Este projeto exigiu o trabalho de muitos atores franceses e brasileiros de diferentes origens sócio-profissionais levados a aprender a colaborar, levando em consideração a complexidade da interculturalidade, materializada em particular por barreiras linguísticas e culturais. This article presents an example of health cooperation between France and Brazil through a project called « Oyapock Coopération Santé » meaning health cooperation along the Oyapock river. It aims to provide patients living with HIV (PlHIV) with a better access to medical care in the frontier area of the Oyapock river. PlHIV living in Oiapoque, the Brazilian border city, face constraints of mobility for accessing to a specialized care in their own state. They also have a positive representation of the French Healthcare system. For these reasons, they prefer to cross the border to seek care in French Guiana. However, this follow-up is not optimal as patients need to pay the trip, deal with the fact they are staying illegally in the French territory and other administrative difficulties. The purpose of the projet was the creation of a dedicated medical care for PlHIV in Oiapoque so they can have access to a quality follow-up in their territory of residence. Many French and Brazilian stakeholders from different socio-professional backgrounds worked together on this project. They had to learn to work together and to collaborate in a complex intercultural environment facing cultural and linguistic barriers.

Le bassin du bas-Oyapock se situe dans une zone de confins. C’est un espace original, structurellement une marge, qui au fil du temps a développé des logiques de fonctionnement en bassin de vie atypique par rapport au reste des territoires de la Guyane française et de l’Amapá brésilienne. Les fonctionnements spatiaux antagonistes et complémentaires de cette zone de confins se sont mis en place en réaction au degré d’intégration de cette bordure plus ou moins épaisse d’espaces nationaux et l’ont sur le temps long érigé en espace transnational. Aujourd’hui, la présence du pont sur l’Oyapock et surtout son ouverture récente ont refonctionnalisé la position frontalière du fleuve. Objet de lien entre la France et le Brésil, le pont international de l’Oyapock met cet espace de confins en lumière mais n’a pas d’action concrète sur la « démarginalisation » du bassin versant. Avec le renforcement des contrôles qui accompagnent la mise en place du point de passage par le pont, le fonctionnement traditionnel du bassin de vie a été bouleversé, en révélant ainsi une frontière longtemps gommée et niée par les pratiques sociales, économiques, culturelles et sanitaires des populations. Aujourd’hui, le bas-Oyapock renouvelle son fonctionnement de marge notamment dans son épaisseur et dans les dynamiques territoriales qu’il génère. The Lower Oyapock watershed is located in a border area. It is an original space, structurally a margin, which over time has developed logics of functioning in a pool of life atypical compared to the rest of the territories of French Guiana and Amapá. The antagonistic and complementary spatial functions of this border zone were set up in reaction to the degree of integration of this more or less thick border of national spaces and have over time erected it in transnational space. Today, the presence of the bridge and especially its recent opening have re-functionalized the border position of the river. Object of link between France and Brazil, the international bridge of the Oyapock highlights this space of borders but currently has little or no concrete action on the "demarginalization" of the watershed. With the strengthening of the controls that accompany the establishment of the crossing point by the bridge, the traditional functioning of the living area has been disrupted, revealing a border long erased and denied by the social, economic, cultural and health practices of populations. Today, lower-Oyapock is renewing its margin operation, particularly in its thickness and in the territorial dynamics it generates. A bacia do baixo-Oiapoque se situa numa zona de fronteira. Espaço original, estruturalmente uma margem, que ao longo do tempo desenvolveu lógicas de funcionamento em áreas de povoamento atípica em comparação com o resto dos territórios da Guiana Francesa e do Amapá brasileiro. As funções espaciais antagônicas e complementares desta zona fronteiriça foram estabelecidas em reação ao grau de integração dessa borda mais ou menos espessa dos espaços nacionais e, ao longo do tempo, constituiu-se em espaço transnacional. Atualmente, a presença da ponte sobre o Oiapoque e, especialmente, sua recente abertura, refuncionalizaram a posição de fronteira do rio. Objeto de ligação entre a França e o Brasil, a ponte internacional do Oiapoque coloca em destaque esse espaço de fronteira, mas não tem ação concreta sobre a "desmarginalização" da bacia de captação. Com o fortalecimento dos controles que acompanham o estabelecimento do ponto de passagem pela ponte, o funcionamento tradicional desta área de povoamento foi perturbado, revelando uma fronteira há muito apagada e negada pelas práticas sociais, econômicas, culturais e de saúde das suas populações. Hoje, o baixo-Oiapoque renova seu funcionamento enquanto margem, especialmente em sua espessura e na dinâmica territorial que ele estabelece.

Pharmacopoeias are, like any kind of cultural production, living and dynamic objects that constantly change and reinvent themselves, throughout continuous contacts and exchanges between different social groups. Medicinal plants are "biocultural objects" (Pordie, 2002) as well, because of the richness and the complexity of relationships that societies develop with them. In French Guiana, especially in its cross-border areas, cultural interactions are usual. Plants and knowledge about their uses circulate among communities, contributing to a permanent renewal and a continuous hybridation of herbal medicines. These material and immaterial flows form the cultural reality of cross-border areas on the Guiana Shield. This paper focuses on the border between French Guiana and Brazil, which was made tangible by the Oyapock River. Based on interviews conducted in the French border town of Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, it proposes an exploratory description of ethnobotanical flows in this cross-border context. It lists the medicinal plants used in Saint-Georges, analyses the diffusion of associated knowledge between the different communities and highlights the circulations of plants and of related medicinal knowledge in this transfrontier area. This research is one part of a larger study on biocultural circulations at the scale of French Guiana and its neighbours., Les pharmacopées sont, à l’image de toute production culturelle, des objets éminemment vivants et dynamiques qui se transforment et se réinventent constamment, au fil des contacts et échanges incessants qui se jouent entre les différents groupes humains. Les plantes médicinales sont, elles aussi, des « objets bioculturels » (Pordié, 2002) par la richesse et la complexité des relations que les sociétés entretiennent avec elles, elles aussi toujours en évolution. En Guyane, et en particulier sur les espaces transfrontaliers, les interactions culturelles sont constantes. Les plantes et leurs usages circulent entre les communautés, participant au renouvellement et à l’hybridation continuelle des phytothérapies. Ces flux matériels et immatériels composent la réalité culturelle des espaces transfrontaliers du plateau des Guyanes. Cet article se focalise sur la frontière franco-brésilienne matérialisée par le fleuve Oyapock. À la lumière d’entretiens menés dans la ville de Saint-Georges-de-l’Oyapock, nous proposons une description exploratoire des flux ethnobotaniques en contexte transfrontalier, en nous intéressant aux plantes médicinales échangées, à la diffusion des savoirs associés et donc aux modes de circulation des plantes et des connaissances. Cette étude compose une partie d’une recherche plus large sur les circulations bioculturelles à l’échelle de la Guyane et de ses voisins., As farmacopeias são, como toda produção cultural, objetos eminentemente vivos e dinâmicos que se transformam e se reinventam constantemente, ao longo dos contatos e intercâmbios incessantes que acontecem entre os diferentes grupos humanos. As plantas medicinais também são “objetos bioculturais” (Pordié, 2002) pela riqueza e complexidade das relações que as sociedades mantêm entre si, que estão igualmente sempre em evolução. Na Guiana Francesa e, especialmente, nos espaços transfonteiriços, as interações culturais são constantes. As plantas e seus usos circulam entre as comunidades, participando assim da renovação e hibridação contínuas das fitoterapias. Esses fluxos materiais e imateriais compõem a realidade cultural dos espaços transfronteiriços do Planalto das Guianas. O presente artigo foca a fronteira francobrasileira, materializada pelo Rio Oiapoque. Baseados em entrevistas feitas na cidade de Saint- Georges de l’Oyapock, propomos uma descrição exploratória dos fluxos etnobotânicos em contexto transfronteiriço, interessando-nos pelas plantas medicinais intercambiadas, pela difusão dos saberes a elas associados e, logo, pelos modos de circulação das plantas e conhecimentos. Este estudo integra uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre as circulações bioculturais na região da Guiana Francesa e seus vizinhos.

International audience

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International audience

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International audience

International audience

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BackgroundIn 2017, inhabitants along the border between French Guiana and Brazil were affected by a malaria outbreak primarily due toPlasmodium vivax(Pv). While malaria cases have steadily declined between 2005 and 2016 in this Amazonian region, a resurgence was observed in 2017.MethodsTwo investigations were performed according to different spatial scales and information details: (1) a local study on the French Guiana border, which enabled a thorough investigation of malaria cases treated at a local village health center and the entomological circumstances in the most affected neighborhood, and (2) a regional and cross-border study, which enabled exploration of the regional spatiotemporal epidemic dynamic. Number and location of malaria cases were estimated using French and Brazilian surveillance systems.ResultsOn the French Guianese side of the border in Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock, the attack rate was 5.5% (n = 4000), reaching 51.4% (n = 175) in one Indigenous neighborhood. Entomological findings suggest a peak ofAnopheles darlingidensity in August and September. Two femaleAn. darlingi(n = 1104, 0.18%) were found to bePv-positive during this peak. During the same period, aggregated data from passive surveillance conducted by Brazilian and French Guianese border health centers identified 1566 cases ofPvinfection. Temporal distribution during the 2007–2018 period displayed seasonal patterns with a peak in November 2017. Four clusters were identified among epidemic profiles of cross-border area localities. All localities of the first two clusters were Brazilian. The localization of the first cluster suggests an onset of the outbreak in an Indigenous reservation, subsequently expanding to French Indigenous neighborhoods and non-Native communities.ConclusionsThe current findings demonstrate a potential increase in malaria cases in an area with otherwise declining numbers. This is a transborder region where human mobility and remote populations challenge malaria control programs. This investigation illustrates the importance of international border surveillance and collaboration for malaria control, particularly in Indigenous villages and mobile populations.

International audience

International audience

International audience; Optimized elimination strategies are needed to control transmission of malaria. As part of an elimination campaign, active detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium carriers by highly sensitive methods is deemed necessary. Asymptomatic carriage leads to complex scientific, ethical, and operational issues regarding individual or collective detection and treatment. To address this issue, a crosssectional study was carried out in French Guiana to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium carriage during an inter-epidemic season in the whole population of a neighborhood of Saint-Georges-de-l’Oyapock, along the Brazilian border. Fifty-eight participants out of 63 residents were screened. The median age was 23.3 years (range: 2 months–72 years), with a male/female sex-ratio of 0.56. The majority of the participants (74%, N = 43/58) reported a history of malaria, 12% (N = 7/58) during the past 12 months. All rapid diagnostic tests for malaria were negative. Among the 58 participants, malaria prevalence detected by nested-PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was 3.6% (N = 2/56). Two asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium were identified: one child with Plasmodium vivax and one adult with Plasmodium falciparum. These two carriers were treated and did not develop malaria within the eight months following the diagnosis. This study confirmed the presence of asymptomatic parasitaemias outside hyperendemic areas. However, the benefits of such an active detection and patient treatment to eliminate malaria in French Guiana need to be evaluated at a larger scale.; Une fois la transmission du paludisme contrôlée, les stratégies d'élimination s'imposent. Ces dernières ciblent tout particulièrement les porteurs asymptomatiques de plasmodies. Ces parasitémies asymptomatiques posent des questions scientifiques, éthiques et opérationnelles complexes en termes de détection et d'intérêt individuel et collectif de proposer un traitement. Afin de préciser la part jouée par ces porteurs asymptomatiques en Guyane dans la transmission, il est nécessaire de connaître leur prévalence. Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale, en période interépidémique, en population générale, dans un quartier de la commune de Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, à la frontière brésilienne, caractérisé par une transmission régulière endémoépidémique de paludisme dit autochtone. Cinquante-huit des 63 habitants du quartier ont été inclus. La moyenne d'âge était de 23,3 ans (min-max : 2 mois-72 ans) et le sex-ratio homme/femme de 0,56. Soixante-quatorze pour cent (n = 43/58) de la population d'étude déclaraient au moins un antécédent palustre au cours de leur vie, dont 12 % (n = 7/58) au cours de l'année précé-dente. Tous les tests de diagnostic rapide du paludisme (n = 58/58) étaient négatifs. La Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) a permis d'identifier deux porteurs asymptoma-tiques : un enfant porteur de Plasmodium vivax et un adulte porteur de Plasmodium falciparum. Cela représentait une prévalence totale de 3,6 % (n = 2/56). Ces deux patients ont été traités comme pour un accès symptomatique et n'ont pas développé d'accès palustre symptomatique dans les huit mois qui ont suivi. Cette étude montre que le por-tage asymptomatique de plasmodies existe en dehors des zones hyperendémiques. L'efficacité de cette stratégie de dépistage et de traitement dans un but d'élimination du paludisme en Guyane reste cependant à objectiver au tra-vers d'une étude à plus large échelle.

L’article propose une étude comparative dans la frontière franco-brésilienne de l’Oyapock entre la Guyane, département français d’Outre-mer, et l’état fédéré brésilien de l’Amapá. En particulier, l’étude porte sur l’analyse des concepts de « développement » et « durabilité » par les habitants de la frontière de l’Oyapock. L’économie de cette frontière ultrapériphérique est fortement dépendante des États. L’expansion attendue du commerce à l’échelle locale représente une opportunité pour le rapprochement entre le Brésil et l’Europe. Dans ce contexte, les concepts de « développement » et « durabilité » sont importants à différentes échelles. Par conséquent, on propose une comparaison de ces concepts parmi les acteurs locaux et nationaux de la région frontalière de l’Oyapock. This article is based on a geographical comparison of French and Brazilian territorial policies on the frontier between French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amapá. In particular, our paper focuses on the conception of developments and sustainability around the Oyapock boarder. These peripheral regions are severely dependent from their respective central states. Local economic exchange however, promises to offer a strategy of reconciliation between Europe and Brazil. In that context, concepts of “development” and “sustainability” are important in different scales. Then, a comparison between local and national scales became a way to ask about the differences and dialogues in Oyapock border region.

Deux peuples amérindiens de langue tupi-guarani, les Teko et les Wayãpi, vivent sur le territoire de Camopi, commune de Guyane française. Dans cet article nous nous attachons à retracer la construction historique de leurs territoires actuels, en montrant quand et comment ils se les ont appropriés. Nous explicitons également comment ces territoires sont devenus une commune de la République française. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons comment ces peuples s’adaptent aux changements contemporains induits par l’orpaillage illégal ayant lieu sur leur territoire et par le recrû démographique sans précédent qu’ils connaissent. Enfin, après avoir montré l’échec des politiques de regroupement que l’État français leur a imposé depuis 40 ans, nous concluons sur l’importance identitaire de leurs revendications socio-culturelles et territoriales contemporaines. Dois povos indígenas de língua Tupi-Guarani, os Wayãpi e os Teko moram no território de Camopí, município da Guiana Francesa. Neste artigo tentamos traçar a construção histórica dos territórios atuais desses povos, mostrando como e quando têm apropriado. Explicamos como estes territórios tornaram-se em um município da República Francesa. Em uma segunda parte, apresentamos como essas populações se adaptaram às mudanças contemporâneas induzidas pela garimpagem ilegal ocorrendo em seu território e o crescimento demográfico sem precedentes que eles vivem. Finalmente, depois de mostrar o fracasso das políticas de reunificação que o Estado francês impôs desde 40 anos, podemos concluir sobre a importância atual da afirmação das suas reivindicações socioculturais e territoriais contemporâneas. Two peoples of Tupi-Guarani language, Teko and Wayãpi Indians, live on the territory of Camopi, French Guiana municipality. In this article we try to trace the historical construction of the present territories of these people by showing how and when they appropriate it. We explain how these territories have become a municipality of the French Republic. In a second part, we present how these people adapt to contemporary changes induced by illegal mining taking place on their territory and to an unprecedented demographic increase of theirs own peoples. Finally, after showing the failure of reunification policies that the French state has imposed since 40 years, we conclude on the importance of the identity claims for their land and their cultures.

International audience; Les populations amérindiennes expérimentent depuis plusieurs décennies des changements socio-économiques et territoriaux importants, dans un contexte d'augmentation démographique forte. L'article aborde l'adaptation des systèmes d'occupation du territoire et d'exploitation des ressources naturelles des Amérindiens de Guyane française face aux contraintes exercées sur leur territoire et leur mode de vie. Quelle est la résilience des systèmes amérindiens d'utilisation du territoire et de ses ressources naturelles ? La concentration de l'habitat amérindien autour du bourg de Camopi, liée à l'implantation des infrastructures de type centre de santé et école, et à la promotion de l'habitat sédentaire, contribue à générer une pénurie des ressources naturelles et un mal-être social. Le système s'adapte par un éclatement de l'habitat en villages périphériques et par une extension des terroirs agricoles le long des cours d'eau, afin de retrouver de l'espace. Ces villages reproduisent un modèle d'organisation spatiale semblable à l'organisation traditionnelle des villages wayãpi et teko. L'habitat reste cependant sédentaire, les familles souhaitant voir leur village se faire équiper des services minimaux : eau potable et électrification. La limite spatiale à l'éclatement de l'habitat demeure les déplacements journaliers vers l'école, et par conséquent la desserte par le transport scolaire (pirogue). Ainsi, les services et infrastructures conditionnent l'occupation du territoire. Des abattis complémentaires sont maintenus à plus grande distance du bourg et l'habitat devient bilocal : un habitat principal desservi par les services et infrastructures et un habitat secondaire, éloigné et itinérant, conditionné par la qualité des terres agricoles, les ressources cynégétiques, l'histoire du lieu et les réseaux familiaux. Le maintien de ces habitations éloignées est possible grâce à l'investissement des revenus issus des aides sociales dans le transport. Il est ainsi montré que les systèmes amérindiens d'occupation du territoire et d'exploitation des ressources naturelles ont un potentiel adaptatif fort : ils s'appuient sur la recomposition de mobilités circulaires, organisées selon un gradient d'intensité d'utilisation des ressources, qui garantit la durabilité du système.

International audience