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In the world, it is planned to produce promising for the manufacture of radiopharmaceuticals of radioisotope copper-67 by the reaction of its production from zinc-68 under the influence of γ-radiation on an electron accelerator. The next major issue is the separation of copper and zinc. Extraction, ion exchange and thermal distillation of zinc have already been studied in detail. Co-precipitation of copper with low zinc and thermal distillation of organic compounds of metals is promising.

The assay of copper in zinc matrixes by reactor activation analysis presents significant difficulties, since the practicable capture reactions, 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu and 65Cu(n,γ)66Cu, are interfered by 64Zn(n,p)64Cu and 66Zn(n,p)66Cu reactions, as dominant activities. Taking into account this fact, the possibility of developing a method for copper determination in zinc compounds based on the measurement of 66Cu/64Cu activity ratios is discussed. The theoretical fundamentals are formulated; the experimental application for the application to the control of zinc compounds destined to the production of 64Cu is described.

Cross section data for formation of the medically important radionuclide 61 Cu ( T ½ =3.33 h) in proton and deuteron induced reactions on enriched 64 Zn and in 3 He - and α - particle induced reactions on 59 Co were analyzed by using the nuclear model calculational codes, EMPIRE and TALYS. A well-defined statistical procedure was then employed to derive the recommended excitation functions, and therefrom to obtain integral yields. A comparison of major production routes of 61 Cu was done.

The 2005 evaluation for A=54 (2006Hu08) has been updated. Detailed experimental nuclear structure data and decay data for all nuclei with mass chain A=54 are presented in this current evaluation. The new data and information are given in following datasets: {sup 54}Ca: {sup 9}Be({sup 76}Ge, X) and Be({sup 55}Sc, p), ({sup 56}Ti, 2p) {sup 54}Sc: {sup 54}Ca β{sup −} decay and {sup 54}Sc IT decay {sup 54}Ti: {sup 54}Sc β{sup −} decay {sup 54}Cr: {sup 54}Mn e decay, {sup 56}Fe(μ, nupng), and {sup 238}U({sup 64}Ni, Xγ) {sup 54}Mn: {sup 51}V({sup 20}Ne, Xγ), {sup 55}Mn(p, pn), and {sup 56}Fe(μ, nu2ng) {sup 54}Fe: {sup 58}Ni α decay, {sup 9}Be({sup 55}Co, Xγ), {sup 54}Fe(e, e'), {sup 54}Fe(p, p'), and Coulomb Excitation {sup 54}Co: {sup 54}Ni e decay, {sup 55}Cu ep decay, {sup 28}Si({sup 32}S, αpnγ), {sup 54}Fe(p,n), and {sup 54}Fe({sup 3}He, t) {sup 54}Ni: {sup 54}Ni IT decay, {sup 55}Zn ep decay, {sup 9}Be({sup 55}Ni, Xγ), and {sup 24}Mg({sup 32}S, Xγ) {sup 54}Zn: Ni({sup 58}Ni, X)

We have measured the temperature dependence of magnetic hyperfine field for 66Ga and 71As in ferromagnetic rare earth hosts Gd and Tb using TDPAD method. High spin isomeric states: 7 − in 66Ga and 9/2 + in 71As, excited by the nuclear reactions 12C(56Fe, pn)66Ga and 12C(63Cu, 2p2n)71As were used as nuclear probes for magnetic hyperfine interaction studies. The saturation the hyperfine fields, Bhf(0) for 66Ga in Gd and Tb have been determined as: 11.4 kG in Gd and 3.5 kG respectively. The Bhf(0) values for 71As have been found to be 45 kG in Gd and 14.1 kG in Tb. The measured hyperfine field values for 66Ga and 71As, scaled by the 5d moments of the rare earth hosts, follow the systematic trend observed in 3d ferromagnets viz. Fe, Co and Ni.

The experimental results from the various reaction and radioactive decay studies leading to nuclides in the A = 68 mass chain have been reviewed. Nuclides ranging from Cr (Z = 24) to Br (Z = 35) are included. For these nuclei, level and decay schemes, as well as tables of nuclear properties, are given. This work supersedes the previous evaluation of the data on these nuclides (2002Bu29).

Although Sc is not often used as alloying element in structural materials around charged particle accelerators, activation characteristics for possible production of longer lived Sc radioisotopes, used in biomedical applications and as tracers are needed. Cross sections for production of 46,44m,44g,43Sc and 45,44Ti were measured between the reaction thresholds and 50 MeV. A stacked foil irradiation followed by high resolution gamma spectroscopy was used. Reduced uncertainty was obtained by simultaneous remeasurement of the Al(d,x)24Na or natNi(d,x)61Cu monitor reaction over the whole energy range. A comparison with scarce experimental literature values and results of updated theoretical codes (ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and the TENDL2010 online library) is discussed. Thick target yields for the medically relevant isotopes 46,44mSc are presented and a discussion of production routes of the very long lived 44Ti (T1/2 = 60 y)(44gSc generator) is made.

The slow neutron capture process in massive stars (weak s process) produces most of the s-process isotopes between iron and strontium. Neutrons are provided by the 22Ne(?,n)25Mg reaction, which is activated at the end of the convective He-burning core and in the subsequent convective C-burning shell. The s-process-rich material in the supernova ejecta carries the signature of these two phases. In the past years, new measurements of neutron capture cross sections of isotopes beyond iron significantly changed the predicted weak s-process distribution. The reason is that the variation of the Maxwellian-averaged cross sections (MACS) is propagated to heavier isotopes along the s path. In the light of these results, we present updated nucleosynthesis calculations for a 25 M ? star of Population I (solar metallicity) in convective He-burning core and convective C-burning shell conditions. In comparison with previous simulations based on the Bao et?al. compilation, the new measurement of neutron capture cross sections leads to an increase of s-process yields from nickel up to selenium. The variation of the cross section of one isotope along the s-process path is propagated to heavier isotopes, where the propagation efficiency is higher for low cross sections. New 74Ge, 75As, and 78Se MACS result in a higher production of germanium, arsenic, and selenium, thereby reducing the s-process yields of heavier elements by propagation. Results are reported for the He core and for the C shell. In shell C-burning, the s-process nucleosynthesis is more uncertain than in the He core, due to higher MACS uncertainties at higher temperatures. We also analyze the impact of using the new lower solar abundances for CNO isotopes on the s-process predictions, where CNO is the source of 22Ne, and we show that beyond Zn this is affecting the s-process yields more than nuclear or stellar model uncertainties considered in this paper. In particular, using the new updated initial composition, we obtain a high s-process production (overproduction higher than 16O, ~100) for Cu, Ga, Ge, and As. Using the older abundances by Anders & Grevesse, also Se, Br, Kr, and Rb are efficiently produced. Our results have important implications in explaining the origin of copper in the solar abundance distribution, pointing to a prevailing contribution from the weak s-process in agreement with spectroscopic observations and Galactic chemical evolution calculations. Because of the improvement due to the new MACS for nickel and copper isotopes, the nucleosynthesis of copper is less affected by nuclear uncertainties compared to heavier s-process elements. An experimental determination of the 63Ni MACS is required for a further improvement of the abundance prediction of copper. The available spectroscopic observations of germanium and gallium in stars are also discussed, where most of the cosmic abundances of these elements derives from the s-process in massive stars.

The short-lived (12.7h half-life) (64)Cu radioisotope is both a beta(+) and a beta(-) emitter. This property makes (64)Cu a promising candidate for novel medical applications, since it can be used simultaneously for therapeutic application of radiolabelled biomolecules and for diagnosis with PET. Following previous work on (64)Cu production by deuteron irradiation of natural zinc, we report here the production of this radioisotope by deuteron irradiation of enriched (64)Zn. In addition, yields of other radioisotopes such as (61)Cu, (67)Cu, (65)Zn, (69m)Zn, (66)Ga and (67)Ga, which were co-produced in this process, were also measured. The evaporation code ALICE-91 and the transport code SRIM 2003 were used to determine the excitation functions and the stopping power, respectively. All the nuclear reactions yielding the above-mentioned radioisotopes were taken into account in the calculations both for the natural and enriched Zn targets. The experimental and calculated yields were shown to be in reasonable agreement. The work was carried out at the Scanditronix MC-40 Cyclotron of the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (Ispra site, Italy). The irradiations were carried out with 19.5 MeV deuterons, the maximum deuteron energy obtainable with the MC-40 cyclotron.

High specific activity 64Cu is a radionuclide of increasing interest for PET imaging, as well as systemic and targeted radioimmunotherapy of tumours. The cross sections for production of 64Cu from Zn target of natural isotopic composition were measured in the proton energy range from 141 down to 31 MeV. The stacked-foil technique was used at 160 MeV intersection point of INR proton-LINAC in Troitsk, Russia. Several Ga, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, V and Mn RNs were detected in Zn targets at the EOB. The activity of no-carrier-added 64Cu was measured through its only gamma-emission of 1346 keV (0.47% intensity). To this purpose, it was necessary to carry out a selective radiochemical separation of Ga RNs from the bulk of irradiated Zn target and other RNs. Theoretical calculations of cross sections were carried out with the CEF model and HMS-ALICE hybrid model codes and are compared with the experimental values.

The excitation function of the 64 Ni( α ,p) 67 Cu reaction was measured from threshold up to 24 MeV in order to investigate the possibility of production of the β − -emitting therapeutic radioisotope 67 Cu ( T 1/2 =61.9 h). Two stacks of thin metallic self-supporting foils of 64 Ni (enrichment 77.8%) prepared by electrolytic deposition were irradiated by α -particle beams. The radioactivity was determined via HPGe detector γ -ray spectrometry. Some 67 Ga activity (which emits the same γ -rays as 67 Cu), formed via the nat Cu( α , x ) 67 Ga process on trace copper impurity in the Ni foils, was also observed. Corrections were done for 67 Ga activity contribution and for the 67 Cu activity escape fraction from the thin Ni-foil. The maximum cross section of the 64 Ni( α ,p) 67 Cu reaction amounts to 34 mb at 22 MeV. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions. The integral yield of 67 Cu at 24 MeV α -particle energy, calculated from the excitation function, amounts to 544 KBq/μAh (48.5 MBq/μA at saturation). It is thus a low-yield reaction.

Excitation functions of the (61)Ni(p,n)(61)Cu, (62)Ni(p,2n)(61)Cu, (60)Ni(d,n)(61)Cu and (58)Ni(α,p)(61)Cu reactions were analyzed with respect to the production of (61)Cu (T½=3.33 h), a promising radionuclide for PET imaging. The nuclear model codes EMPIRE and TALYS reproduced the experimental data of all reactions well, except those for the (d,n) process. The fitted excitation functions were employed to calculate the integral yield of (61)Cu in all reactions. The amounts of the possible impurities (62)Cu and (60)Cu were assessed. A validation of the evaluated (p,xn) data was attempted.

Copper and cobalt radioisotopes have been used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the field of nuclear medicine. There is considerable interest in 60 ,61,64,67Cu and 55,57Co radioisotopes for some applications like PET, SPECT imaging and targeted radiotherapy of tumors. In present study, the production of 60,61,64,67Cu and 55,57Co via 64Zn(p,α)61Cu, 67Zn(p,α)64Cu, 70Zn(p,α)67Cu, 58Ni(p,α)55Co, 60Ni(p,α)57Co, 64Zn(p,nα)6°Cu and 68Zn(p,nα)64Cu reactions have been investigated in the range of 5–40 MeV proton incident energy. The new version of the code ALICE-2011 is used to determine the excitation functions of these nuclear reactions. The calculated excitation functions were compared with experimental results and semi-empirical cross section values of a previously developed model.

The influence of angular momentum on the competition between complete fusion followed by the decay of compound nucleus and quasifission channels is treated within the dinuclear system model. The charge distributions of the products in the reactions $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$$+$$^{96}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{4}\mathrm{He}$$+$$^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$$+$$^{82}\mathrm{Kr}$ are predicted at bombarding energies above the Coulomb barrier. The results of calculations for the reactions $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$$+$$^{9}\mathrm{Be}$,$^{12}\mathrm{C}$,$^{27}\mathrm{Al}$; $^{84}\mathrm{Kr}$$+$$^{27}\mathrm{Al}$; $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$$+$$^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$; $^{139}\mathrm{La}$$+$$^{12}\mathrm{C}$,$^{27}\mathrm{Al}$; and $^{45}\mathrm{Sc}$$+$$^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$ are compared with the available experimental data.

We use trajectory calculations to analyze small-angle particle-particle correlations for three typical situations: [sup 40]Ar+[sup 197]Au ([ital E]/[ital A]=60 MeV)[r arrow][sup 2]H-[sup 2]H pairs and [sup 1]H-[sup 1]H pairs, [sup 20]Ne+[sup 59]Cu ([ital E]/[ital A]=30 MeV)[r arrow][ital n]-[ital n] pairs. For the [sup 2]H-[sup 2]H pairs our analysis of the gentle featureless anticorrelations suggests that the major driving force is Coulomb repulsion after a range of average time delays from [approx]5[times]10[sup [minus]21] s for the [sup 2]H pairs of lower energy to [approx]10[sup [minus]22] s for the [sup 2]H pairs of higher energy. Simulations are used to illustrate the separate dominance of source size and lifetime in the space-time extent of the emitter. For lifetimes [le]10[sup [minus]22] s the emitter size dominates; for longer lifetimes the time delays become predominant. The peaks at [approx]20 MeV/[ital c] in the correlation functions for [sup 1]H-[sup 1]H pairs can be accounted for by diproton ejection which decays into protons with a [ital Q] value of [approx]0.35 MeV and a decay width of [approx]1 MeV (or a meanlife of 6[times]10[sup [minus]22] s). The positive correlations between neutron pairs can be accounted for by dineutron ejection which decays into neutrons with a near zero [italmore » Q] value and a decay width of [approx]0.25 MeV (or a meanlife of [approx]2[times]10[sup [minus]21] s). If these diproton and dineutron clusters do indeed have a metastable existence, then one should reexamine the notion that their associated small-angle correlations reflect the space-time extent of the emission source.« less

The method of nonmetric multidimensional scaling has been used to attribute spins to a large number of proton capture resonances in five fp-shell nuclei, $^{47}\mathrm{V}$, $^{51}\mathrm{Mn}$, $^{53}\mathrm{Mn}$, $^{55}\mathrm{Co}$, and $^{61}\mathrm{Cu}$, using as input information only the gamma decay branching ratios. The calibration of the method relies on the measured spins of a number of the resonances. In more than half the cases, a unique spin is found. The results of the analysis allow a reappraisal of analog states in the five nuclei.

A vector-polarized deuteron beam of 52 MeV was used to excite proton hole states via the [sup 66]Zn([ital [rvec d]],[sup 3]He)[sup 65]Cu reaction. From the measured angular distributions of differential cross sections [sigma]([Theta]) and analyzing powers [ital iT][sub 11]([Theta]) we determined spins and parities of a number of individual low-lying levels in [sup 65]Cu and the hole strength distribution for [ital E][sub [ital x]][lt]19 MeV. Relative proton occupancies, single-particle energies, the shape of the Fermi surface, and spreading widths for various orbitals are presented as a result of combined analysis with proton stripping reactions on [sup 66]Zn. A corresponding analysis of previous proton pickup and stripping experiments on [sup 54,56,58]Fe, [sup 58,60,62,64]Ni, [sup 64]Zn, and [sup 70]Ge shows systematic [ital A]-dependent features of these integral properties of the spectra.

The {beta} decays of very neutron-rich nuclides in the Co-Zn region were studied experimentally at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory using the NSCL {beta}-counting station in conjunction with the neutron detector NERO. We measured the branchings for {beta}-delayed neutron emission (P{sub n} values) for {sup 74}Co (18{+-}15%) and {sup 75-77}Ni (10{+-}2.8%, 14{+-}3.6%, and 30{+-}24%, respectively) for the first time, and remeasured the P{sub n} values of {sup 77-79}Cu, {sup 79,81}Zn, and {sup 82}Ga. For {sup 77-79}Cu and for {sup 81}Zn we obtain significantly larger P{sub n} values compared to previous work. While the new half-lives for the Ni isotopes from this experiment had been reported before, we present here in addition the first half-life measurements of {sup 75}Co (30{+-}11 ms) and {sup 80}Cu (170{sub -50}{sup +110} ms). Our results are compared with theoretical predictions, and their impact on various types of models for the astrophysical rapid neutron-capture process (r-process) is explored. We find that with our new data, the classical r-process model is better able to reproduce the A=78-80 abundance pattern inferred from the solar abundances. The new data also influence r-process models based on the neutrino-driven high-entropy winds in core collapse supernovae.

The formation of excited compound nucleus (CN) and its statistical decay is investigated within the dinuclear system (DNS) model.The initial DNS is formed in the entrance channel when the projectile is captured by a target, and then the evolution of DNS in mass asymmetry coordinate leads to formation of the hot CN. The emission barriers for complex fragments were calculated within the DNS model by using the double folding procedure for the interaction potential. It is shown that cross sections for complex fragment emission become larger when excited CN is more neutron deficient. This approach gives also an opportunity to calculate the new neutron deficient isotopes production cross sections and can be applied to describe the hot fission of heavy systems.The model was tested by comparison of calculated results with experimental data

The mean multiplicity of intermediate mass fragments (IMF) {l angle}{ital M}{sub IMF}{r angle} produced by fragmentation of Au projectiles interacting with targets of C, Al, Cu, and Pb at an incident energy of {ital E}/{ital A}=600 MeV is compared to predictions of statistical multifragmentation and sequential evaporation models. The initial conditions for the calculations were provided by Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck simulations. In the high excitation energy regime where the IMF multiplicity reaches its maximum the observed universal correlation between {l angle}{ital M}{sub IMF}{r angle} and the total charge {ital Z}{sub bound} of projectile fragments with charges {ital Z}{ge}2 cannot be reproduced by a sequential evaporation code. In this regime the data are better described by statistical decay calculations which assume the formation of an expanded nuclear system and a rather fast breakup.

A {beta}-decay study of {sup 77}Cu has been performed at the ISOLDE mass separator with the aim to deduce its {beta}-decay properties and to obtain spectroscopic information on {sup 77}Zn. Neutron-rich copper isotopes were produced by means of proton- or neutron-induced fission reactions on {sup 238}U. After the production, {sup 77}Cu was selectively laser ionized, mass separated, and sent to different detection systems where {beta}-{gamma} and {beta}-n coincidence data were collected. We report on the deduced half-live, decay scheme, and possible spin assignment of {sup 77}Cu.

The radionuclide 64Cu (T 1/2=12.7 h) is an important non-standard positron emitter, suitable for combining PET imaging and targeted therapy. Its production in no-carrier-added form is done via charged particle induced reactions, and considerable amount of cross section data are available in the literature. We evaluated seven reactions, namely 64Ni(p, n) 64Cu, 64Ni(d, 2n) 64Cu, 68Zn(p, αn) 64Cu, 66Zn(p, 2n) 64Cu, 64Zn(d, 2p) 64Cu, 66Zn(p, α) 64Cu and natZn(d, x) 64Cu. Data analysis was generally limited up to about 25 MeV and the consistency check of experimental data was carried out using the nuclear model codes STAPRE, EMPIRE and TALYS. In a few cases experimental data were available up to 100 MeV; the consistency check in the high energy region was done only using the code TALYS. A statistical procedure (supported by nuclear model calculations) was then used to fit the data. The derived recommended sets of data, together with 95% confidence limits, are reported. The integral yields calculated from those data are also given. A critical comparison of the various production routes of 64Cu is presented. The 64Ni(p, n) 64Cu reaction, utilizing a highly enriched target, is the method of choice.

Electron scattering experiments on $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$ and $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ have been performed both at forward and backward angles in order to study the transition charge and current densities of the first excited state in these nuclei. The shape and strength of these densities in $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$ as well as the strong quenching of the transition charge density in $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ relative to that of $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$ and to single-particle estimates can be understood as resulting from pairing correlations and core polarization. The results are also supported by particle vibration coupling model calculations.

Excitation functions and thick-target recoil ranges for radioactive nuclei produced in $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ bombardment of natural copper over a 8--46-MeV/nucleon energy range have been measured using the activation technique. From the experimental data the mass yields, charge distributions, total reaction cross section, average and maximum recoil velocities, linear momentum transfer, and excitation energies were deduced. These quantities are compared with similar data on copper obtained using $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ projectiles by our group and lighter ions in other works. In $^{20}\mathrm{induced}$ reactions the maximum linear momentum transfer in central collisions is reached at a bombarding energy of 11 MeV/nucleon and is equal to 2.8 GeV/c. At the same projectile energy the excitation energy of heavy prefragments produced in these collisions reached the value of about 2 MeV/nucleon. For higher bombarding energies the excitation energy per nucleon slightly increases up to about 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The distribution of the recoil velocity deduced from the present experiment at 30 MeV/nucleon bombarding energy seems to be in contradiction with the results of a Landau-Vlasov simulation of the reaction dynamics.

Activation cross-sections have been measured for some isotopes of the elements in Tl2Ca1Ba2 Cu2O8 high Tc superconducting oxide. In addition, cross-sections for producing long-lived isotopes in Cu and Ag were also determined. Results for the following reactions are given at En = 14.5 MeV: 63Cu(n,α)60Co, 90Zr(n,2n)89Zr, 107Ag(n,2n)106mAg, 109Ag(n,2n)108Ag, 134Ba(n,2n)133Ba, 134Ba(n,p)134Cs, 136Ba(n,p)136Cs, 137Ba(n,p)137Cs and 203Tl(n,2n)202Tl. Results are compared to the corresponding data published in the literature and given by systematics.

Background: The strength of electron capture for medium mass nuclei has a significant effect on the evolution of supernovae. There is insufficient knowledge of these strengths and very little data for important radioactive nuclei. Purpose: Determine whether it is feasible to obtain EC strength from studies of ${T}_{o}+1$ excitations in ($p$, $n$) reactions, and whether this might yield information for radioactive nuclei. Methods: Cross sections for the $^{58,60,62,64}\mathrm{Ni}$($p$, $n$)$^{58,60,62,64}\mathrm{Cu}$ reactions were measured over the angular range of $0.3{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to $11.6{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ at 134.3 MeV using the IUCF neutron time-of-flight facility. Results: The ${T}_{o}+1$ excitations in $^{60,62}\mathrm{Ni}$ were identified by comparison with inelastic proton scattering spectra, their $B$(GT) were extracted, and the corresponding electron capture rates in supernovae were calculated. Data from the TRIUMF ($n$, $p$) experiments at 198 MeV were reanalyzed; the electron capture rates for the reanalyzed data are in moderately good agreement with the higher resolution ($p$, $n$) results, but differ in detail. The possibility of future measurements with radioactive nuclei was considered. Conclusions: It may be possible to obtain low-lying electron capture strength for radioactive nuclei by studying ($p$, $n$) reactions in inverse kinematics.

To investigate pre-equilibrium emission of light nuclear particle(s), an experiment has been performed using {alpha} beams at the Variable Energy Cyclotron Center (VECC), Kolkata, India. In the present work, excitation functions for {sup 58}Ni({alpha},p){sup 61}Cu,{sup 58}Ni({alpha},pn){sup 60}Cu,{sup 60}Ni({alpha},p2n){sup 61}Cu,{sup 60}Ni({alpha},n){sup 63}Zn,{sup 60}Ni({alpha},2n) {sup 62}Zn,{sup 61}Ni({alpha},3n){sup 62}Zn, and {sup 61}Ni({alpha},2n){sup 63}Zn reactions have been measured by using the stacked foil activation technique followed by off-line {gamma}-ray spectroscopy. Experimentally measured excitation functions have been compared with the prediction of the theoretical model code ALICE-91 with and/or without the inclusion of pre-equilibrium emission. Analysis of the data suggests that an admixture of both equilibrium and pre-equilibrium emission is needed to reproduce experimental data at energies {approx_equal}8-40 MeV and reveals significant contribution from pre-equilibrium emission. An attempt has also been made to estimate the pre-equilibrium contribution, which has been found to depend on projectile energy and on number of emitted particle(s)

Eleven fragments of the 1${\mathit{g}}_{9/2}$ isobaric analog state in $^{61}\mathrm{Cu}$ have been found. To locate these fragments $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$(p,${\mathit{p}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\gamma}) and $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}${)}^{61}$Cu reactions were used. The excitation functions were measured in the ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$t/${\mathrm{r}}^{\mathit{l}\mathit{a}\mathit{b}}$=3.67--3.83 MeV proton energy range. To determine the spins of the resonances, \ensuremath{\gamma} angular distributions were measured. Partial widths for each resonance fragment were deduced and fine structure analyses were carried out in the different channels. The inelastic spectroscopic factor was derived for the 1${\mathit{g}}_{9/2}$ isobaric analog state. The results are compared with previous works.

An exponential dependence of the fragmentation cross-section on the average binding energy is observed and reproduced with a statistical model. The observed functional dependence is robust and allows the extraction of binding energies from measured cross-sections. From the systematics of 75,77,78,79Cu isotope cross-sections have been extracted. They are 636.94 +/- 0.40 MeV, 647.1 +/- 0.4 MeV, 651.6 +/- 0.4 MeV and 657.8 +/- 0.5 MeV, respectively. Specifically, the uncertainty of the binding energy of 75Cu is reduced from 980 keV (listed value in the 2003 mass table of Audi and Wapstra) to 400 keV. The predicted cross-sections of two near drip-line nuclei, 39Na and 40Mg, from the fragmentation of 48Ca are discussed., 12 pages, 3 figures

GANIL E457; Proton-rich isotopes of zinc and germanium, 57Zn and 61Ge, have been produced by fragmentation of a 70Ge beam at the LISE3 facility of GANIL. Their main decay characteristics have been studied after implantation in a double-sided silicon strip detector. In addition, the production cross-sections of proton-rich isotopes in the copper-to-germanium region have been determined. These cross-sections are much lower than predicted by the EPAX formula. These findings question to some extent the production rates expected for present and future fragmentation facilities.

We have developed a set of modeled neutron induced cross sections for use in radiochemical diagnostics. Local systematics for the input parameters required by the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model were developed and used to calculate neutron induced nuclear reaction cross sections for target isotopes of nickel, copper, and zinc (28 {le} Z {le} 30) for neutron numbers 30 {le} N {le} 40.

A \ensuremath{\beta}-decay study of the even mass $^{74,76,78}\mathrm{Cu}$ isotopes toward levels in $^{74,76,78}\mathrm{Zn}$ was performed at the ISOLDE mass separator. The copper isotopes were produced in proton- or neutron-induced fission reactions on $^{238}\mathrm{U}$, laser ionized, mass separated, and sent to a $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ detection system. Half-lives, decay schemes, and possible spin configurations were obtained for the copper isotopes. The results are compared with calculations using schematic forces as well as large-scale shell-model calculations with realistic forces.

High-spin states in Cu-59 were populated using the fusion-evaporation reactions Si-28+ Ca-40 at a beam energy of 125 MeV and Ar-36+Si-28 at a beam energy of 143 MeV. The Gammasphere array in conjunction with ancillary detector systems allowed for the identification of a superdeformed rotational band in Cu-59, which was firmly linked to low-spin yrast states. Using directional correlations of oriented states, a spin-parity assignment of I-pi=25/2(+) to the band head was possible. The average quadrupole moment of the band is measured to be Q(t)=(2.24+/-0.40) e b. The characteristics of the band are compared to neighboring nuclei and predictions of different mean-field theories.

The masses of 48 neutron-rich nuclei extending from 55Sc to 75Cu have been determined from the final set of data to be acquired with the time-of-flight-isochronous (TOFI) spectrometer. The masses of eight isotopes (68Fe, 70,71Co, 73Ni, and 72–75Cu) are reported for the first time. The resulting masses now tie in neatly with the masses of previously measured neutron-rich Zn and Ga isotopes determined from fission product β-endpoint measurements. A careful evaluation of the calibration sensitivity is made with respect to inclusion or exclusion of these heavy known species and excellent calibration stability is found. Contrasting these results with previous TOFI measurements, we find that these new results fall between the results of Tu et al. (1) which trend to slightly less bound masses as one proceeds to the most neutron-rich species and Seifert et al. (2) which shows the opposite trend. Good agreement with the predictions of several mass models and Audi-Wapstra systematics are found.

A new sequence of gamma rays with energies of 572, 499, 585, and 674 keV has been identified in 67Cu populating the 7/2− level at 2362 keV. Owing to the strong population of the 2362-keV level via an l = 3 proton pickup reaction, that level is assigned to be an f7/2−1 2-particle-1-hole "intruder" proton configuration, and the new levels are found to form a sequence consistent with intruder sequences in the adjacent odd-mass Cu isotopes and in the odd-mass Sb isotopes. The changing position of the intruder sequence in the odd-mass Cu isotopes is discussed and related to the onset of collectivity associated with the presence of g9/2 neutrons beyond N = 40. The increase in collectivity is also discussed for a number of isotonic and isotopic chains as more protons or neutrons, respectively, are added beyond an oscillator shell boundary. For most of these systems, the l −1/2 levels show a systematic "hockey-stick-like" behaviour with a sharp decrease in energy with the addition of the first protons or neutrons, owing to both the added collectivity and the tensor interaction, and then a lower slope when collectivity changes are diminished and only the tensor interaction is influencing the changes in level positions.

Efforts have continued in the area of peripheral and central collisions of relativistic heavy ions. In the area of peripheral collisions, the analysis of the 1n and 2p decay channels has been completed. In the area of central collisions, the first measurement of the E[sub T] distributions in Au + Au collisions, through the use of the participant calorimeter, was completed, and the results were compared with those obtained in collisions with Si projectiles. In addition, a thorough study of two-particle correlation functions was carried out by use of the data from the silicon pad multiplicity detector. Differential cross sections for 14.6-GeV/c [sup 28]Si on Al, Cu, and Pb, and 11.4-GeV/c [sup 197]Au on Al, Cu, Au, and Pb are given. 32 figs., 4 tabs., 24 refs.

The considerations that governed the development of the uncertainty files for the isotopes of Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Pb in ENDF/B-VI are summarized. Four different approaches were used in providing the covariance information. Some examples are given which show the standard deviations as a function of incident energy and the corresponding correlation matrices. 11 refs., 5 tabs.

We have studied multifragment decays of Au projectiles after collisions with C, Al, and Cu targets at a bombarding energy of 600 MeV nucleon. We find that with increasing violence of the collision, measured via the multiplicity of light particles, the mean multiplicity of intermediate-mass fragments originating from the projectile first increases to a maximum {l angle}{ital M}{sub IMF}{r angle}{congruent}3 and then decreases again. Calculations using the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model suggest that the fragmentation is governed by the energy {ital E}{sub dep} deposited into the projectile spectator and that {l angle}{ital M}{sub IMF}{r angle} reaches its maximum around {ital E}{sub dep}{congruent}8 MeV/nucleon.

The results of an extensive series of total helium production cross-section measurements for incident neutrons in the 14- to 15-MeV energy region are presented, and an experimental data base for th...

Continuum {gamma}-ray spectra from the decay of {sup 59}Cu formed at excitation energies of 54 and 74 MeV and angular momenta up to 40{h bar} have been measured and analyzed. The parameters of the giant dipole resonance have been extracted using the statistical model. The giant dipole resonance parameters for the lower excitation energy agree well with published data for spherical {sup 63}Cu nuclei. At the higher excitation, the giant dipole resonance strength distribution is not described by a single Lorentzian fit in disagreement with the findings for {sup 63}Cu at the same excitation energy. This seems to be correlated with the onset of spin driven deformations as recently evidenced from the shapes of evaporative particle spectra.

A high-resolution experiment of proton inelastic scattering by /sup 63/Cu at E/sub p/ = 40 MeV has resolved three octupole states at E/sub x/ = 3.81, 3.84, and 3.89 MeV for the first time, thus showing the existence of seven strong octupole states in /sup 63/Cu. This finding is direct evidence that the traditional simple weak-coupling model in terms of one quartet 2p/sub 3/2/ x 3/sup -//sub 1/ is inadequate for the octupole core-excited states in /sup 63/Cu. This is not evidence, however, that the weak-coupling picture in general is incorrect for the octupole states in /sup 63/Cu. It is shown that to be consistent with the present experimental data, the weak-coupling picture for the octupole states requires a ground-state wave function substantially different from the ground-state wave function of the conventional particle-core-coupling model.

Continuum \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectra from decays of $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$ formed at initial excitation energies of 22.5 to 77.4 MeV and maximum spin up to 40\ensuremath{\Elzxh}, using $^{4}\mathrm{Co}$, $^{6}$Li${+\mathrm{}}^{57}$Fe, $^{12}$C${+\mathrm{}}^{51}$V, and $^{18}$O${+\mathrm{}}^{45}$Sc entrance channels, have been measured and analyzed. The parameters of the giant dipole resonance strength function have been extracted using a statistical code in a nonlinear least-squares fitting routine. Except for the cases of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ at the highest bombarding energies, which show evidence for nonstatistical effects, spectra are well reproduced by statistical calculations. The mean energy and strength of the giant dipole resonance built on excited states of $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$ are close to the ground-state values, while the width varies smoothly from \ensuremath{\sim}5 MeV for the ground-state giant dipole resonance up to 10.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 MeV in the temperature range up to 1.9 MeV and mean spin in the range 0--23\ensuremath{\Elzxh}. The large range of energies studied permitted different level density formulations to be tested. Measured spectra from $^{6}$Li${+\mathrm{}}^{98}$Mo and $^{6}$Li${+\mathrm{}}^{181}$Ta at ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}{(\mathrm{}}^{6}\mathrm{Li})=36}$ MeV show a strong nonstatistical enhancement at high \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray energies.

The levels of {sup 60,61}Zn and {sup 59,60}Cu have been investigated using {gamma}-{gamma} coincidence spectroscopy in the reactions {sup 58}Ni({alpha},{ital n}){sup 61}Zn at 13 MeV, {sup 58}Ni({alpha},{ital n}{gamma}){sup 61}Zn at 11.5, 15, and 20 MeV, {sup 58}Ni({sup 6}Li,{ital p}2{ital n}{gamma}){sup 61}Zn at 30 MeV, {sup 54}Fe({sup 10}B,{ital p}2{ital n}{gamma}){sup 61}Zn at 45 MeV, {sup 40}Ca({sup 24}Mg,2{ital pn}{gamma}){sup 61}Zn at 65 and 80 MeV, {sup 58}Ni({sup 3}He,{ital n}{gamma}){sup 60}Zn at 8 and 12 MeV, {sup 40}Ca({sup 23}Na,{ital p}2{ital n}{gamma}){sup 60}Zn at 70 MeV, {sup 58}Ni({sup 3}He,{ital pn}{gamma}){sup 59}Cu at 12 MeV, {sup 58}Ni({alpha},{ital pn}{gamma}){sup 60}Cu at 20 MeV, and {sup 40}Ca({sup 23}Na,2{ital pn}{gamma}){sup 60}Cu at 70 MeV. In the helium-induced reactions, spectra were gated with neutron coincidences. New levels have been found in all the nuclides studied, and a number of new spin assignments were made on the basis of {ital n}-{gamma} angular correlations. The results are compared with earlier {gamma}-ray and particle studies, and with preexisting shell-model predictions.

Partial radiation widths for about sixty resonances between proton energies 1.30 and 4.10 MeV have been obtained from the 58Ni (p, gamma )59Cu reaction. These partial widths have been analysed to test the statistical model prediction that the distribution of partial radiation widths follows a chi 2 distribution with one degree of freedom. The results have been found to be in qualitative agreement with this prediction of the statistical model.

Gamma-ray decay of levels in the stable copper isotopes 63 Cu and 65 Cu has been studied using 63, 65 Cu(n, n'γ) reactions for incident neutron energies between threshold and 6 MeV. Of the 257 γ-rays or γ-ray groups observed for neutron interactions with 63 Cu, 137 have been placed or tentatively placed among 88 levels in 63 Cu up to an excitation energy of 5.9 MeV. Similarly, of 335 γ-rays or γ-ray groups observed for neutron interactions with 65 Cu, 127 have been placed among 100 levels in 65 Cu up to an excitation energy of 5.8 MeV, including new decay data for > 70 excited states of 65 Cu.

The nuclear g-factor of the 4498 keV 17 2 + isomeric state in 63Cu was measured with the in-bearn perturbed angular distribution method, through the 62Ni(α, p2nγ)63Cu reaction, to be gexp = 0.184 ± 0.012. This value is in good agreement with a semiempirical g-factor for the three-quasiparticle configuration [π2p 3 2 (v1f 5 2 , 1g 9 2 )7] 17 2 + calculated using the experimental single-particle g-factors of neighbouring nuclei. At the same time the internal magnetic field at the Cu nuclei in Ni metal was obtained to be Bint = −46.6 ± 1.3 kG.

The /sup 58/Ni(/sup 3/He, d)/sup 59/Cu reaction has been studied at bombarding energies of 35 and 39 MeV. Excitation energies and angular distributions were measured for levels up to 9.2 MeV in excitation. Distorted-wave--Born-approximation calculations were performed using resonance form factors for the proton-unstable levels (E/subx/ > or = approx. 3.4 MeV) in order to make l assignments and to extract the spectroscopic factors. Twelve levels in /sup 59/Cu are identified as possible analogs of states in /sup 59/Ni. A particle-core-coupling model is used to predict the properties of /sup 59/Cu and fair agreement with the experiment is obtained. (AIP)

Double differential cross sections for the inclusive production of neutrons, protons, and ..cap alpha.. particles from /sup 59/Co and /sup 60/Ni bombarded with ..cap alpha.. particles of energies E/sub ..cap alpha../ = 28 and 32 MeV, respectively, have been measured for several angles between 15/sup 0/ and 160/sup 0/. Hybrid model calculations for the preequilibrium decay consistently yield initial excitation numbers n/sub 0/ = 5(4) for both neutron and proton emission from ..cap alpha..+/sup 59/Co (..cap alpha..+/sup 60/Ni) if pairing effects are taken into account. The angular distributions of nucleons and ..cap alpha.. particles differ from those of the reactions p+/sup 62/Ni, /sup 63/Cu; they are discussed in the framework of the generalized exciton model that distinguishes between multistep direct and multistep compound contributions.

The ($d$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$) reaction on $^{64,66,68,70}\mathrm{Zn}$ was investigated at ${E}_{d}=23.3$ MeV and angular distributions measured for low-lying states. The mass excess of $^{69}\mathrm{Cu}$ is found to be -65.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 MeV, about 190 keV less stable than tabulated mass values. A partial level scheme for $^{69}\mathrm{Cu}$ based on the systematics of the ($d$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$) reaction and the energy levels of the lighter odd mass Cu isotopes is suggested. Spectroscopic factors for proton pickup from the zinc isotopes are also presented.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{64,66,68,70}\mathrm{Zn}(d, ^{3}\mathrm{He})$ ${E}_{d}=23.3$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, deduced $l$ DWBA analysis. $^{69}\mathrm{Cu}$ mass measured, level scheme suggested.

The first information on excited states in neutron-rich /sup 74/Zn populated in the ..beta.. decay of /sup 74/Cu is presented. The /sup 74/Cu half-life was measured to be 1.59 +- 0.05 s. On the basis of ..gamma.. singles and coincidence measurements, a total of 19 ..gamma.. rays were placed in a level scheme for /sup 74/Zn with 10 excited states up to about 3 MeV. The low-lying level structure is satisfactorily reproduced by a shell-model calculation involving active protons in orbitals between the magic numbers 28 and 50 and neutrons filling the subshell between 38 and 50.