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Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin that has a potential risk to human health due to its nephrotoxic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic effects. For these reasons the interaction of ochratoxin A with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated in physiological media by various techniques such as UV‐Vis, fluorescence (FL), circular dichroism (CD), attenuated total reflection (ATR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular docking study via Auto Dock‐vina software. The fluorescence intensity of tryptophan in HSA was strongly quenched in the present of OA and the quenching constants and binding constant were valued 108 M−1 and 1.04 M−1, respectively. The CD spectra showed alteration in the secondary structure of HSA in the presence of ochratoxin by reducing the regular alpha helical structure and increasing the beta‐sheet structure. By increasing the concentration of OA to 1.25 μM, the intensity of absorption spectrum at 282 nm was increased, indicating the strong interaction of OA and HSA. The enthalpies of these molecular interaction calculated from DSC analysis indicate OA interaction with HAS is exothermic. The docking calculations showed that the amino acids of Lys190, ASP187, LYS519, ARG186 and ARG428 were interacted with OA by hydrogen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was made of the literature concerning the occurrence and incidence of mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs and chicks in different countries. Various etiological factors contributing to the development of the disease were considered. The main nephrotoxic fungi as well as the specific conditions for their growth and toxins production were briefly described. A survey was made about the most frequent nephrotoxic fungal contaminants in various feedstuffs from plant origin. In addition, their natural quantities and importance for development of mycotoxic porcine/chick nephropathy (MPN/MCN) are also explored. In addition, a survey was made of the feedstuffs representing the most favorable environment for nephrotoxic fungal growth as well as the most favorable storehouse conditions for this fungal growth were shortly described. The significance of some underestimated fungal species, which can provoke kidney damage, was studied. The importance of joint mycotoxin interaction and newly identified fungal metabolites in the complex etiology of mycotoxic nephropathy ranged in some countries is deeply investigated. The toxicity of the low contamination levels of some combinations of mycotoxins often administered by pigs and chicks in the practice was carefully studied.

A survey was made of the literature concerning the occurrence and incidence of mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs and chicks in different countries. Various etiological factors contributing to the development of the disease were considered. The main nephrotoxic fungi as well as the specific conditions for their growth and toxins production were briefly described. A survey was made about the most frequent nephrotoxic fungal contaminants in various feedstuffs from plant origin. In addition, their natural quantities and importance for development of mycotoxic porcine/chick nephropathy (MPN/MCN) are also explored. In addition, a survey was made of the feedstuffs representing the most favorable environment for nephrotoxic fungal growth as well as the most favorable storehouse conditions for this fungal growth were shortly described. The significance of some underestimated fungal species, which can provoke kidney damage, was studied. The importance of joint mycotoxin interaction and newly identified fungal metabolites in the complex etiology of mycotoxic nephropathy ranged in some countries is deeply investigated. The toxicity of the low contamination levels of some combinations of mycotoxins often administered by pigs and chicks in the practice was carefully studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]