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Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play significant roles in regulating protein structure, activity and function, and they are closely involved in various pathologies. Therefore, the identification of associated PTMs is the foundation of in-depth research on related biological mechanisms, disease treatments and drug design. Due to the high cost and time consumption of high-throughput sequencing techniques, developing machine learning-based predictors has been considered an effective approach to rapidly recognize potential modified sites. However, the imbalanced distribution of true and false PTM sites, namely, the data imbalance problem, largely effects the reliability and application of prediction tools. In this article, we conduct a systematic survey of the research progress in the imbalanced PTMs classification. First, we describe the modeling process in detail and outline useful data imbalance solutions. Then, we summarize the recently proposed bioinformatics tools based on imbalanced PTM data and simultaneously build a convenient website, ImClassi_PTMs (available at lab.malab.cn/∼dlj/ImbClassi_PTMs/), to facilitate the researchers to view. Moreover, we analyze the challenges of current computational predictors and propose some suggestions to improve the efficiency of imbalance learning. We hope that this work will provide comprehensive knowledge of imbalanced PTM recognition and contribute to advanced predictors in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populus deltoides is a fast-growing, large tree and one of the largest North American hardwood trees. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of P. deltoides is characterized. The whole cp genome was assembled to 156,867 bp, including a large single copy (LSC) region of 85,534 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 16,513 bp and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) region of 27,410 bp. The base content of the P. deltoides cp genome is A (32.0%), T (31.3%), C (18.0%), and G (18.7%), and AT bases occupy a large proportion of the cp genome. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis with 20 cp genomes from the Salicaceae family showed that P. deltoides is sister to Populus davidiana. These will provide for the evolutionary and biological studies in Salicaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salix triandra is a great willow for bees and an excellent choice for living willow structures. In this study, we assembled and annotated the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of S. triandra. The whole cp genome is 155,821 base-pairs (bp) in size, which comprises one small single copy (SSC) region of 16,223 bp and one large single copy (LSC) region of 84,532 bp separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 27,533 bp. There are 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis with the Neighbour-joining method indicates that S. triandra is closely related to S. tetrasperma. The complete cp genome will facilitate the biological studies in the order Malpighiales in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]