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In this study, we isolated and characterized a lytic phage, named vB_SmaM_PS2 (abbreviated as PS2), which can infect Serratia marcescens clinical isolates. Morphologically, phage PS2 can be classified within the Myoviridae family. The 167,276 bp double-stranded DNA genome of PS2 possesses 41.7% GC content. A total of 276 protein-coding genes and 4 tRNA genes were predicted in the PS2 genome. Of the 276 genes, 131 (47%) encoded T4-like genes, most of which are DNA replication and virion structural genes. Therefore, phage PS2 should be a new member of the T4-like Serratia phage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the CCA sequence at the mature 3é end of tRNAs is conserved and critical for translational function, a genetic template for this sequence is not always contained in tRNA genes. In eukaryotes and Archaea, the CCA ends of tRNAs are synthesized post-transcriptionally by CCA-adding enzymes. In Bacteria, tRNA genes template CCA sporadically. Results: In order to understand the variation in how prokaryotic tRNA genes template CCA, we re-annotated tRNA genes in tRNAdb-CE database version 0.8. Among 132,129 prokaryotic tRNA genes, initiator tRNA genes template CCA at the highest average frequency (74.1%) over all functional classes except selenocysteine and pyrrolysine tRNA genes (88.1% and 100% respectively). Across bacterial phyla and a wide range of genome sizes, many lineages exist in which predominantly initiator tRNA genes template CCA. Convergent and parallel retention of CCA templating in initiator tRNA genes evolved in independent histories of reductive genome evolution in Bacteria. Also, in a majority of cyanobacterial and actinobacterial genera, predominantly initiator tRNA genes template CCA. We also found that a surprising fraction of archaeal tRNA genes template CCA. Conclusions: We suggest that cotranscriptional synthesis of initiator tRNA CCA 3é ends can complement inefficient processing of initiator tRNA precursors, "bootstrap" rapid initiation of protein synthesis from a non-growing state, or contribute to an increase in cellular growth rates by reducing overheads of mass and energy to maintain nonfunctional tRNA precursor pools. More generally, CCA templating in structurally non-conforming tRNA genes can afford cells robustness and greater plasticity to respond rapidly to environmental changes and stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58, belonging to the family Xanthomonadaceae, was isolated from a soil sample in Dokdo, Korea in 2011. Strain DS-58 is the type strain of L. dokdonensis. In this study, we determined the genome sequence to describe the genomic features including annotation information and COG functional categorization. The draft genome sequence consists of 25 contigs totaling 3,274,406 bp (67.24 % G + C) and contains 3,155 protein coding genes, 2 copies of ribosomal RNA operons, and 48 transfer RNA genes. Among the protein coding genes, 75.91 % of the genes were annotated with a putative function and 87.39 % of the genes were assigned to the COG category. In the genome of L. dokdonensis, a large number of genes associated with protein degradation and antibiotic resistance were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis) is Critically Endangered species of parrot endemic to small Bolivian area. In this study, full mitochondrial genome of considered species was sequenced. It is 16,983 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a control region. It`s comparison with publishedAra macaomitogenome revealed their high degree of identity. On the other hand, analysis of both the genome compositions showed incompleteness ofAra macaoCYTB gene. Hence, mitogenome ofAra macaospecies occurred only partial sequence. In consequence,Ara glaucogularismitogenome is the first complete Macaw sequence, which will be indispensable to refine the phylogenetic relationships within the tribeAriniand will enrich the resource of markers for systematic, phylogenetic and population genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present the complete mitochondrial genome ofP. s. hainanus, which is spread over Hainan Island, southern China and northern Vietnam, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes (srRNAandlrRNA) and 2 extensive heteroplasmic control regions. All protein-coding, rRNA genes have more than 99.0% nucleotide sequence similarity with the previously reported individual ofP. s. formosae, except forcox3and CRs. Notably, we found that the nucleotide sequence ofP. s. formosaemtDNA has more similarity withP. taivanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the coral-inhabiting barnacleNobia grandisSowerby, 1839 complete mitochondrial genome, which is the first report from the family Pyrgomatidae (Cirripedia: Sessilia). TheN. grandismitochondrial genome is 15,032 bp in length, containing a total of 469 bp of non-coding nucleotides spreading in 11 intergenic regions (with the largest region of 376 bp). Compared with the pancrustacean ground pattern, there are not less than seven tRNAs rearranged in theN. grandismitochondrial genome. Gene overlaps are founded in eight places. Nine PCGs (COX1-3, ATP6, ATP8, CYTB, ND2, ND3andND6) are encoded on the heavy strand while the remaining 4 PCGs and the two rRNAs are located on the light strand. As the first representative from the family Pyrgomatidae, theN. grandismitochondrial genome will help us to explore the evolutionary history and molecular evolution of coral barnacles and Sessilia in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of theParastromateus niger. The mitochondrial genome is 16,561 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene order and composition ofParastromateus nigermitochondrial genome is similar to that of most other vertebrates. The nucleotide compositions of the light strand are 28.23% of A, 29.51% of C, 26.01% of T and 16.16% of G. With the exception of five tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the fat-nose goby Pseudogobius javanicus has been amplified. P. javanicus is widely contributed species in Southeast to East Asia. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,493 base pairs (bp) in total length, had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 1 control region (CR) and 1 light-strand replication origin (OL). The overall base composition of P. javanicus is 27.1% for A, 27.3% for T, 28.6% for C, 17.0% for G, with higher AT content of 54.4%. This study will contribute for understanding the phylogenetic approach in genus Pseudogobius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete chloroplast sequence ofGnetum montanum(GenBank accession number: NC_021438.1) was determined and characterized in this study. The size of the chloroplast genome ofGnetum montanumis 115 019 bp. Including a large single copy (LSC) region of 66 697 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 9494 bp separated by a pair of identical inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 19 414 bp each. A total of 108 genes that were successfully annotated contains 65 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The GC content of the chloroplast genome ofGnetum montanumis 38.16%. Twelve genes contain one introns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofParacheirodon innesiwas determined using the next-generation sequencing (NGS). The mitochondrial genome was 16 962 bp long and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene arrangement and composition ofP. Innesimitochondrial genome was similar to that of most other vertebrates. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the complete mitogenomes of the species and closely related 13 teleost species to assess their phylogenetic relationship and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), the largest of the true falcons, was characterized using next generation sequencing. The mitogenome was 18 218 bp long, and comprised of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA and two non-coding regions; a control region (D-loop) harboring two tandem repeats 80 bp and 56 bp long and a pseudo-control region (ΨD-loop) with a tandem repeat 27 bp long. All genes were encoded on the + strand except ND6 and 8 tRNA genes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence ofHyla ussuriensis(Anura: Hylidae) is first determined using long PCR. It is a circular molecule of 18 023 bp in length (GenBank accession no. KT964710). Similar to the typical mtDNA of amphibians, the complete mtDNA sequence ofHyla ussuriensiscontained two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and a control region (D-loop). The nucleotide composition was 29.9% A, 25.4% C, 14.5% G, and 30.2% T. Mitochondrial genomes analyses based on NJ method yield phylogenetic trees, indicating 13 reported Anura frogs belonging to five families (Hylidae, Bufonidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae, and Rhacophoridae). These molecular data presented here provide a useful tool for systematic analyses of genusHylaand family Hylidae. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofDrepanidotaenia lanceolatawas sequenced. The complete mtDNA sequence is 13 573 bp long and contains 12 protein-coding genes (cox1–3,nad1–6,nad4L,atp6, andcytb), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 2 non-coding regions (NCR). Phylogenetic analysis using three methods (Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood) demonstrates with high statistical support thatD. lanceolatais closely related to the genusHymenolepis. This study reports the first complete mt genome sequence of a representative species of the genusDrepanidotaeniaand should provide novel genetic data for further studies of the taxonomy, systematics, and population genetics of these and other related cestodes of socio-economic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the orange-spotted spinefootSiganus guttatus(Perciformes, Siganidae) is presented in this paper. The entire sequence, 16,505 bp in length, is comprised of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 control region. Structurally, the composition and order of genes are same as those found in other rabbitfishes. ExceptND6and 8 tRNA, all other mitochondrial genes were encoded on the heavy strand. Overall base compositions of mitogenome are 29.3% of A, 29.3% of C, 25.7% of T, and 15.7% of G, showing an obvious anti-G bias which was commonly found in fishes. Three conserved sequence blocks (CSB-1, CSB-2 and CSB-3) and long series of di- and mono-nucleotide microsatellite repeats in 3′ end are observed in the putative control region. The complete mitogenome sequence ofS. guttatuscould provide useful information for further phylogenetic and population genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitogenome of the tropical gar,Atractosteus tropicus,(GeneBank accession number KJ531198) has a total length of 16,280 bp, and the arrangement consist of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 22 transfer RNA similar to other Lepisosteidae family mitogenomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an Illumina platform, we shot-gun sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of two sister chiton species (Sypharochiton pelliserpentisandSypharochiton sinclairi) to an average coverage of 172× and 60×, respectively. We performed ade novoassembly using SOAPdenovo2 and determined the total mitogenome lengths to be 15,048 and 15,028 bps, respectively. The gene organization was similar to that of other chitons, with 13 protein-coding genes, 24 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs. These data will contribute for resolving the taxonomy and population genetic structures of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofPazala timur(Lepidoptera: Papilionodae) is a circular molecule of 15,226 bp in length, containing 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes: 13 protein coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a non-coding AT-rich region. Its gene order and arrangement are identical to all other available butterfly mitogenomes. All PCGs initiate with typical ATN codons, except for COI, which is initiated by the CGA codon. Ten PCGs use complete termination codon (TAA), whereas the COI, COII and ND5 genes end with single T. Twelve intergenic spacers (82 bp in total), and 11 overlapping regions (30 bp in total) are dispersed throughout the whole genome. The non-coding AT-rich region is 403 bp long and contains some conserved structures characteristic of the butterfly mitogenomes, such as the motif ATAGA followed by a 13-bp poly-T stretch and a microsatellite-like (AT)12element preceded by the ATTTA motif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome from an Africanized honey bee population (AHB, derived fromApis mellifera scutellata) was assembled and analyzed. The mitogenome is 16,411 bp long and contains the same gene repertoire and gene order as the European honey bee (13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes). ND4 appears to use an alternate start codon and the long rRNA gene is 48 bp shorter in AHB due to a deletion in a terminal AT dinucleotide repeat. The dihydrouracil arm is missing from tRNA-Ser (AGN) and tRNA-Glu is missing the TV loop. The A + T content is comparable to the European honey bee (84.7%), which increases to 95% for the 3rd position in the protein coding genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first complete mitochondrial genome sequence ofPhrynocephalusviviparity was determined for the toad-headed lizardPhrynocephalus theobaldi orientalis.The 16,608 bp mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 control regions (CRs). The overall base composition of H-strand is T: 26.7%, C: 24.5%, A: 37.6%, G: 11.2%. The gene arrangement and composition ofP. theobaldi orientaliswas similar to other published mitochondrial genomes ofPhrynocephalusoviparity, except thattRNA-PheandtRNA-Prowere exchanged. The control region comprised two parts, one betweentRNA-ThrandtRNA-Pheand another betweentRNA-Proand12S RNA. The complete mitogenome sequence ofP. theobaldi orientalisprovided fundamental data for resolving phylogenetic and genetic problems related toPhrynocephalusviviparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Mole Shrew,Anourosorex squamipesbelongs to the family Soricidae, and widely distributes in central and southern China, northern and south Burma, east India, northern Vietnam and Thailand. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence ofAnourosorex squamipeswas determined. The mitogenome is 17,121 base pairs in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 control region, with base composition of 34.0% A, 31.3% T, 22.0% C, and 12.7% G. The genome organization, nucleotide composition and codon usage did not differ significantly from those of other shrews. The study contributes to illuminating taxonomic status of Chinese Mole ShrewAnourosorex squamipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the Chinese rod gugeon,Abbottina rivularis(Basilewsky, 1855) has been amplified. The mitogenome, consisting of 16,608 base pairs (bp), had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes and a noncoding control region (CR). CR of 929 bp length is located between tRNAProand tRNAPhe. The overall base composition ofA. rivularisis 29.9% for A, 27.2% for C, 25.7% for T and 17.3% for G, with higher AT content of 55.6%. The complete mitogenome may provide rather essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogenetic analysis for not only congeneric species but also higher different taxa of Cyprinid fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pararge aegeriais a palearctic butterfly used as a model organism in ecology, behavior, evolution and development, with significant geographically-correlated morphological variation and two close relatives in Macaronesia. In this study, I have determined the complete mitogenome sequence ofP. aegeria. The genome is 15,240 bp long, and has the typical gene organization of other lepidopteran mitogenomes. Salient features include the IMQ order of tRNA genes, a sizable (52 bp) spacer betweentrnQandnad2, a CGA start codon incox1and the ATAGA(T)19motif in the control region. Interestingly, this region also contains four copies of the imperfect palindrome TAAATATWTATAWATATTTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomy of genusAnodontais rather ambiguous, as it has great variation on the shell shape.Anodonta lucidais an endemic species of freshwater mussel in China, characterized by shining epidermis. The complete maternal mitochondrial genome of freshwater musselA. lucidawas first determined (GenBank accession no. KF667529). The genome is 16,285 bp long with an AT content of 64.02%. All the 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes are found, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The genome also contains 24 unassigned regions, ranking from 1 to 830 bp in length, the largest of which is the putative control region (CR). The base composition of the genome is A (36.32%), G (13.01%), T (27.70%) and C (22.98%). Gene order is identical to other species of Unionidae except Gonideinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the northeastern red deer,Cervus elaphus xanthopygus, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. The entire genome is 16,416 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region, all of which are arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. The overall base composition of the northeastern red deer’s mitochondrial genome is 33.3% of A, 24.3% of C, 28.9% of T and 13.5% of G. A termination-associated sequence and several conserved central sequence block domains were discovered within the control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the whole mtDNA genome of Simao Chinese indigenous dog was amplified and sequenced. Our data showed that the whole mtDNA genome of Simao Chinese indigenous dog includes 16,730 base pairs (bps). The Simao Chinese indigenous dog mitochondrial genome included structural organization and base composition of the rRNAs, tRNAs and protein-coding genes, as well as characteristics of tRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the complete mitochondrial genome ofLeiolepis reevesii(Sauria, Agamidae), which is a circular molecule of 16,908 bp in size and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a control region. The A+T content of overall base composition of H-strand is 59.8% (T: 25.1%, C: 27.5%, A: 34.7%, G: 12.7%). Some short microsatellite-like repeat regions (polyA and polyT) are scattered in the control region. All the results provide powerful data to further study of the molecular systematics, species identification and conservation genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), the unique species inChrysocyon, was sequenced and reported for the first time using blood samples obtained from a female individual in Shanghai Zoo, China. Sequence analysis showed that the genome structure was in accordance with other Canidae species and it contained 12 S rRNA gene, 16 S rRNA gene, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudobagrus ondonis a small benthopelagic freshwater species of family Bagridae. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome ofP. Ondonhas been determined, and phylogenetic analysis with another individual and closely related species are preformed. The complete mitochondrial genome ofP. ondonwas 16,534 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 non-coding regions: a control region (D-loop) and an L-strand replication origin (OL). It indicated that D-loop, ND1, ND2, ND4, ND5 and CYTB may be appropriate markers for studying population as well as conservation genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the basic characteristics of the cattle tick mitochondrial genome, including structural organization and base composition of the rRNAs, tRNAs and protein-coding genes. The total length of the mitogenome was 14,901 bp and its overall base composition was estimated to be 38.8% for A, 40.8% for T, 11.3 % for C, 9.1% for G, respectively, indicating an A-T(79.6 %)-rich feature inRhipicephalus microplusmitogenome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial nucleotide sequence ofIdeopsis similisis 15,200 bp in size, containing typical metazoan 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 1 non-coding AT-rich region. All the 13 PCGs initiated with ATN, except forCOIgene which started by CGA codon. Nine PCGs used the complete termination codon (TAA), whereas theCOI, COII, ND4andND5genes ended with single T. The two rRNA genes (rrnL and rrnS) were 1318 bp and 786 bp in size, with their AT contents of 84.7% and 85.7%, respectively. All tRNA genes display typical secondary cloverleaf structures except for trnS1(AGN) which loses DHU arm. The 404 bp long AT-rich region contains several features common to the other lepidopterans, such as the ATAGA motif followed by a 19 bp poly-T stretch, a 9 bp poly-T stretch and some microsatellite-like (AT)nelements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the oriental soleBrachirus orientaliswas presented in this study. It is 16,600 bp in length, contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region. A total of 28 bp short overlaps and 23 bp non-coding intergenic spacers were found in the mitogenome. The overall base composition of the L-strand is 30.5% A, 28.7% C, 15.2% G and 25.6% T. Two start codons (ATG and GTG) and three stop codons (AGG, TAG and TAA/T) were found in the protein-coding genes. Twenty-two tRNA genes ranged from 66 bp to 75 bp. Since the tRNA-Ser2lacks the dihydrouridine arm it can not fold into a typical cloverleaf structure. The control region demonstrates the highest A+T content (66.4%) and the lowest G content (11.8%) in the mitogenome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of theCecropis dauricawas determined by using a PCR-based method. The complete mitochondrial DNA of this swallow was 17,949 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 2 control regions. All genes were encoded on the heavy strain except forND6and eight tRNA genes. The gene arrangement of theCecropis dauricawas similar to that found in other passerines. Base composition of the heavy strain was A (30.5%), T (23.0%), C (32.1%) and G (14.3%) with the A + T bias of 53.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sequenced and determined the complete mitochondrial genome of clearhead icefish (Protosalanx hyalocranius). The circular mitochondrial genome (16,693 bp) contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 control region. All genes were encoded on the heavy strand with the exception ofND6and eight tRNA genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Biko’s redigobyRedigobius bikolanus(Herre, 1927) has been amplified in this study.R. bikolanuscontributes in Taiwan, as well as Southeast Asia. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,464 base pairs (bp) in total length, had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 1 control region (CR) and 1 light-strand replication origin (OL). The overall base composition ofR. bikolanusis 28.9% for A, 26.7% for T, 28.5% for C, 15.9% for G, with higher AT content 55.6%. This study will contribute and be rather beneficial for understanding the phylogenetic approach of genusRedigobius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome ofPampus chinensis(Perciformes: Stromateidae) was determined. The mitogenome is 16,535 bp in length, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 non-coding regions: origin of light-strand replication (OL) and control region (D-loop). The overall mtDNA nucleotide base composition ofP. chinensisis A 29.72%, C 28.10%, G 15.34%, and T 26.84%, with an A + T content of 56.56%. Except forND6gene and eight tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes were encoded on the heavy strand. The mitochondrial genome ofP. chinensismay be helpful to the studies on stock evaluation and conservation genetics ofP. chinensisresource, as well as molecular phylogeny of Stromateidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence ofTriphysa phryne(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) was determined in this study. The mitogenome is 15,143 bp in length, containing 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes: 13 putative protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a non-coding AT-rich region. Its gene content and order are identical to those of other lepidopteran mitogenomes. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by ATN codons, except forCOIgene which uses CGA as its start codon. Nine PCGs terminate in the common stop TAA, whereas theCOI, COII, ND5andND4genes end with single T. All tRNA genes showed typical secondary cloverleaf structures except for thetRNASer(AGN), which has a simple loop with the absence of its DHU stem. The 316 bp AT-rich region contains several features common to the other lepidopterans, such as the motif ATAGA followed by an 19-bp poly-T stretch and two microsatellite-like (TA)8(AT) and (TA)4elements preceded by the ATTTA motif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wavyband solePseudaesopia japonicais the only known member of the genusPseudaesopia. In this study, we firstly determined the complete mitochondrial genome ofP. japonica. It is 16,789 bp in length and contains two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and one putative control region with the typical gene order and transcriptional direction in vertebrates. The overall base composition of mitogenome inP. japonicais 28.4% A, 30.3% C, 15.6% G and 25.7% T. Two start codons (ATG and GTG) and four stop codons (AGA, AGG, TAG and TAA) were found in 13 protein-coding genes. The 22 tRNAs range from 67 bp (tRNA-Cysand tRNA-Tyr) to 75 bp (tRNA-Lys) in length. The control region is 1120 bp in length, representing a higher proportion of A + T (65.3%) while lower of G (12.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spotted longbarbel catfish,Hemibagrus guttatus(Siluriformes, Bagridae), is regarded as one of the “four famous fish” in the Pearl River system in China. So far, very few genomic resources from this species were available. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome ofH. guttatuswas determined to be 16,528 bp long circular molecule with a typical gene arrangement of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA. It includes 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and a non-coding control region (D-loop). The complete mtDNA genome sequence obtained in this study would be useful for studying genetic diversity and phylogenetics inH. guttatusand related taxa in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the northeastern sika deer,Cervus nippon hortulorum, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. The entire genome is 16,434 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region, all of which are arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. The overall base composition of the northeastern sika deer’s mitochondrial genome is 33.3% of A, 24.5% of C, 28.7% of T and 13.5% of G. A termination associated sequence and several conserved central sequence block domains were discovered within the control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofLeptomantella albellaBurmeister (Mantodea: Iridopterygidae) is sequenced to analyze the gene arrangement. It is a circular molecule of 15,534 bp in length including 37 genes typically found in other insects. Gene arrangement is similar toTamolanica tamolana(Insecta: Mantodea) and comprises 13 protein coding genes, two rRNA genes (12S and 16S rRNA) and 22 tRNA genes. The AT content of the overall base composition is 73.7%. The length of control region is 684 bp with 81.9% AT content. Protein-coding genes begin with ATG as start codon exceptND3, ND5, ND6, ATP8andATP6with ATA.COI, COII, ND5, ND4LandND1end with TAG as stop codon, whileCOIII, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND6, ATP8, ATP6andCyt bend with TAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the commercially important snout otter clamLutraria rhynchaenawas obtained from low-coverage shotgun sequencing data on the MiSeq platform. TheL. rhynchaenamitogenome has 16,927 base pairs (69% A + T content) and made up of 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a 953 bp non-coding AT-rich region. This is the first mitogenome to be sequenced from the genusLutraria,and the seventh to be reported for the family Mactridae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complete mitochondrial genome of fresh water catfishBagarius bagarius, was isolated by LA PCR (TakaRa LAtaq, Dalian, China); and sequenced by Sanger’s method to obtain the complete mitochondrial genome, which is listed Critically Endangered and Red Listed species. The complete mitogenome was 16,457 bp in length and contains 13 typical vertebrate protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA genes. The whole genome base composition was estimated to be 31.14% A, 27.72% C, 15.62% G and 25.50% T. The complete mitochondrial genome of fresh water catfish,B. bagariusprovides the basic genetic tools for breeding and conservation program to enhance aquaculture production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence ofBelligobio nummifer, which is known as a cyprinid fish in mainland China, with a long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The total length ofB. nummifermitogenome is 16,610 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes and a noncoding control region. The overall base composition ofB. nummiferis 29.74% for A, 26.12% for T, 17.18% for G, and 26.97% for C, with a slight AT bias of 55.86%. The complete mitogenomic data may provide more informative for phylogenetic approach for gudgeons phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Datong yak is a famous artificially cultivated breed in China. In the present work, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Datong yak for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,323 bp long, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and one non-coding region (D-loop region). The gene order of Datong yak mitogenome is identical to that observed in most other vertebrates. The overall base composition is 33.71% A, 25.8.0% C, 13.21% G and 27.27% T, with an A + T content of 60.98%. The complete mitogenome sequence information of Datong yak can provide useful data for further studies on molecular breeding and taxonomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofTrachinotus blochiiwas determined using the polymerase chain reaction. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence is 16,558 bp in length. It consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two rRNA genes and two non-coding regions. Overall base composition of its mitochondrial genome is estimated to be 29.21% for A, 15.74% for G, 26.49% for T, 28.56% for C, respectively, with a high A + T content (55.70%). The control region contains three conserved sequence blocks, a termination-associated sequence and a TATA box. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence ofT. blochiican provide a basic data for the studies on population structure, molecular systematic, stock evaluation and conservation genetics. It is also helpful to develop the rational management strategies forT. blochiiresource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial sequence of the Japanese threadfin bream,Nemipterus japonicushas been determined. The circle genome is 16,995 bp in size, and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene order and composition ofN. japonicuswas similar to that of most other teleosts. The base composition of H-strand is 28.11% (A), 28.02% (T), 16.64 % (G) and 27.24 % (C), with an AT content of 56.12%. All genes are encoded on the heavy strand with the exception ofND6and eight tRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome ofN. japonicuspresented will be in favor of resolving phylogenetic relationships within the family Nemipteridae and the Perciformes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Border Collie dog is one of the famous breed of dog. In the present work we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Border Collie dog for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,730 bp with the base composition of 31.6% for A, 28.7% for T, 25.5% for C, and 14.2% for G and an A–T (60.3%)-rich feature was detected. It harbored 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and one non-coding control region (D-loop region). The arrangement of all genes was identical to the typical mitochondrial genomes of dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whale sharkRhincodon typus(Pisces: Chondrichthyes, Orectolobiformes, Rhincodontidae) is the largest living fish on Earth. In this study, we presented its complete mitogenome. It is 16,928 bp in length, contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one control region with the typical gene order and transcriptional direction in the vertebrates. Overall base composition of theR. typusmitogenome is 33.5% A, 24.3% C, 12.8% G and 29.5% T. Two start codon (GTG and ATG) and two stop codon patterns (TAG and TAA/T) were found in protein-coding genes. The tRNA-Ser2could not be folded into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure because of the replacement of its dihydrouridine arm by a simple loop. A termination associated sequences (TAS) and three conserved sequence blocks (CSB1-3) were identified in the control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence ofLarus relictuswas 16,586-bp long, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region. Most PCGs begin with the typical ATN start codon with the exception ofCOIandND5genes, which use GTG as the initiation codon. Stop codons AGG, TAG, TAA and AGA are present in the PCGs; exceptions areCOIIIandND4, which possess incomplete termination codons (T), andND3, in which one extra C nucleotide is found. Secondary structure prediction of the 22 tRNA genes revealed the absence of the DHU arm intRNASer(AGN). Seven conserved sequence box elements, as well as the origin of H-strand replication (OH) and bidirectional light- and heavy-strand transcription promoters (LSP/HSP), are found in control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofPhlaeoba tenebrosawas sequenced. Its 15,648 bp nucleotides encode 37 typical mitochondrial genes and contain 73.8% AT. All 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes (PCGs) share the start codon ATN, except forcox1(CCG start codon). The usual termination codons (TAA or TAG) and incomplete stop codons (T or TA) are found from 13 protein-coding genes. The most frequent amino acids in the PCGs are Leucine (14.02%), Serine (9.64%), Phenylalanine (9.13%), Isoleucine (10.44%), and the total content of these amino acids was 43.23%. All tRNA genes could be folded into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, excepttrnS(AGN)lacking of the dihydrouridine arm. The sizes of the large and small rRNA genes are 1319 bp and 841 bp, respectively. The AT content of the A + T-rich region is 82.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]