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Aim: To compare the ability of anthropometric indices [waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), neck-to-height ratio (NHR), conicity index (CI), body adiposity index (BAI), tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) and body mass index (BMI)] and,measuerments like neck(NC), hip(HC) and waist circumferences to predict overweight and obesity in Iranian preschool children., Materials and Methods: A total of 498 Iranian preschool children were included in this case-control study conducted in Tehran, Iran. The participants were selected using the stratified random sampling procedure based on gender and school. Using sex-based receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, we compared the area under the curve and defined the cut-off points for detecting central and general obesity for each index in order to identify the most suitable tools in predicting obesity., Results: Boys had significantly higher values for NC, WC, WHR, NHR, CI, TMI and BMI as compared to girls, whereas BAI and HC were higher in girls. The area under the curve was calculated for all the possible predictors of central obesity, i.e., NC (0.841-0.860), WC (0.70-0.679), HC (0.785-0.697), WHR (0.446-0.639) and CI (0.773-0.653) in boys and girls, respectively. And according to the ROC curve analysis, BMI (0.959-0.948), TMI (0.988-0.981), WHtR (0.667-0.553) and NHR (0.785-0.769) were predictors of general obesity and NC (0.841-0.860) as predictor of central obesity in boys and girls, respectively. The optimal cut-off points for TMI (13.80-15.83), NC (28.68-27.5) and for other anthropometric indices were estimated in both boys and girls., Conclusion: TMI and NC seem to predict general and central obesity in Iranian preschool children., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have investigated the effect of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGE) on obesity factors and related hormones in adults; results were conflicting. Therefore, a study was performed to assess the effect of low advanced glycation end products diet on obesity and related hormones. A comprehensive literature search without any limitation on language was conducted using the following bibliographical databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase up to October, 2019. From the eligible trials, 13 articles were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Our systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown a significant decrease in BMI (WMD: - 0.3 kg/m 2 ; 95% CI: - 0.52, - 0.09, p = 0.005; I 2  = 55.8%), weight (WMD: - 0.83 kg; 95% CI: - 1.55, - 0.10, p = 0.026; I 2  = 67.0%), and leptin (WMD: - 19.85 ng/ml; 95% CI: - 29.88, - 9.82, p < 0.001; I 2  = 81.8%) and an increase in adiponectin (WMD: 5.50 µg/ml; 95% CI: 1.33, 9.67, p = 0.010; I 2  = 90.6%) levels after consumption of the low AGE diets compared to the high AGE diets. Also, the effect of intake of low AGE compared to high AGE diets was more pronounced in subgroup with duration > 8 weeks for the BMI and weight. Overall, according to our results, although low AGE diets appeared to be statistically significant in reducing the prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases compared to high consumption of dietary AGEs. But, no clinical significance was observed. Therefore, to confirm these results clinically, further prospective studies should be conducted in this regard. The study protocol was registered in the in International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) database as CRD42020203734.

Ghazaleh Shimi and Mohammad Hassan Sohouli contributed equally to this work.Correction: Immun Ageing 21, 13 (2024)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-024-00414-7Following publication of the original article [[1]], the authors reported a typo found in the graphical abstract, the word "inflamation " needs to be corrected to "inflammation ". The corrected graphical abstract is presented below.GraphThe original article [[1]] has been updated.By Ghazaleh Shimi; Mohammad Hassan Sohouli; Arman Ghorbani; Azam Shakery and Hamid ZandReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Background and Objectives: Dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) is suggested as a useful tool for the assessment of relationships between cumulative antioxidant food capacities and several chronic disorders. However, relationships between the total antioxidant capacity of the diet (TAC) and the risk of NAFLD has not previously been assessed. The aim of this study was to assess relationships between DTAC and risk of NAFLD in a case-control study. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 158 patients with NAFLD and 357 healthy individuals aged 18-55 years. Dietary data were collected using validated 168- items quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDLC) and fasting blood glucose (FBS) concentrations were assessed using enzymatic methods and commercial kits. The DTAC was calculated based on the oxygen radical absorbance capacity of each food (except for coffee) reported by US Department of Agriculture. Statistical Analysis was carried out using SPSS Software. Results: The mean±SD (standard deviation) for age and body mass index (BMI) of the study participants were 43.9 years ±5.9 and had 30.5 kg/m2 ±2.6. The NAFLD patients included higher BMI and female proportion, compared to control group. The NAFLD patients included higher smoking rates, biochemical parameters (TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and FBS) and DTAC scores, compared to control groups. However, patients with NAFLD included lower HDL levels and physical activities, compared to control group. The highest tertile of DTAC showed lower risks of NAFLD, compared to the lowest tertile. This association was significant after controlling for potential confounders (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions: Findings suggest that promotion of naturally increased antioxidant capacities may help prevent development of NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the role of adipokine on diseases related to metabolic syndrome and even chronic diseases, it seems necessary to investigate effective interventions on these factors. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of metformin on adipokines. A comprehensive search was conducted in five databases using established keywords. The purpose of this search was to uncover controlled studies that have examined the impact of metformin on adipokines, specifically leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. The random-effects model analysis was used to provide pooled weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals. Forty-nine studies were included in this article. The pooled findings showed that that the administration of metformin significantly decreases leptin (WMD: −3.06 ng/ml, 95 % CI: −3.81, −2.30, P < 0.001) and resistin (WMD: −1.27 µg/mL, 95 % CI: −2.22, −0.31, P = 0.009) levels in different populations compared to the control group. However, no significant effect of this antidiabetic drug on adiponectin levels was reported. The results obtained from the subgroup results in the present study also showed that metformin in people with a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 compared to a BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2 causes a significant decrease in leptin levels and an increase in adiponectin levels. Also, metformin in lower doses (≤1500 mg/day) and younger people (<30 years) causes a significant increase in adiponectin levels. In general, considering the role of adipokines on metabolic disease and even chronic disease, this drug can be used as a potentially useful drug, especially in obese people, to improve these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chitosan is one of dietary fiber that has received great attention in improving obesity-related markers, but little is known on its effects on adolescents. Objectives: To analyze the effects of chitosan supplementation on obesity-related cardiometabolic markers and appetite-related hormones in adolescents with overweight or obesity. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was performed on 61 adolescents with overweight and obesity, who were randomly allocated to receive chitosan supplementation (n = 31) or placebo as control (n = 30) for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measures, lipid and glycemic profiles, and appetite-related hormones were examined. Results: Chitosan supplementation significantly improved anthropometric indicators of obesity (body weight: -3.58±2.17 kg, waist circumference: -5.00±3.11 cm, and body mass index: -1.61±0.99 kg/m² and -0.28±0.19 Zscore), lipid (triglycerides: -5.67±9.24, total cholesterol: -14.12±13.34, LDL-C: -7.18±10.16, and HDL-C: 1.83±4.64 mg/dL) and glycemic markers (insulin: -5.51± 7.52 μIU/mL, fasting blood glucose: -5.77±6.93 mg/dL, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: -0.24±0.44), and appetite-related hormones (adiponectin: 1.69±2.13 ng/dL, leptin -19.40±16.89, and neuropeptide Y: -41.96±79.34 ng/dL). When compared with the placebo group, chitosan supplementation had greater improvement in body weight, body mass index (kg/m² and Z-score), waist circumference, as well as insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels. Differences were significant according to P-value <0.05. Conclusion: Chitosan supplementation can improve cardiometabolic parameters (anthropometric indicators of obesity and lipid and glycemic markers) and appetite-related hormones (adiponectin, leptin, and NPY) in adolescents with overweight or obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This research aimed to study the association of food insulin index and biochemical parameters with the odds of developing NAFLD in adult Iranians. Background: Hyperinsulinemia may play an important role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) because of the relationship between insulin response and body fat accumulation. Methods: A case-control study of 169 NAFLD patients and 200 healthy adults aged 18-55 years was conducted. Dietary data was collected using a validated 168-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Food insulin index (FII) was calculated by dividing the total insulin load by total energy intake (kcal/day). Total insulin load (ILoverall) was also calculated using a standard formula. Results: Mean participant age was 43.9 ± 5.9 years. Patients with NAFLD were significantly associated with higher body mass index, levels of liver enzymes, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) compared to the healthy subjects (p < 0.05). The highest tertiles of FII were associated with higher odds of NAFLD (OR=1.4, 95% CI: 0.88-2.48, p for trend <0.001) and obesity (OR=2.33, 95% CI: 0.97-5.75) compared to the lowest tertiles. Potential confounders for the association were controlled. Conclusion: This study found that adherence to a diet with high FII was associated with greater odds of NAFLD and overweight or obesity. Additional studies are required to better understand this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]