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This study aimed to compare and relate the body composition (obtained through anthropometry with the pentacompartmental model and the tricompartmental model by DXA) with bone mineral density and biochemical and nutritional parameters in Chilean adults with overweight/obesity and normal weight from La Araucanía region, Chile. A case-control study was conducted with 116 adults and volunteers from the PURE cohort, collecting sociodemographic data, BMI assessment, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and body composition using the pentacompartmental model (5CM) and tricompartmental model (3CM) by DXA, as well as bone mineral density (BMD). Blood biochemical parameters (fasting glucose and lipid profile), physical activity (PA) measured by GPAQ, and average dietary habits (R24h) were measured. In the overweight/obesity group, the 5CM and 3CM adipose mass were indirectly and moderately correlated with PA ( p < 0.05), except in the male 5CM group. In the overweight/obesity group, muscle and fat-free mass (FFM) of the 5CM and 3CM correlated directly and moderately with blood fasting glucose (BFG) and BMD ( p < 0.05), except in females, where FFM was not related to BMD but was related to residual mass ( p < 0.01). Independent of gender and BMI, bone mineral content was positively and highly correlated with BMD ( p < 0.0000). In the male overweight/obesity group, bone, skin, and residual mass were correlated with BFG ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, for the assessment of non-athletic adult populations, more routine use of the 5CM in clinical practice is recommended.

The study objective is to evaluate the influence of attrition from a paediatric weight management program (PWM) on health indicators over a 2-year period. In this observational study, children and youth with obesity were recruited at entry into a family-based behaviour modification PWM and had four research study visits, independent of clinic visits, over 2 years. Participants were divided into attrition groups based on length of clinic enrolment. Body composition, cardiometabolic health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed. Among 269 children enrolled, 19% had no clinic treatment visit, 16% had treatment visits only up to 6 months, 23% up to 1 year and 42% had at least one clinic visit after 1 year (No Attrition). Greater declines in BMI z-score and body fat were seen at 2 years in children with No Attrition, while improvements in HRQoL were similar for all attrition groups. Children who attended at least one treatment visit reported improved HRQoL up to 2 years, regardless of duration in clinic. In contrast, declines in body fat and BMI z-score were greater at 2 years for those with at least one visit after 1 year. Continued efforts to reduce attrition are likely to improve anthropometric health outcomes during PWM., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Obesity published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of World Obesity Federation.)

Obesity is frequently a significant risk factor for multiple obesity-associated diseases that have been increasing in prevalence worldwide. Anthropometric data such as body mass index, fat, and fat mass values are assessed for obesity. Therefore, we aimed to propose two Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral regions, 800-1800 cm -1 and 2700-3000 cm -1 , as sensitive potential band assignments for obesity-related biochemical changes. A total of 134 obese (n = 89) and controls (n = 45) biochemical characteristics and clinical parameters indicative of obesity were evaluated. The FT-IR spectra of dried blood serum were measured. Anthropometric data of the obese have the highest body mass index, %fat, and fat mass values compared to the healthy group (p < 0.01). Also, the triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher than in healthy subjects (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) technique successfully distinguished obese and control groups in the fingerprint, accounting for 98.5% and 99.9% of the total variability (800-1800 cm -1 ) and lipids (2700-3000 cm -1 ) regions presented as 2D and 3D score plots. The loading results indicated that peaks corresponding to phosphonate groups, glucose, amide I, and lipid groups were shifted in the obese group, indicating their potential as biomarkers of obesity. This study suggests that FTIR analysis based on PCA can provide a detailed and reliable method for the analysis of blood serum in obese patients., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased all over the world. Body mass index (BMI) has been used as the most common available measure to determining obesity status. While the site of excessive fat mass accumulation is a stronger determinant of cardio-metabolic complication, with respect to systemic and generalized obesity, which is only determined through BMI. So, it is concluded that using traditional anthropometric indices such as BMI for interpreting the obesity status and cardio-metabolic risk has considerable limitations. Thus, the main aims of the present study are to discuss possible drawbacks of anthropometric indices especially BMI, which in epidemiological studies are usually neglected, as well as lend important consideration to using other anthropometric indices such as measurement of obesity and related cardio-metabolic complications with a special emphasis on the use of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: The relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity-related indices has been analyzed separately thus far, and evidence comparing these indices together is still lacking, especially in China. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the predictive performance of anthropometric and metabolic indices to identify NAFLD in Chinese adults., Methods: This study recruited a total of 1748 participants who were 18 years or older in southeastern China. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), waist circumference (WC), a body shape index (ABSI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), body mass index (BMI), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI), triglyceride glucose (TyG), waist hip ratio (WHR), and waist height ratio (WHtR) were measured. The association between these indices and NAFLD was analyzed via logistic analyses with odds ratios (ORs). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and areas under the curve (AUCs) were used to compare the predictive performance of these indices to identify NAFLD., Results: BMI had the greatest total AUC (AUC = 0.841) in the ROC curve analysis. However, BRI and BMI both had the best diagnostic ability in males (AUC = 0.812), and BRI had the best diagnostic ability in females (AUC = 0.849). Furthermore, AVI had the greatest AUC for patients who were ~ 20 (AUC = 0.892) and ~ 40 years old (AUC = 0.831), while TyG showed a higher predictive ability than AVI in those who were ~ 60 years old (AUC = 0.766)., Conclusion: This study identified sex- and age-specific indices for predicting NAFLD in Chinese subjects. Compared with indices for all age groups, sex- and age-specific indices can provide more accurate assistance for clinical diagnosis and treatment., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objectives: The pandemic of overweight and obesity has become a major clinical and public health concern worldwide. Anthropometric indices are indirect and quantitative tools used to identify individuals at increased risk of body fat-related morbidity. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the concordances and correlations between anthropometric indices of obesity in adults and whether these indices can be used interchangeably., Study Design: Systematic review., Methods: A literature search was conducted in three databases of peer-reviewed publications (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase). Further, the first 10 pages of Google Scholar were also searched for relevant studies., Results: There were strong correlations between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and a weak correlation between BMI and neck circumference (NC). There was a very strong correlation between WC and WHtR and a moderate correlation between WC and NC. There were moderate concordances between BMI and WC and between BMI and WHtR and good concordance between WC and WHtR., Conclusion: BMI, WC, and WHtR indices can be moderately used interchangeably with caution. More studies in adult populations using statistical tests of concordance and adjusting for differences in ethnicity, age, gender, and weight quantiles are needed., (Copyright © 2021 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Obesity is defined as a chronic disease, and is known as a public health problem in developed and developing countries. Several studies have shown the effects of anti-obesity of α-lactalbumin., Aim: This study was designed to investigate the effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and electrical isotonic contraction on anthropometric parameters, body composition and angiogenesis factor, sirtunin-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) in obese people under a weight loss regime., Methods: Obese people who meet the inclusion criteria are included. Participants are randomly divided into four groups (alpha-lipoic (1200 mg) +weight loss regime group; Faradic (three 1 hour sessions) + weight loss regime group; alpha-lipoic (1200 mg) + Faradic (three 1 hour sessions) + weight loss regime group; control group (1200 mg placebo) for 2 months. At the beginning and the end of the study, demographic information, dietary intake, anthropometric parameters, body composition and serum levels of the angiogenesis factor (sirtunin-1, PGC1α and nitric oxide) are measured., Conclusion: Recent studies reported the anti-obesity effects of alpha-lipoic acid. This study is novel, since a similar study has not yet been carried out. This study evaluates the effect of 600 mg of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation or having three sessions of 1 hour per week electrical isotonic contraction induced by Faradic for 2 months alone or in combination in obese people that are undergoing a weight loss regime., Trial Registration: Iran Clinical Trials Registry, ID: IRCT20131117015424N2. Registered 2018-04-02.

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide in high, low, and middle-income countries such as Indonesia. Obesity rate is higher in females in Indonesia. Obesity has important contribution in the occurrence of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several anthropometric measurements such as waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), body mass (BM), total body fat percentage (Fat%) and visceral fat (VF) are related to IR. This study aimed to investigate which of those measurements could be used as a better predictor of IR in non-menopausal Indonesian adult females., Methods: Total of 80 non-menopausal Indonesian adult females ranging from 21 to 40 years were recruited in this study. Insulin resistance was measured by using Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) equation. Subjects with HOMA-IR index >75th percentile with cut-off 2.74 were defined as IR. Waist circumference, BMI and BM were measured, while TF and VF were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)., Results: HOMA-IR had significant correlation with WC (r = 0.563, p < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.537, p < 0.001), BM (r = 0.515, p < 0.001), VF (r = 0.515, p < 0.001), Fat% (r = 0.490, p < 0.001). The area under curve of VF (0.809), BMI (0.807), WC (0.805), and BM (0.799) are slightly larger than and Fat% (0.766)., Conclusion: Insulin resistance had strong correlation with all anthropometric measurements, but the correlation was less significant with Fat%.

Aims: Obesity measurement is a vital component of most type 2 diabetes screening tests; while studies had shown that waist circumference (WC) is a better predictor in South Asians, there is evidence that BMI is also effective. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of BMI WC, a composite measure, against BMI and WC., Methods: Using data from a nationwide randomized cluster sample survey (NMB-2017), we analyzed 7496 adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes. WC, BMI, and BMI WC were evaluated using Odds Ratio (OR), and Classification scores (Sensitivity, Specificity, and Accuracy). These were validated using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) by replacing WC with BMI and BMI WC , and calculating Sensitivity, Specificity, and Accuracy., Results: BMI WC had higher OR (2·300) compared to WC (1·87) and BMI (2·26). WC, BMI, and BMI WC were all highly Sensitive (0·75, 0·81, 0·70 resp.). But BMI WC had significantly higher Specificity (0.36) when compared to WC and BMI (0.27 each). IDRS WC , IDRS BMI , and IDRS BMIWC were all highly Sensitive (0·87, 0·88, 0·82 resp.). But IDRS BMIWC had significantly higher Specificity (0·39) compared to IDRS WC and IDRS BMI (0·30, 0·31 resp.)., Conclusions: Both WC and BMI are good predictors of risk for T2DM, but BMI WC is a better predictor, with higher Specificity; this may indicate that Indians with high values of both central (high WC) and general (BMI > 23) obesity carry higher risk for type 2 diabetes than either one in isolation. Using BMI WC in IDRS improves its performance on Accuracy and Specificity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Adiposity is a well-established risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but the existence of a preferable anthropometric measurement is not established or whether the combination of measurements may improve the accuracy to detect OSA. This study aimed to compare the accuracies of body mass index (BMI), several surrogate markers of body fat (in isolation or combined) and validated questionnaires for screening OSA., Methods: A total of 2059 participants from the ELSA-Brasil study given anthropometric measurements using standard procedures and a home sleep study. OSA was defined by an apnea-hypopnea index ≥15 events/hour., Results: The frequency of OSA was 32.3%. Compared with the non-OSA group, all anthropometric measurements were higher in the OSA group. Age and gender-adjusted BMI afforded the highest accuracy to detect OSA [AUC = 0.760 (0.739-0.781)], followed by waist [AUC = 0.753 (0.732-0.775)] and neck [AUC = 0.733 (0.711-0.755)] circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio [AUC = 0.722 (0.699-0.745)] and body shape index [AUC = 0.680 (0.656-0.704)]. The combination of two or more anthropometric measurements did not improve the accuracy of BMI in predicting OSA. The adjusted BMI had similar predictive performance to the NoSAS score [AUC = 0.748 (0.727-0.770)] but a better accuracy than the Berlin Questionnaire [AUC = 0.676 (0.653-0.699)]., Conclusions: Despite one's intuition, surrogate markers of regional adiposity are not better than BMI in screening OSA. Combining measurements of global and/or regional adiposity did not have additional value in detecting OSA. The merely fair accuracy range of BMI and sleep questionnaires underscore the need for additional tools to improve OSA underdiagnosis., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is major public health challenge. Data on HTN prevalence and associated risk factors is necessary to better control it. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of HTN and associated anthropometric and lifestyle predictors in Kombolcha and suburbs, northeast Ethiopia., Methods: The study followed a community-based cross-sectional sampling design. Adult (≥18) residents of Kombolcha and suburbs in 11 kebeles (villages) formed the target population. Of these kebeles, 5(3 urban and 2 suburban) were selected randomly. Households (HHs) within the selected kebeles and individuals within HHs were similarly recruited in December 2016-May 2017. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were done. World Health Organization (WHO) STEPWISE TOOL was used to capture socio-demographic, physical activity, dietary habit, and nutritional status data., Results: Totally 318 adults participated in the study. However, only 312 (169(54.2%) males and 143(45.8%) females) were with complete information for statistical analysis. The lowest age was 18 years, the highest 65 and the mean 38.29 ± 10.88. The prevalence of HTN was 30.8% (96/312) (95% confidence interval (CI): 25.9-36.1%), 16.4% male and 14.4% female. While 45 and older age (odds ratio (OR) 7.385, 95% CI 3.563-15.306, p < 0.0001), obesity (OR 126.286, 95% CI 34.481-462.514, p < 0.0001) and overweightness (OR 16.105, 95% CI 7.024-36.927, p < 0.0001), 'substantially high risk' (> 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in female) waist circumference (OR 1.788, 95% CI 1.008-3.173, p = 047), light occupational physical activity (OR 12.427, 95% CI 2.891-53.410, p = 0.001), walking or riding a bicycle for lower than 5 days/week (OR 13.000, 95% CI 5.140-32.882, p < 0.0001) and lack of sport activity (OR 18.322, 95% CI 2.430-138.169, p = 005), smoking (OR 2.283, 95% CI 1.284-4.060, p = 0.005), khat (OR 17.390, 95% CI 6.167-49.037, p < 0.0001), alcohol (OR 4.005, 95% CI 2.357-6.803, p < 0.0001), HH size of two (OR 2.474, 95% CI 1.250-4.895, p = 0.009) and ≥ 3 (OR 6.889, 95% CI 2.610-18.186, p < 0.0001); and HTN in family history (OR 19.417, 95% CI 10.251-36.778, p < 0.0001) were significant predictors of HTN in the binary logistic regression analysis; none of these were so in the multivariable model., Conclusion: Although there was a high prevalence of HTN in the study area, its independent significant predictors were not identified.

Background: Obesity is a major contributor to preventable disease and death across the globe. Obesity is complex. Although its risk factors are myriad and compounding, there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the way risk factors interact with each other. Leptin is a peptide regulates food intake and body weight. However, the notion of leptin as an anti-obesity hormone was called into question because obesity is typically associated with high leptin levels and not leptin deficiency thus, we aimed to measure leptin levels in obese female in correlation to anthropometric measures and to evaluate the impact of weight loss on its level and metabolic parameters., Subject and Methods: case-control study enrolled 40 control groups, 50 obese women. We measured anthropometric measures BMI, Waist/hip ratio (WHR). Fat mass index (FMI%) and free fat mass index (FFMI%) were assessed by dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DEXA) The serum levels of leptin were measured by ELISA., Results: Our results revealed that serum leptin levels were higher in obese women compared to controls. Moreover, it was positively correlated to anthropometric measures, glycemic and lipid profile. Linear regression analysis revealed that BMI was the main independent studied parameters associated with serum leptin level among other clinical and laboratory biomarkers. Interestingly, after 12 weeks of following the Mediterranean diet (MD)-based weight loss program, serum leptin levels were decreased. Logistic regression analysis was performed to detect the main predictors' biomarkers associated with weight loss among obese women. We found that serum leptin and FMI% were an independent predictor of response with odds ratios of 1.69 and 1.64 respectively (P < 0.001), Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed that the AUC of serum leptin in discriminating obese women from lean ones was 0.893 (95% CI = 0.815-0.917) with sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 96%, and the cutoff values was 36.32 ng/ml., Conclusion: Serum leptin could be a valuable diagnostic marker of obesity and its comorbidities. Moreover, significant weight loss leads to decrease serum leptin levels and improvement of glycemic and lipid profiles., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Aims: this study aimed to determine the most appropriate anthropometric indices for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its relationship with oxidative stress markers., Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 on 108 employees working in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Demographics, anthropometric indices (BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference, WHR: Waist hip ratio, WHtR: Waist-to-height Ratio), Mets: and Then oxidative stress markers (total antioxidant capacity; TAC, Malondialdehyde; MDA, serum superoxide dismutase; SOD, catalase; Cat) were measured. All analyses were performed at a significant level of 0.05, using the SPSS Statistics 21 and Stata 12 software., Result: The mean age of the participants was 41.4±7.8years. the mean values of different anthropometric indices in patients with metabolic syndrome were higher than those in subjects without MetS and this difference was significant. According to ROC curve the best marker for diagnosis of Mets was WHtR (Waist-to-height Ratio) and its cut off point was 0.54.Also, there was a positive correlation between WHtR and MDA serum levels. In addition, there was a negative correlation between WHtR and the levels of TAC, SOD, and CAT but it was not significant., Conclusions: It seems that WHtR can be a valuable marker for predicting metabolic disorders and related diseases; moreover, it can be used for evaluation of oxidative stress level. Finally, the formula WC=height×0.54 as a simple tool for prevention of metabolic diseases can be used in university personnel., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Each year, hundreds of articles in population health and nutrition, many in high-profile journals, use standard cutoffs based on weight and height as assessments of obesity and undernutrition. These global efforts to monitor overweight and underweight often rest on the assumption that ethnic differences in underlying body form are sufficiently small to permit universal anthropometric cutoffs for comparing excess and insufficient body fat across populations. However, a century of work in human biological variation suggests that human populations can vary dramatically in underlying body form in a way that may require population-sensitive cutoffs for monitoring. Here, we describe recently developed methods that can provide population-sensitive assessments of both excess and insufficient energy reserves in a wide range of countries. We use this approach to illustrate how worldwide variation in human body form is far more widespread than previously thought, and that it can occur at several geographic scales, including the level of world regions, countries and populations within countries. The findings also suggest that using standard cutoffs that ignore this variation can underestimate current obesity levels in adults by more than 400-500 million while also incorrectly prioritizing high-risk areas for undernutrition in children in key regions around the world., (© 2016 The Authors. Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of World Obesity Federation.)

Being overweight and obese are significant health concerns for men and women, yet despite comparable needs for effective weight loss and maintenance strategies, little is known about the success of commercial weight loss programs in men. This study tests the hypothesis that men participating in a commercial weight loss program (Weight Watchers) had significantly greater weight loss than men receiving limited support from health professionals for weight loss (controls). A pooled analysis of weight loss and related physiologic parameter data from 2 randomized clinical trials was conducted. After 12 months, analysis of covariance tests showed that men in the commercial program group (n = 85) lost significantly more weight (P < .01) than men in the control group (n = 84); similar significant differences were observed for body mass index and waist circumference. These results suggest that participation in a commercial weight loss program may be a more effective means to lose weight and maintain weight loss., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To investigate the specific role of inflammation in the connection between obesity and the overall incidence of cancer. Methods: A total of 356,554 participants in MJ cohort study were included. Systemic inflammation markers from blood samples and anthropometric measurements were determined using professional instruments. The Cox model was adopted to evaluate the association. Results: Over a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 9,048 cancer cases were identified. For individual systemic inflammation biomarkers, the overall cancer risk significantly escalated as blood C-reactive protein (CRP) (hazard ratio (HR)=1.036 (1.017-1.054)) and globulin (GLO) (HR=1.128 (1.105-1.152)) levels increased, and as hemoglobin (HEMO) (HR=0.863 (0.842-0.884)), albumin (ALB) (HR=0.846 (0.829-0.863)) and platelets (PLA) (HR=0.842 (0.827-0.858)) levels decreased. For composite indicators, most of them existed a significant relationship to the overall cancer risk. Most indicators were correlated with the overall cancer and obesity-related cancer risk, but there was a reduction of association with non-obesity related cancer risk. Most of indicators mediated the association between anthropometric measurements and overall cancer risk. Conclusions: Systemic inflammatory state was significantly associated with increased risks of cancer risk. Inflammation biomarkers were found to partly mediate the association between obesity and cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Although it is assumed that novel-derived anthropometric indices can better reflect cardiometabolic risk than traditional ones, the results are conflicting. Previous studies have mainly focused on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, studies conducted on populations with prediabetes are scarce. The present study aimed to examine the potential relationship between prediabetes and novel anthropometric parameters [that is, cardiometabolic index (CMI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product index (LAP), body roundness index (BRI), and body adiposity index (BAI)] and traditional parameters [that is, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)] in adults with prediabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case-control cross-sectional study included 177 patients with prediabetes and 609 control subjects. Biochemical and simple anthropometric parameters were measured (WC, HC, body weight, and height), whereas the other parameters were calculated. RESULTS: WC, CMI, VAI, and LAP independently correlated with prediabetes. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract several factors that correlated with prediabetes. Significant predictive capability was demonstrated for non-traditional anthropometric/lipid-related factors and WHipR-related factors for prediabetes (OR=1.334 and OR=1.202, respectively). However, only non-traditional anthropometric/lipid-related factors (i.e., VAI, CMI, and LAP) demonstrated an independent significant positive relationship with prediabetes in multivariate binary regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: C MI, V AI, a nd L AP c ould be superior to BAI, BRI, and conventional anthropometric parameters for discriminating patients with prediabetes in the adult population. Prospective trials are needed to confirm our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of diabetes is high and increasing globally and in developing economies like India, mainly fueled by the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. Diabetes has become one of the largest global health emergencies of this century, ranking among the ten leading causes of mortality, together with cardiovascular disease (CVD), reducing the overall quality of life. This study examines the obesity level and lifestyle indicators as the main risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus among Tangkhul males of Manipur. A total of 350 Tangkhul males of the Ukhrul district, aged 20-80 years, were randomly sampled. A pre-designed and pre-tested schedule was used, including anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, and lifestyle parameters. Anthropometric and blood sugar were measured following standardized procedures. Statistical methods viz., descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were applied. The result shows that diabetic individuals have a higher mean BMI and fat mass compared to the non-diabetic counterpart. Logistic regression shows that overweight and obese are at higher risk of developing diabetes (OR = 13.6) as compared to the other weight categories. Lifestyle indicators such as physical activity, alcohol consumption, anxiety disorder, and meat consumption also influence diabetes differently depending on the body's functionality and susceptibility to diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to educate the masses on the impact of a healthy lifestyle, as mindfulness alone can assist with these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the potential causal associations of body mass index, height, weight, fat mass, fat percentage and non-fat mass in the whole body, arms, legs and trunk (henceforth, 'anthropometric measures') with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk and severity. We also investigated the potential for reverse causation between anthropometric measures and MS risk. Methods: We conducted a two-sample univariable, multivariable and bidirectional Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis. Results: A range of features linked to obesity (body mass index, weight, fat mass and fat percentage) were risk factors for MS development and worsened the disease's severity in MS patients. Interestingly, we were able to demonstrate that height and non-fat mass have no association with MS risk or MS severity. We demonstrated that the association between anthropometric measures and MS is not subject to bias from reverse causation. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence from human genetics that a range of features linked to obesity is an important contributor to MS development and MS severity, but height and non-fat mass are not. Importantly, these findings also identify a potentially modifiable factor that may reduce the accumulation of further disability and ameliorate MS severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity-related indices has been analyzed separately thus far, and evidence comparing these indices together is still lacking, especially in China. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the predictive performance of anthropometric and metabolic indices to identify NAFLD in Chinese adults. Methods This study recruited a total of 1748 participants who were 18 years or older in southeastern China. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), waist circumference (WC), a body shape index (ABSI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), body mass index (BMI), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI), triglyceride glucose (TyG), waist hip ratio (WHR), and waist height ratio (WHtR) were measured. The association between these indices and NAFLD was analyzed via logistic analyses with odds ratios (ORs). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and areas under the curve (AUCs) were used to compare the predictive performance of these indices to identify NAFLD. Results BMI had the greatest total AUC (AUC = 0.841) in the ROC curve analysis. However, BRI and BMI both had the best diagnostic ability in males (AUC = 0.812), and BRI had the best diagnostic ability in females (AUC = 0.849). Furthermore, AVI had the greatest AUC for patients who were ~ 20 (AUC = 0.892) and ~ 40 years old (AUC = 0.831), while TyG showed a higher predictive ability than AVI in those who were ~ 60 years old (AUC = 0.766). Conclusion This study identified sex- and age-specific indices for predicting NAFLD in Chinese subjects. Compared with indices for all age groups, sex- and age-specific indices can provide more accurate assistance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate obesity of housewives. The Sample that comprised of 200 females was selected from different regions of great Cairo, Egypt. Age was affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with a high correlation. A similar finding was also detected in case of education status where such parameter was also greatly affected the BMI status. The occupation, marital status and family size did not show any significant effect in BMI. The Income parameter didn't show any significant with the BMI. So, it could be concluded that only age and education status are greatly affected the housewives obesity in the investigated sample. Life style, i.e the sports practice. The type of sport, the time spent for sport practice, the place sports practice, household works making by herself, the number of times household works practice/week, the time of sleep in day and the time of last meal before sleeping were statistically significant with the BMI. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and central obesity) are greatly affecting the BMI meaning that there is a significant difference among various investigated obesity classes owing to such anthropometric factors. Regarding to the height parameter, no significant difference was found between overweight as well as obesity class I each other, and similar finding was also found between obesity class 11as well as obesity class III. The second variable (i.e., IBW%) had no significant effect among the three obesity classes (I, II and III), while the overweight group was significantly differed rather than that of others. Considering the Central obesity variable, statistical analyses proved that no significance was detected with overweight or obesity class II. group. Similar trend was also, noticed in case of (hip circumference) in relative to obesity class I and obesity class II.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased recently in Pakistan. Visceral adiposity index (VAI) appears to be a better predictor for metabolic syndrome associated with insulin resistance. VAI has been shown to be linearly and positively associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) in many populations. It is, however, uncertain whether VAI could be associated with T2DM in the Pakistani adult population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 300 outpatients with a newly diagnosed T2DM. Subjects were recruited from Lady Reading Hospital, Pakistan, during the period from April, 2020 to January, 2021. For all study subjects, anthropometric measurements were performed. Blood samples were collected for the assessment of high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and random blood glucose. Results: Participants with high VAI showed poor glycemic control. The number of patients with poor glycemic control increased across the VAI quartiles. VAI showed significant correlations with TGs (r=0.715, p=<0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (r=0.256, p=<0.001), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (r=0.154, p=0.007), uric acid (r=0.205, p=0.019), duration of diabetes (r=0.171, p=0.033), TSH (r=0.163, p=0.007), and random blood glucose (r=0.195, p=0.019). Conclusion: Our data suggest that VAI is significantly and positively correlated with the risk factors of DM such as random blood glucose, uric acid and TSH. The findings of the study do not imply a significant direct association between VAI and DM among the Pakistani adult population. Prospective-large scale studies can help inform an effectiveness of VAI for the prediction of the risk of T2DM among Pakistani population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appetite is one of the main obesity-controlling factors that can be influenced by hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. This study aimed to determine the effects of zinc supplementation on the serum levels of leptin, ghrelin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and anthropometrical indices in obese individuals with increased appetite and zinc deficiency. Methods: This study was conducted among 50 individuals with body mass index > 30 kg/m2 in Shiraz, Iran in 2018. The participants were randomly allocated to the intervention that consumed one capsule containing 30 mg/day zinc (ZG) and placebo group (PG) for 3 months. Moreover, all participants were prescribed calorie-restricted diet, 500 kcal/d less than their weight maintenance requirement energy. Anthropometric indices, dietary intake, serum zinc leptin, ghrelin, and CRP were measured at the baseline and after the intervention. Results: The ccomparison of mean changes in weight (-4.56 ± 2.47, P < 0.0001), body mass index (-1.65 ± 0.85, P < 0.0001), waist circumference (-5.54 ± 4.06, P < 0.0001), hip circumference (-3.19 ±1.91, P < 0.0001), and serum zinc (15.91 ± 5.24, P < 0.0001) showed a significant difference between groups with greater reduction in the zinc group. However, waist to hip ratio, ghrelin, and CRP showed no significant differences. A significant difference was revealed between groups in terms of the mean leptin concentration changes, in favor of the increase in leptin concentration in ZG (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Based on the findings, three months of zinc supplementation improved some anthropometric and biochemical measures. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Central obesity is abdominal fat that accumulates and affects the health status. The present study aims to estimate some blood biomarkers among normal-weight females with central obesity and determine the prevalence of central obesity. The method: healthy females with normal body weight and age group of (33-44 y) have participated and their body anthropometric parameters were determined. The Navy formula detected the body composition. Serum glucose, lipid profile, insulin, and cortisol hormone were tested. The results: a high prevalence has been found of the central obesity among females with normal weight (71.098%). Central obesity is characterized by increasing WC, WHR, and WHtR with high-fat percentage and fat mass (40.55%, 25.6 kg) than females without central obesity (31.5%, 19.4 kg, respectively). The central obesity females showed significant elevation in serum glucose 8.937 mmol/L, insulin 177.884 pmol/L, and HOMI 10.216 with dyslipidemia than the ones with the noncentral obesity. A high significant cortisol level (29.126 µg/dl) was observed in the normal weight central obesity group. Conclusions: the incidence of central obesity among normal-weight females has been associated with changes in some blood profiles, which may contribute to increasing adiposityrelated risk factors and health outcomes and the effect on body shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of increased awareness towards health, the importance of avoiding fat and staying fit is increasing day by day. One of the important fitness parameters is the pulmonary function test of an individual and to assess the same, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is preferred because it is simple and reliable diagnostic and prognostic test. PEFR is preferred among other pulmonary functions tests because of the advantages like low cost of instrument (Wright's flow meter), easy toexplain the procedure even to the illiterates, easy to use and handle, easy to take the reading. Material & Methods: 96 healthy adults were selected after obtaining informed consent which includes 48male and 48 female students of SKIMS medical college, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir after obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Ethical Committee. All the subjects are informed about the procedure and an individual demonstration about the procedure has been given to all the subjects. Height, Weight were recorded. Body Mass Index (BMI) was derived by Quetlet's index. PEFR was measured using Wright's Peak Flow meter with the subject comfortably seated during the same time of the day for all the subjects. Considering the differences between the maximum and minimum value of height recorded, the subjects were grouped into different ranges of height. Similar procedure was followed for categorizing the subjects according to their weight. Results: PEFR values are high in males when compared to females. PEFR is higher in individuals with increased height and good muscular power which is the reason for increased PEFR in males when compared to female medical students. Low body frame, decreased muscle mass which is replaced by fat deposition is the cause for low PEFR values in females when. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension and obesity are among the most prevalent non-communicable diseases, which significantly and independently increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases causing high morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has become the most neglected blatantly visible health challenge, reducing the overall quality of life. The study was an attempt to investigate the prevalence of hypertension, general obesity and to determine the lifestyle risk factors for hypertension among the Chiru Male of Manipur. The results indicated that BMI and blood pressure were significantly associated and among lifestyle factors, physical activity and smoking have the most substantial influence on hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Physical activity is a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of obesity. There are relatively few studies that explore the effect of accelerometer-determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on neck circumference (NC), most of them confined to single high-income countries. The present study investigated the association of accelerometer-determined MVPA with NC in adolescents and adults from eight Latin American countries, which are mostly upper-middle income countries. Methods The sample consisted of 2370 participants (47.8% male) from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health, a multicenter cross-sectional nutrition and health surveillance study of a nationally representative sample from eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). Times (min/day) in MVPA (defined as time accumulated at ≥1952 activity counts/min) was assessed by ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer over 7 days. NC for adolescent was categorized as abnormal if circumference was > 34.5 cm for boys and > 31.25 for girls, whereas for adults the cut-off points for abnormal were > 39 cm for men and > 35 cm women. Multilevel logistic models, including country and region as random effects and adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic level, and educational level, were used to study the association between MVPA and NC. Results The average time of MVPA was 34.88 min/day, ranging from 31.16 in Venezuela to 40.27 in Chile. Concerning NC, 37.0% of the sample was classified as having elevated NC. Chile was the country with the highest percentage of people with elevated NC (56.9%), and Colombia had the lowest percentage (24.8%). Overall, the MVPA (min/day) was associated with elevated NC (OR = 0.994, CI95% = 0.990–0.998). In Costa Rica and Peru, there were significant associations between MVPA and NC when analyzed by country. Conclusions The present study provided evidence of significant associations between MVPA and NC in adolescents and adults from Latin America, independent of sex, age, socioeconomic level, and educational level. This analysis of accelerometry data and NC represents the first examination of these associations in eight Latin America countries. Further research is required to understand the differences between countries in the observed associations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT02226627. Retrospectively registered on August 27, 2014.

A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate obesity of housewives. The Sample that comprised of 200 females was selected from different regions of great Cairo, Egypt. Age was affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with a high correlation. A similar finding was also detected in case of education status where such parameter was also greatly affected the BMI status. The occupation, marital status and family size did not show any significant effect in BMI. The Income parameter didn't show any significant with the BMI. So, it could be concluded that only age and education status are greatly affected the housewives obesity in the investigated sample. Life style, i.e the sports practice. The type of sport, the time spent for sport practice, the place sports practice, household works making by herself, the number of times household works practice/week, the time of sleep in day and the time of last meal before sleeping were statistically significant with the BMI. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and central obesity) are greatly affecting the BMI meaning that there is a significant difference among various investigated obesity classes owing to such anthropometric factors. Regarding to the height parameter, no significant difference was found between overweight as well as obesity class I each other, and similar finding was also found between obesity class 11as well as obesity class III. The second variable (i.e., IBW %) had no significant effect among the three obesity classes (I, II and III), while the overweight group was significantly differed rather than that of others. Considering the Central obesity variable, statistical analyses proved that no significance was detected with overweight or obesity class II group. Similar trend was also, noticed in case of (hip circumference) in relative to obesity class I and obesity class II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a disease defined by excessive fat storage in the body. It is an energy balance problem; the increase in body fat is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. This study aimed to determinate the changes in the anthropometric measurements of patients after acupuncture treatment used in obesity treatment. The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in xxx University's GETAT Center). Patients aged between 18–65 years with a BMI > 25 were included in the study. The participants were divided into two groups: Group 1 (acupuncture and diet) and Group 2 (diet only). Exclusion criteria: Pregnant women, breastfeeding patients , susceptible demographics (acute coronary insufficiency, immunodeficiency, severe psychotic disorder, liver and kidney failure), and those who could not give consent were not included in the study. Weight, BMI, and metabolic age values were measured with a Tanita device; the same diagnostic device was used for all patients. Both body and ear acupuncture were performed. In patients with all acupuncture, the yuan points of abnormal meridians were used for pulse diagnosis. ST 24, 25, and 36 (ZuSanLi); GV 20, 21, 5, 5, and LR 3 (Taichong); SP 6 and 9, GB 34, UB 62, HT 7, LU 9, and PC 6 (Nei Guan); and SI 3 and EXT-HN 3 (Yin-Tang) points were dewed. For ear acupuncture, hunger, kidney, larynx, stomach, jerome, and shen-men points were taken. A t-test was applied to pre- and post-acupuncture measurement values. After acupuncture, the waist circumference of the participants decreased significantly (p < 0.005). The BMI of the participants also decreased significantly after acupuncture (p < 0.005). In these studies, LU 6, ST 40, ST 21, K 4, ST 36 and 25, and LI 11 body points were used, while hunger, stomach, and shen-men points were commonly used as ear points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appetite is one of the main obesity-controlling factors that can be influenced by hormones, including leptin and ghrelin. This study aimed to determine the effects of zinc supplementation on the serum levels of leptin, ghrelin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and anthropometrical indices in obese individuals with increased appetite and zinc deficiency. Methods: This study was conducted among 50 individuals with body mass index > 30 kg/m2 in Shiraz, Iran in 2018. The participants were randomly allocated to the intervention that consumed one capsule containing 30 mg/day zinc (ZG) and placebo group (PG) for 3 months. Moreover, all participants were prescribed calorie-restricted diet, 500 kcal/d less than their weight maintenance requirement energy. Anthropometric indices, dietary intake, serum zinc leptin, ghrelin, and CRP were measured at the baseline and after the intervention. Results: The ccomparison of mean changes in weight (-4.56 ± 2.47, P < 0.0001), body mass index (-1.65 ± 0.85, P < 0.0001), waist circumference (-5.54 ± 4.06, P < 0.0001), hip circumference (-3.19 ±1.91, P < 0.0001), and serum zinc (15.91 ± 5.24, P < 0.0001) showed a significant difference between groups with greater reduction in the zinc group. However, waist to hip ratio, ghrelin, and CRP showed no significant differences. A significant difference was revealed between groups in terms of the mean leptin concentration changes, in favor of the increase in leptin concentration in ZG (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Based on the findings, three months of zinc supplementation improved some anthropometric and biochemical measures. Further studies are needed to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, obesity and overweight are projected to become main risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to determine the association of anthropometric measures with presence of significant (sig.) CAD as evaluated by coronary angiography, among an adult Iranian population. Methods: The present study included 441 patients (men=275) aged > 30 years with suspected CAD, who had undergone coronary angiography between January 2019 and November 2019. All demographic data and patients' medical history as well as clinical examinations were recorded by a trained physician. Coronary angiography was performed using standard techniques to determine the presence of sig. coronary artery lesions. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the odds ratio (OR) of each anthropometric measure for the presence of sig. CAD. Results: The mean age of participants was 51.2±8.7 years and sig. CAD was detected in 185 patients. Univariate analyses showed that body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD. On multivariable logistic regression model, BMI and WHR correlated independently with increased risk of CAD; while higher WC and wrist circumference (WrC) could not predict the CAD risk. The corresponding ORs (95% confidence interval) were 1.36 (1.04-1.74), 1.17 (0.95-1.63), 1.29 (1.12-1.41), and 1.24 (0.76-1.92) for BMI, WC, WHR, and WrC, respectively. Considering the receiver operating characteristic analysis, no superiority was observed for each of the measures for discriminating sig. CAD from non-sig. CAD status. Conclusion: BMI and WHR are independently associated with the presence of CAD among Iranian population. These results emphasize the value of anthropometric assessment among those with suspected CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Although the risk factors for MetS are well documented, differences in gender-based demographics among Kenyan adults with central obesity are lacking. Aim: Determine gender differences in the pattern of socio-demographics relevant to metabolic syndrome among Kenyan adults with central obesity at a mission hospital, Nairobi. Methods: A cross-sectional baseline survey involving adults (N = 404) with central obesity aged 18–64 years, as part of a community-based lifestyle intervention study. Respondents were systematically sampled using the International Diabetes Federation definition for MetS. Lifestyle characteristics, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical markers were measured and analyzed using SPSS. Results: High (87.2%) MetS prevalence associated with advanced age in males (p < 0.001) and females (p = 0.002) was observed. MetS was likely among divorced/separated/widowed (p = 0.021) and high income males (p = 0.002) and females (p = 0.017) with high income. Unemployed males (p = 0.008) and females with tertiary education (p = 0.019) were less likely to have MetS. Advanced age was likely to lead to high blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and triglycerides (p < 0.05). Males were more likely (p = 0.026) to have raised triglycerides, while females (p < 0.001) had low high density lipoproteins. Conclusion: A high prevalence of MetS associated with social and gender differences among Kenyan adults with central obesity. These underscore the need to look beyond the behavioral and biological risks and focus on every nuance of gender differences in addressing MetS and CVDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the ability of Noninvasive methods to early predictions of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among children and adolescents from 2003 to 2016. Methods: This was a repeated cross-sectional study based on 24,409 Iranian children and adolescents. The variables included anthropometric measures, serum lipid profiles, hypertension, and MetS. The receiver operating characteristic regression and Bayesian multilevel modeling conducted on data to comparison the power of anthropometric measures to early prediction of cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: The tri-ponderal body shape index (TBSI) in females and waist circumference (WC) percentile in males yielded a greater ability to predict lipid profiles and hypertension than the rest of anthropometric factors. The TBSI (β = 6.24, 95% credible interval [95% Crl] 3.9–8.7) followed by the WC percentile (β = 4.43, 95% Crl 3.5–5.4) were considered the better predictors of MetS compared with the body mass index (BMI), tri-ponderal mass index (TMI), WC, waist-to-height ratio, and WC to height5 in adolescents. The TBSI with Youden index J (JI) = 0.85 was significantly more accurate than the BMI (JI = 0.73), and TMI (JI = 0.7) for classifying individuals with MetS and in healthy groups. The predictability of early MetS was consistent for both TBSI and WC components throughout the study period. Conclusions: The TBSI including, both BMI and WC components, predicts MetS and cardiometabolic risk factors more accurately than BMI or WC alone in females. The TBSI ability was higher than other anthropometric factors for screening MetS and cardiometabolic risk factors among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity is a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of obesity. There are relatively few studies that explore the effect of accelerometer-determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on neck circumference (NC), most of them confined to single high-income countries. The present study investigated the association of accelerometer-determined MVPA with NC in adolescents and adults from eight Latin American countries, which are mostly upper-middle income countries.Methods: The sample consisted of 2370 participants (47.8% male) from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health, a multicenter cross-sectional nutrition and health surveillance study of a nationally representative sample from eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). Times (min/day) in MVPA (defined as time accumulated at ≥1952 activity counts/min) was assessed by ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer over 7 days. NC for adolescent was categorized as abnormal if circumference was > 34.5 cm for boys and > 31.25 for girls, whereas for adults the cut-off points for abnormal were > 39 cm for men and > 35 cm women. Multilevel logistic models, including country and region as random effects and adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic level, and educational level, were used to study the association between MVPA and NC.Results: The average time of MVPA was 34.88 min/day, ranging from 31.16 in Venezuela to 40.27 in Chile. Concerning NC, 37.0% of the sample was classified as having elevated NC. Chile was the country with the highest percentage of people with elevated NC (56.9%), and Colombia had the lowest percentage (24.8%). Overall, the MVPA (min/day) was associated with elevated NC (OR = 0.994, CI95% = 0.990-0.998). In Costa Rica and Peru, there were significant associations between MVPA and NC when analyzed by country.Conclusions: The present study provided evidence of significant associations between MVPA and NC in adolescents and adults from Latin America, independent of sex, age, socioeconomic level, and educational level. This analysis of accelerometry data and NC represents the first examination of these associations in eight Latin America countries. Further research is required to understand the differences between countries in the observed associations.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT02226627 . Retrospectively registered on August 27, 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Objectives: the aims of the study were to provide gender- and age-specific physical fitness levels among Serbian schoolchildren and to identify prevalence of overweight and obesity. Methods: a sample of 6,188 boys and 6,023 girls aged nine to 14 years were assessed using the physical fitness battery established through the National Fitness Project of Serbia. Physical fitness levels were determined for body height, body weight and body mass index and for six physical fitness tests (sit and reach, 4 x 10 m shuttle run, standing long jump, 30 sec sit-ups, bent arm hang, 20-m shuttle run). Centile smoothed curves for the 5rd, 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th percentiles were calculated using Cole's LMS method. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was identified applying cut-off points for children (International Obesity Task Force). Results: the results revealed that anthropometric measures were higher in boys than in girls. In addition, boys had better physical fitness levels for all tests except for the sit and reach test, where girls performed slightly better. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity amounts to 24.8% (19.8% overweight and 5% obese). With respect to gender, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in boys (27%) compared to girls (22.4%). Conclusion: the presented data are the most up-to-date gender- and age-specific physical fitness levels for Serbian schoolchildren aged 9-14 years. The findings regarding prevalence in overweight and obesity indicated an alarming trend when compared to similar data from other similar studies (in European countries). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Background: the aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of nutrients, anthropometric parameters, health indicators, adipokines and insulin levels in a population of young undergraduates. Method: in this study, 378 young undergraduates were invited to participate. Due to the inclusion criteria and their own decision of participating, 90 attended the anthropometric, health indicators: waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) studies and completed the questionnaire of frequency of food intake; and 34 participants were selected to perform the determination of biochemical parameters, insulin and adipokines levels: leptin, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Results: according to WC, WHR and WHtR, obese population showed health, cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Overweight population showed cardiometabolic risk. In general, lipid intake was higher than 30%, being animal fat the most consumed. The levels of leptin (women: 17.2 ± 9.2, 28 ± 11.3, 36.8 ± 17.8; men: 4.3 ± 3.6, 9.5 ± 3.1, 24.6 ± 16.4 to lean overweight and obese, respectively) and insulin (women: 408 ± 182, 438 ± 187, 768 ± 167; men: 244 ± 88, 520 ± 256, 853 ± 590) increased along with body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), visceral fat area (VFA), WC, WHR and WHtR. Lean (2.4 ± 1.3), overweight (2.2 ± 0.9) and obese (4.3 ± 1.1) women and overweight (2.8 ± 1.2) and obese (5.0 ± 3.1) men showed insulin resistance according to HOMA-IR. Significant correlation between leptin and HOMA-IR was found (p = 0.41). BMI, BFP, VFA, WC, and WHtR positively correlated with leptin (p = 0.67, 0.75, 0.66, 0.60, 0.67, respectively) and insulin (p = 0.37, 0.40, 0.48, 0.49, 0.42, respectively), while WHR only with insulin (p = 0.43). No significant differences were found in the other adipokines. Conclusion: the use of health indicators such VFA, WC, WHR, WHtR and HOMA-IR are useful tools in the determination of health, cardio vascular and metabolic risk and are correlated with levels of leptin and insulin in the studied population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been shown to increase risk for physical anomalies, developmental, psychiatric and medical disorders. Some of them have been associated with changes in weight, height, and other physical traits. As most studies have been performed on children and young people, these effects of CNVs in middle-aged and older people are not well established. The UK Biobank recruited half a million adults who provided a variety of physical measurements. We called all CNVs from the Affymetrix microarrays and selected a set of 54 CNVs implicated as pathogenic (including their reciprocal deletions/duplications) and that were found in five or more persons. Linear regression analysis was used to establish their association with 16 physical traits relevant to human health. Results: 396,725 participants of white British or Irish descent (excluding first-degree relatives) passed our quality control filters. Out of the 864 CNV/trait associations, 214 were significant at a false discovery rate of 0.1, most of them novel. Many of these traits increase risk for adverse health outcomes: e.g. increases in weight, waist-to-hip ratio, pulse rate and body fat composition. Deletions at 16p11.2, 16p12.1, NRXN1 and duplications at 16p13.11 and 22q11.2 produced the highest numbers of significant associations. Five CNVs produced average changes of over one standard deviation for the 16 traits, compared to controls: deletions at 16p11.2 and 22q11.2, and duplications at 3q29, the Williams-Beuren and Potocki-Lupski regions. CNVs at 1q21.1, 2q13, 16p11.2 and 16p11.2 distal, 16p12.1, 17p12 and 17q12 demonstrated one or more mirror image effects of deletions versus duplications. Conclusions: Carriers of many CNVs should be monitored for physical traits that increase morbidity and mortality. Genes within these CNVs can give insights into biological processes and therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a need for national- or ethnicity-specific growth reference values in developing countries like Nepal, where rapid urbanisation and consequential nutritional transition is taking place. Aim: To establish national growth reference percentiles for anthropometric indices and to propose body mass index (BMI) cut-off values for Nepalese schoolchildren. Methods: This study comprised 1135 Nepalese schoolchildren of four World Health Organization (WHO) indexed age groups (5-, 6-, 12- and 15-year-olds). The age- and gender-specific smoothed percentile curves for anthropometric indices (height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip-ratio and waist-to-height-ratio) were constructed using LMS method and the corresponding Z-scores were computed. The Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis was used to determine BMI cut-off values based on the International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) and the WHO growth references. Results: The age- and gender-specified smoothed percentile values of anthropometric indices at 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentiles were computed. The BMI cut-off values for thinness (−1.2 SDS/12th percentile), overweight (+1.2 SDS/88th percentile) and obesity (+2.1 SDS/98th percentile) had high discriminating power, and high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: The Nepali anthropometric cut-off values proposed here can be recommended to be applied into research, and to identify public health risks in Nepal among these age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the phase before puberty 7-11 years are marked by very good learning abilities and are proven to be the best motor learning age in childhood [3], considering this age as a sensitive period [4]. The aim of this study was to review the latest literature with focus on anthropometric changes, obesity, coordination and motor skills in 7-11 years old children. We have searched in PubMed, JabRef, ResearchGate. Only 10 studies have fulfilled the inclusion criteria's to be part of this review. More longitudinal and randomized studies need to be done in order to investigate periodically anthropometric changes, BMI levels, and coordination and motor skills abilities in this age group. In addition, PA programs need to be more focused in improving these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Diversos autores han encontrado correlaciones entre parámetros antropométricos y los niveles de presión arterial en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad. El presente trabajo supone una puesta al día sobre las potencialidades de dichos parámetros como un instrumento más de predicción del riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivos: Realizar una estimación de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. En segundo lugar verificar la existencia de una correlación significativa entre los principales indicadores antropométricos valorados y los niveles de presión arterial mostrados por los alumnos. Muestra: una población constituida por 977 niños y adolescentes de entre 9 y 17 años de edad pertenecientes a 13 centros educativos de la provincia de Granada y ciudad. Metodología: Se realizó una evaluación antropométrica en la que fueron valorados seis pliegues cutáneos, la circunferencia de la cintura, de la cadera y la determinación de la presión arterial en hasta tres ocasiones consecutivas. Esta fase de valoración antropométrica comenzó en marzo de 2008 prolongándose hasta mayo de 2009. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de sobrepeso en chicas que oscilaba entre el 18,3% y el 32,2%. Por su parte, entre los chicos su prevalencia se situaba entre el 10,9% y el 26,1%. Respecto de la prevalencia de obesidad, las chicas mostraron tasas comprendidas entre el 4,5% y el 15,1%. Entre los chicos la prevalencia de obesidad resultó similar, encontrando tasas comprendidas entre el 4,7% y el 12,6%. De todos los parámetros valorados, el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia fueron los indicadores antropométricos que mayor grado de correlación mostraron respecto de las cifras de presión arterial. Conclusiones: El índice de masa corporal, así como la circunferencia de la cintura constituyen indicadores antropométricos precisos para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en sujetos no adultos.Introduction: Several authors have found correlations between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects. This paper is an update on the potential of these parameters as a tool for predicting cardiovascular risk. Aims: to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Second verify the existence of a significant correlation between the main anthropometric indicators and the blood pressure levels. Sample: The population consisted of 977 children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years of age belonging to 13 schools in the province of Granada and city. Methodology: anthropometric evaluation in which they were assessed six skinfolds, waist circumference, hip and determination of blood pressure in three consecutive occasions. The anthropometric assessment phase began in March 2008 lasted until April 2009. Results: We found that the prevalence of overweight in girls varied between 18.3% and 32.2%. For its part, the prevalence among boys was between 10.9% and 26.1%. Regarding the prevalence of obesity, the girls had similar rates between 4.5% and 15.1%. Among boys the prevalence of obesity was similar, and found rates between 4.7% and 12.6%. Of all the parameters measured, body mass index and waist circumference were the anthropometric indicators that showed a better correlation to blood pressure. Conclusions: BMI and WC are useful anthropometric indicators to predict cardiovascular risk in non adults.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are risk factors to appearance of cardiovascular diseases and anthropometry is important as clinical tool for planning and health policymaking at population level. Thus, aim of this work was to compare the simple body fat percentage (%BF) obtained straight by bioeletric impedance (BIA) to the one obtained by the equation of Segal et al (1988), which uses the BIA resistance value, overweight among adult women. Methods: This study conducted with 86 adult women (50.5 ± 11.0 years old). Body weight and height were measured and estimated the body mass index (BMI). %BF was assessed by BIA (Biodynamics® model 450) and Segal equation. Results: %BF derived from BIA (38.0 ± 4.6%) and Segal et al (1988) (38.7 ± 8.1%) were similar (p=0.85). However, when the women were distributed, in two groups based on their BMI, overweight (n=40; BMI= 27.3 ± 1.2 kg/m²) and obesity (n=46; BMI= 36.2 ± 5.1 kg/m²), the two methods presented results significant different (p=0.000). The %BF of overweight women was 34.6±3.6% by BIA and 30.3±2.1% when estimated by Segal equation. In obese women, the %BF was 41.0±3.0% and 46.0±2.6%, respectively. Conclusion: BIA overestimated %BF in overweight (+14.2%; +3.0 kg) and underestimated in obese (-10.9%;-4.4 kg) women.Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son factores de riesgo para la aparición de enfermedades cardiovasculares y la antropometría es importante como herramienta clínica para la planificación y la formulación de políticas de salud a nivel de la población. Así el objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el simple porcentage de grasa corporal (%GC) derivada directamente por médio del análisis de impedância bioeléctrica (BIA) con el derivada de la Segal et al (1988) la ecuación que utiliza el valor de la resistência BIA, em lãs mujeres obesas y con sobrepeso. Métodos: Este estudio, realizado con 86 mujeres adultas (50,5 ± 11,0 años de edad). El peso corporal y la altura se mide y calcula el índice de masa corporal (IMC). %GC fue evaluado por BIA (Biodynamics® model 450) y la ecuación de Segal. Resultados: %GC derivados de BIA% (38,0 ± 4,6) y Segal et al (1988) (38,7 ± 8,1%) fue similar (p = 0,85). Sin embargo, cuando las mujeres se distribuyeron en dos grupos según su IMC, el sobrepeso (n = 40; IMC= 27,3 ± 1,2 kg/m²) y obesidad (n= 46; IMC= 36,2 ± 5,1 kg/m²), los dos métodos que se presentan los resultados de diferencias significativas (p = 0,000). El %GC de las mujeres con sobrepeso fue de 34,6 ± 3,6% por la BIA y el 30,3 ± 2,1% cuando se calcula por la ecuación Segal. En las mujeres obesas, el BF% fue 41,0 ± 3,0% y el 46,0 ± 2,6%, respectivamente. Conclusión: BIA sobrestimado %GC en sobrepeso (+14,2%; +3,0 kg) y subestimado en obesos (-10,9; -4,4 kg) las mujeres.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to validate figural drawing scales depicting extremely lean to extremely obese subjects to obtain proxies for BMI and waist circumference in postal surveys.Design: Reported figural scales and anthropometric data from a large population-based postal survey were validated with measured anthropometric data from the same individuals by means of receiver-operating characteristic curves and a BMI prediction model.Setting: Adult participants in a Scandinavian cohort study first recruited in 1990 and followed up twice since.Subjects: Individuals aged 38-66 years with complete data for BMI (n 1580) and waist circumference (n 1017).Results: Median BMI and waist circumference increased exponentially with increasing figural scales. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses showed a high predictive ability to identify individuals with BMI > 25·0 kg/m2 in both sexes. The optimal figural scales for identifying overweight or obese individuals with a correct detection rate were 4 and 5 in women, and 5 and 6 in men, respectively. The prediction model explained 74 % of the variance among women and 62 % among men. Predicted BMI differed only marginally from objectively measured BMI.Conclusions: Figural drawing scales explained a large part of the anthropometric variance in this population and showed a high predictive ability for identifying overweight/obese subjects. These figural scales can be used with confidence as proxies of BMI and waist circumference in settings where objective measures are not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico, in recent decades, has developed several programs to eradicate the problem of infant malnutrition <5 years, primarily among those living in rural and indigenous areas. However, there is insufficient evidence on these programs' impact on child health and nutrition. Objective: to describe the nutritional changes of two generations of brothers and sisters living in rural communities of Chiapas and who are Oportunidades beneficiaries. Methods: cross-sectional study. It was determined: underweight, stunting, wasting and overweight plus obesity. Older brothers and sisters were evaluated in 2002-2003, for 2010-2011 younger brothers and sisters were evaluated, both groups were <5 years of age at the time of data collection. Results: malnutrition, in its three types is a problem. 43.4% of brothers and sisters evaluated in 2010-2011 showed stunting, underweight prevalence declined from 18% to 13.2%, wasting (low weight for height) increased from 8.1% to 10.4%. Overweight and obesity increased significantly by 12 percentage points among brothers and sisters, from 24.8% in 2002-2003 to 36.8% in 2010- 2011. Malnutrition among male children is lower than their brothers and sisters from the 2002-2003 generation (stunting p=<0.05), overweight and obesity was 10.9 percentage points higher than their brothers and sisters (26.4% to 37.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MS) among first-year undergraduate students in three Sudanese universities. Methods: A total of 384 first-year students attending university medical clinics for obligatory medical checkup in Khartoum, Sudan participated in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric parameters, including weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured with reference to National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) guidelines. Fasting blood samples were collected from all participants and assayed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Results: The overall prevalence of MS in the test group was 7.8%. The prevalence of MS, though higher in females, was statistically not significant (p = 0.32). According to residential area (rural - urban), the prevalence was higher in urban than rural, 10.4 and 4.4%, respectively (p = 0.25 and p = 0.25, respectively). In addition, frequency of MS was directly proportional to age. The weight of patients with MS was significantly different from that of non-MS subjects (p < 0.001). Same was also observed when obese patients were compared with non-MS subjects. (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of MS among Sudanese first-year university students in Khartoum is moderately high. Incidence of MS among the students is directly proportional to BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]