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Obesity could increase the risk of Barrett's esophagus (BE). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) could alter the natural course of BE. Data on BE progression after RYGB are scarce. To study endoscopic surveillance and endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) outcomes of BE in post-RYGB patients versus controls with obesity. Academic referral centers, a retrospective cohort study. Patients who underwent RYGB with biopsy-proven BE or intramucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma (IM-EAC) with an endoscopic follow-up of at least 12 months were identified from a prospectively maintained database between January 1992 and February 2019 at 3 tertiary care centers. RYGB patients were matched 1-to-2 to patients with obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m2) by the initial BE stage at diagnosis. Surveillance and EET outcomes were compared. A total of 147 patients were included (49 RYGB and 98 BE stage-matched controls with obesity). For endoscopic surveillance, the rate of disease progression to high-grade dysplasia /IM-EAC was significantly lower in the RYGB patients than controls (2.6% versus 40.2%, respectively; P <.0001), with a comparable median follow-up time (85 months versus 80 months, respectively). This effect persisted in a multivariate analysis, with a hazard ratio of.09 (95% confidence interval,.01–.69). For EET, no difference in the rate of achieving complete remission of intestinal metaplasia was observed between the RYGB and control groups (71.2% versus 81.3%, respectively; P =.44). RYGB appears to be a protective factor for disease progression to neoplastic BE during endoscopic surveillance. However, disease progression was still observed after RYGB, warranting continuing endoscopic surveillance. EET appeared to be equally effective between RYGB patients and controls with obesity. • Data on Barrett's esophagus (BE) progression after bariatric surgery is scarce. This study evaluated the outcomes in bariatric patients undergoing BE endoscopic surveillance or eradication therapy versus obese controls. • Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients were less likely to progress to advanced BE on endoscopic surveillance than obese controls. • Endoscopic eradication therapy was equally effective in achieving complete remission of intestinal metaplasia between the RYGB and obese controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]