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Background: Several recent studies have related short sleep duration with different health problems, though the results related with the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are far from conclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between night-time sleep duration and the incidence of obesity and T2D in a prospective study with a follow-up of 11 years., Material and Methods: The study comprised 1145 people evaluated in 1997-1998 and re-evaluated after 6 years and 11 years. At the three study points, subjects without known diabetes mellitus (KDM) were given an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Anthropometric and biochemical variables were measured. The subjects were asked about their number of hours of night-time sleep., Results: After adjustment, the OR of becoming obese was significantly higher in subjects who slept ≤ 7 hours per night, at both the 6-year follow-up (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.12-3.55) and the 11-year follow-up (OR = 2.73; 95% CI = 1.47-5.04). The incidence of T2D at the 6-year follow-up in subjects without T2D at baseline was higher in those who slept ≤ 7 hours per night (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.10-3.50). However, this association was not independent of obesity, weight gain or abnormal glucose regulation at baseline. At the 11-year follow-up however there was no association between night-time sleep duration and the incidence of T2D., Conclusions: The incidence of obesity over the 11-year follow-up increased in subjects with fewer hours of night-time sleep. The incidence of T2D according to the hours of night-time sleep depended on obesity and the carbohydrate metabolism phenotype., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Prospective longitudinal studies evaluating the relevance of "Metabolically Healthy but Obese" (MHO) phenotype at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases are few and results are contradictory., Methods: As a representative of the general population, 1051 individuals were evaluated in 1997-1998 and re-evaluated after 6 years and 11 years. Subjects without known T2D were given an oral glucose tolerance test. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were measured. Four sets of criteria were considered to define MHO subjects besides body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2): A: Homeostatic Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) <90th percentile; B: HOMA-IR <90th percentile, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol >40 mg/dL in men and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol >50 mg/dL in women, triglycerides <150 mg/dL, fasting glucose <110 mg/dL, and blood pressure ≤140/90 mm Hg; C: HOMA-IR <90th percentile, triglycerides <150 mg/dL, fasting glucose <110 mg/dL, and blood pressure ≤140/90 mm Hg; D: HOMA-IR <90th percentile, triglycerides <150 mg/dL, and fasting glucose <110 mg/dL. Subjects with T2D at baseline were excluded from the calculations of incidence of T2D., Results: The baseline prevalence of MHO phenotype varied between 3.0% and 16.9%, depending on the set of criteria chosen. Metabolically nonhealthy obese subjects were at highest risk for becoming diabetic after 11 years of follow-up (odds ratio = 8.20; 95% confidence interval = 2.72-24.72; P < .0001). In MHO subjects the risk for becoming diabetic was lower than in metabolically nonhealthy obese subjects, but this risk remained significant (odds ratio = 3.13; 95% confidence interval = 1.07-9.17; P = .02). In subjects who lost weight during the study, the association between MHO phenotype and T2D incidence disappeared, even after adjusting for HOMA-IR., Conclusions: The results suggest that MHO is a dynamic concept that should be taken into account over time. As a clinical entity, it may be questionable.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between obesity and vitamin D status cross-sectionally, the relationship between obesity and the incidence of hypovitaminosis D prospectively and inversely the relationship between vitamin D status and incidence of obesity in a population-based cohort study in Spain. At baseline (1996-1998), 1226 subjects were evaluated and follow-up assessments were performed in 2002-2004 and 2005-2007, participants undergoing an interview and clinical examination with an oral glucose tolerance test. At the second visit, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone concentrations were also measured. Prevalence of obesity at the three visits was 28.1, 36.2 and 39.5%, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D ≤ 20 ng/ml (≤ 50 nmol/l)) was 34.7%. Neither obesity at baseline (OR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.69-1.40, P=0.93) nor the development of obesity between baseline and the second evaluation (OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.48-1.33, P=0.39) were significantly associated with vitamin D status. In subjects who were non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m²) at the second evaluation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D values ≤ 17 ng/ml (≤ 42.5 nmol/l) were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing obesity in the next 4 years (OR=2.35, 95% CI: 1.03-5.4, P=0.040 after diverse adjustments). We conclude that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of developing obesity.

Background & Aim: Recent studies suggest that white rice consumption increases risk of diabetes., Aim: to assess the association between white rice intake and the incidence of diabetes in a population from Southern Spain., Methods: A population-based cohort study was undertaken in Pizarra, Spain. At baseline and follow-up, participants underwent an interview and a standardized clinical examination which included an oral glucose tolerance test in those subjects without known diabetes. Incidence and odds ratio (OR) for diabetes were calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise logistical regression., Results: Thirty eight percent of subjects reported rice consumption 2-3 times a week, 58.5% once or less a week, and 3.6% no rice consumption. In subjects who reported rice intake 2-3 times a week, incidence of diabetes after 6 years follow-up was 12.0%, and in those who reported once or less a week, 20.2% (p = 0.04, non adjusted). Subjects who ate rice frequently had lower risk to develop diabetes 6 years later (OR = 0.43, p = 0.04; adjusted for age, sex, obesity, and presence of impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance at baseline)., Conclusions: A negative association was found between white rice intake in the way it is consumed in Southern Spain, and the 6 years incidence of diabetes., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

We undertook a population-based cohort study in Pizarra (Spain). Anthropometric and nutritional variables were recorded for 613 persons. The type of fat used was determined by measurement of the fatty acids contained in cooking oil. Serum fatty acid was used as a biological marker of the type of fat consumed. Obesity incidence in persons who were not obese at baseline was greater in those who consumed sunflower oil (Group 1: 41.5 (95% CI, 25.4-67.8) cases per 1000 person-years) than in those who consumed olive oil or a mixture of oils (Group 2: 17.3 (95% CI, 11.6-25.8) cases per 1000 person-years). The risk of developing obesity over 6 years, adjusted for age, sex, physical activity, smoking, instruction level, energy intake and baseline BMI, was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.06-5.02) in group 1 compared with that in group 2. The increase in the prevalence of obesity in the free-living population is associated with the type of fatty acids in the diet.

Recent studies have confirmed important regional differences in the prevalence of obesity, as well as a tendency for this prevalence to increase. Determination of the social factors involved in obesity may be very useful to design intervention and prevention strategies. This transverse study was undertaken in Pizarra (Malaga, Spain) from a random sample of the population between 18 and 65 years of age (n = 1226). All participants were interviewed and given a physical examination. Standardized anthropometrical measurements were made, and a baseline blood sample was taken after an oral glucose tolerance test. The overall prevalence of obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) was 28.8%. This figure increased continuously from 10% in the group aged 18-25 years to above 50% in the groups aged over 55 years. This prevalence is higher than that reported in most other studies in Spain. The obese persons ate differently, at least from a qualitative viewpoint, probably more saturated fats and fewer unsaturated fats, and had a different behaviour concerning alcohol and smoking. Marital status was related with the rate of obesity, and the close relation between the level of education and the risk of obesity was confirmed (OR = 3.8 for being obese and having no education compared to having university studies). The most important consequence of the study was that all these factors are potentially modifiable and preventable. An increased level of general education in the population may well contribute decisively to a reduction in the prevalence of obesity.