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Highlights: What are the main findings? High AWS and coincident strong negative UISST (indicative of coastal upwelling) were observed along the western Bay of Bengal. The northern part of the coast illustrated UISST leading ET compared to the south where both prevailed simultaneously. The equatorial windstress-forced first upwelling Kelvin wave triggered coastal upwelling along the northern part of the east coast of India in April, while the first downwelling Kelvin wave suppressed it in June. What is the implication of the main finding? Coastal upwelling and hence, the seasonal variability of primary productivity in the region is not locally driven but influenced by remote equatorial windstress generated coastally trapped Kelvin waves. Monsoon winds drive upwelling along the eastern coast of India. This study examined the role of coastally trapped Kelvin waves in modulating the seasonal variability of local alongshore windstress (AWS)-driven coastal upwelling along the western Bay of Bengal. The winds generated AWS resulting in a positive cross-shore Ekman transport (ET) from March to the end of September, which forced coastal upwelling along the eastern coast of India. However, coastally trapped Kelvin waves could also modulate this process by raising or lowering the thermocline. Remotely sensed windstress, sea surface temperature (SST), and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) were used to compute the AWS (the wind-based proxy upwelling index) and an SST-based proxy upwelling index (UISST). A new parametric method of the estimation of coastal angles was developed to estimate the AWS and ET. Coastal upwelling and the Kelvin waves were identified based on the climatology of SSHA, AWS, and UISST, in addition to a complex principal component (CEOF) analysis of the SSHA. The UISST and AWS were found to be closely correlated along the southern section of the east coast of India (between Kavali and Point Calimere), where the coastal upwelling was largely local AWS-driven. However, along the northern section of the coast (between Kashinagara and Kakinada), coastal upwelling was triggered by the first upwelling Kelvin wave, sustained by the local AWS, and then terminated by the first downwelling Kelvin wave. This analysis illustrated that remote equatorial windstress caused coastal upwelling along the northern part of the Indian east coast, while it was primarily locally driven in the southern coast. The findings are helpful in better understanding the mechanisms modulating coastal upwelling along the western Bay of Bengal. These would provide useful insights into the primary productivity and the air–sea interactions in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) is an important ocean parameter influencing cyclones and hurricanes. The best approach for computing TCHP is to usein situmeasurements. However, sincein situdata have both spatial and temporal limitations, there is a need for satellite-based estimations. One potential solution is to use sea surface height anomalies (SSHAs) from altimeter observations. However, any estimation derived from satellite measurements requires extensive regional validation. In this letter, we compare satellite-derived TCHP values with those estimated usingin situmeasurements of the North Indian Ocean collected during 1993–2009. All the available measurements collected from the conductivity temperature and depth (CTD) profiler, expendable CTD profiler (XCTD), bathythermograph (BT), expendable BT (XBT) and Argo floats were used to estimatein situderived TCHP values. TCHP estimations from satellite observations andin situmeasurements are well correlated, with coefficient of determinationR2of 0.65 (0.76) and a scatter index (SI) of 0.33 (0.25) on a daily (monthly) basis for the North Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]