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Introduction: Owing to controversy information surrounds effect of glucocorticoids on the evolution of COVID-19, we evaluate the effects of outpatient glucocorticoid use on the severity and progression of COVID-19 and risk of infection and analyse the effect of window of exposure and dose. Methods: We conducted a population-based case − control study, involving 4 substudies: (i) Hospitalisation; (ii) Mortality, using subjects hospitalised with a PCR + as cases and subjects without a PCR + as controls; (iii) Progression, including subjects with a PCR + (hospitalised versus non-hospitalised); and (iv) Susceptibility, with all subjects with a PCR + and subjects without a PCR +. Adjusted odds ratios (ORa) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Results: The outpatient glucocorticoid use was associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation (aOR 1.79; 95% CI 1.56–2.05), mortality (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 1.68–3.15), progression (aOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.43–2.00) and susceptibility (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19–1.41). Furthermore, the effects was observed to be greater at higher doses and the closer that drug use approached the outcome date, with an almost fourfold increase in mortality among users in the previous month (aOR 3.85; 95% CI 2.63–5.62). Conclusions: According to the results of this real-world data study, outpatient glucocorticoid use should be considered in making decisions about intrahospital treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the impact of prior chronic treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/ angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), both as a group and by active ingredient, on severity (risk of hospitalization and mortality), progression of and susceptibility to COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a multiple population-based case–control study in Galicia (north-west Spain). The study data were sourced from medical, administrative and clinical databases. We assessed: (1) risk of hospitalization, by selecting all patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 with PCR + as cases, and a random sample of subjects without a PCR + as controls; (2) COVID-19 mortality risk; (3) risk of disease progression; and (4) susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, considering all patients with PCR + as cases, and the same subjects used in the previous model as controls. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated. Results: ACEIs and ARBs were shown to decrease the risk of hospitalization (aOR = 0.78 [95%CI 0.69–0.89] and aOR = 0.80 [95%CI 0.72–0.90] respectively), risk of mortality (aOR = 0.71 [95%CI 0.52–0.98] and aOR = 0.69 [95%CI 0.52–0.91] respectively), and susceptibility to the virus (aOR = 0.88 [95%CI 0.82–0.94] and aOR = 0.92 [95%CI 0.86–0.97] respectively). By active ingredient: use of enalapril was associated with a significantly lower risk of hospitalization (aOR = 0.72 [95%CI 0.61–0.85]), mortality (aOR = 0.59 [95%CI 0.38–0.92]) and susceptibility to COVID-19 (aOR = 0.86 [95%CI 0.79–0.94]); and use of candesartan was associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization (aOR = 0.76 [95%CI 0.60–0.95]), mortality (aOR = 0.36 [95%CI 0.17–0.75]) and disease progression (aOR = 0.73 [95%CI 0.56–0.95]). Conclusion: This large-scale real-world data study suggest that enalapril and candesartan are associated with a considerable reduction in risk of severe COVID19 outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]