Author: "Boudard, A" / Topic: nuclear physics - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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219 results on '"Boudard, A"'

1. Production of Hypernuclei and Strange Particles in Spallation Reactions at a Few GeV Using an Intranuclear Cascade Approach

Author: Jason Hirtz, Joseph Cugnon, Ingo Leya, Georg Schnabel, Sylvie Leray, J.-C. David, J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, A. Boudard, and Davide Mancusi
Subjects: Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear Theory, Strangeness, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Germanium compounds, Nuclear physics, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cascade, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Cluster (physics), Spallation, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Nucleon, Nucleus
Abstract: Motivated by a renewed interest in studies of hypernuclei, the strangeness degree of freedom was implemented in the intranuclear cascade model INCL. This model takes care of the first stage of reactions between a nucleon (or a light cluster) and a nucleus at energies from a few tens of MeV up to a few GeV. After emission of fast particles, a hot remnant nucleus is produced and another model, combined to INCL, handles the de-excitation (Abla in our case). The main ingredients are discussed and we compare the results to experimental data.
Published: 2020

2. New features of the INCL model for spallation reactions

Author: Davide Mancusi, J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, J.-C. David, Joseph Cugnon, Sylvie Leray, A. Boudard, Jason Hirtz, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Service des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, and Service d’Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA)
Subjects: Physics, History, Range (particle radiation), [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 01 natural sciences, Computer Science Applications, Education, Set (abstract data type), Nuclear physics, Cascade, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), Incident energy, Spallation, 010306 general physics, Focus (optics), Nuclear Experiment, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The recent developments of the Liège intranuclear cascade model INCL are reviewed. The INCL4.6 version of this model was able when coupled with the ABLA07 de-excitation code, to describe rather well a huge set of experimental data in an incident energy range spanning between 200 MeV and 3 GeV, as it has been testified by an intercomparison of spallation codes organized by the IAEA. Since that time, the model has been implemented in several nuclear particle transport codes. Therefore, the possible applications of INCL have been enlarged to focus on diverse fields, and in the recent years, the model has been further developed to be applicable to these new issues and also to cope with remaining deficiencies. The new features include: i) a sophisticated dynamical model for light cluster emission (up to O ions), ii) the accommodation of light nuclei as projectiles, iii) a new procedure to take account of the fuzziness of the Fermi surface, and iv) an extension of the model to higher energy. The aim of this contribution is to present for the first time and to discuss the physics of the added features, and to give a hint about the performances of the new model.
Published: 2019

3. Study of the reaction mechanisms of $^{136}$Xe + p and $^{136}$Xe + $^{12}$C at 1 A GeV with inverse kinematics and large-acceptance detectors

Author: B. Czech, Sylvie Leray, C. Caesar, Haik Simon, Enrique Casarejos, J.E. Ducret, Josef Klimo, S. Pietri, Alain Boudard, Sébastien Bianchin, Martin Veselsky, Christopher Rappold, S. Hlavac, O. Yordanov, Marie-Delphine Salsac, Olga Borodina, Davide Mancusi, T. Gorbinet, Tudy Le Bleis, C. Langer, N. Kurz, Thomas Aumann, J. Lukasik, Piotr Pawłowski, Yassid Ayyad, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d’Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Service des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hadron, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Charged particle, Nuclear physics, Excited state, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment, Excitation
Abstract: International audience; The reactions$^{136}$Xe + p and$^{136}$Xe +$^{12}$C have been studied in inverse kinematics at 1 A GeV with the SPALADiN setup at GSI. The detection in coincidence of the final-state charged particles (projectile residues, nuclei of charge $ Z \geq 2$ and neutrons was performed with a big-aperture dipole magnet and large-acceptance detectors. This provided an extended coverage of the phase space of decay products of the prefragment formed at the end of the intranuclear cascade. This coincidence measurement, performed on an event-by-event basis permits both an estimate of the excitation energy of the prefragments and a determination of their deexcitation channels. The element production cross sections are compared with existing data and theoretical models. The evolution of observables such as the total multiplicity or the fragment production with the prefragment’s excitation energy is studied for both reactions and compared with models.
Published: 2019

4. On the role of secondary pions in spallation targets

Author: Cristian Massimi, Joseph Cugnon, Nicola Colonna, V. Vlachoudis, Sergio Lo Meo, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, J. Lerendegui-Marco, Davide Mancusi, Jean-Christophe David, Sylvie Leray, Alain Boudard, Lo Meo, S., Service des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Mancusi, Davide, Lo Meo, Sergio, Colonna, Nicola, Boudard, Alain, Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio, Cugnon, Joseph, David, Jean-Christophe, Leray, Sylvie, Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge, Massimi, Cristian, Vlachoudis, Vasilis, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Service des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées ( SERMA ), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures ( DM2S ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, and Service d’Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, Nuclear Theory, nucl-th, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, QC1-999, Hadron, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), Nuclear physics, Physics and Astronomy (all), Pion, Neutron yield, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Physics - Experiment, Spallation, Neutron, Irradiation, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), [ PHYS.NEXP ] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Nuclear and High Energy Physics Spallation, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, [ PHYS.NUCL ] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Multiplicity (mathematics), Cascade, Nuclear Physics - Theory, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract: We use particle-transport simulations to show that secondary pions play a crucial role for the development of the hadronic cascade and therefore for the production of neutrons and photons from thick spallation targets. In particular, for the n_TOF lead spallation target, irradiated with 20 GeV/c protons, neutral pions are involved in the production of ~90% of the high-energy photons; charged pions participate in ~40% of the integral neutron yield. Nevertheless, photon and neutron yields are shown to be relatively insensitive to large changes of the average pion multiplicity in the individual spallation reactions. We characterize this robustness as a peculiar property of hadronic cascades in thick targets., Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures. Submitted to Eur. Phys. J. A
Published: 2017

5. Production of strange particles and hypernuclei in nuclear reactions at a few GeV. New capabilities in the INCL intranuclear cascade model

Author: Davide Mancusi, Sylvie Leray, Ingo Leya, Joseph Cugnon, A. Boudard, Georg Schnabel, J.-C. David, Jason Hirtz, J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Service des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), and Service d’Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA)
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Nuclear Theory, hypernucleus, Strangeness, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, nuclear reaction, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, strangeness, K: spectrum, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Cluster (physics), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, cluster, intranuclear cascade, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, nucleus, nucleon, strange particle: production, Hypernucleus, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cascade, Nucleon, Nucleus
Abstract: International audience; Motivated by a renewed interest in studies of hypernuclei, the strangeness degree of freedom was implemented in the intranuclear cascade model INCL. This model takes care of the first stage of reactions between a nucleon (or a light cluster) and a nucleus at energies from a few tens of MeV up to a few GeV. After emission of fast particles, a hot remnant nucleus is produced and another model, combined to INCL, handles the de-excitation (the Abla model in our case). The main ingredients will be discussed and we will compare the results to experimental data. The experimental kaon spectra for different target elements and at different energies agree reasonable well with the model predictions. The main remaining discrepancies are analysed and will be explained.
Published: 2018

6. Excitation of baryon resonances in charge-exchange reactions of heavy nuclei

Author: Sylvie Leray, D. Mancusi, Joseph Cugnon, J.-C. David, A. Boudard, J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Service des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), and Service d’Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA)
Subjects: Physics, History, Proton, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear Theory, Neutron density, 01 natural sciences, Computer Science Applications, Education, Baryon, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Spallation, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Excitation, Charge exchange
Abstract: International audience; The Liège intranuclear-cascade model (INCL) has been improved using a refined description of the matter and energy densities in the nuclear surface. Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations with the Skyrme interaction were used to obtain a more realistic description of the proton and neutron density profiles. We find that the new approach, together with a realistic modeling of the de-excitation process of the nuclear pre-fragments, improves the description of the production cross sections of the heaviest nuclear residues produced by charge-exchange processes in spallation reactions, where the excitation of baryonic resonances plays an important role.
Published: 2017

7. Isotopic production cross sections of residual nuclei in the spallation reactionXe136(200AMeV)+p

Author: V. Henzl, C. Stephan, A. Lafriaskh, Enrique Casarejos, A. Kelic-Heil, J.E. Ducret, K.-H. Schmidt, Andreas Martin Heinz, L. Giot, M. Fernández Ordóñez, J. Benlliure, A. Boudard, C. Volant, C. Schmitt, O. Yordanov, C. Villagrasa, B. Fernández-Domínguez, S. Leray, D. Henzlova, D. Pérez-Loureiro, M. V. Ricciardi, P. Napolitani, F. Farget, J. Pereira, T. Enqvist, L. Tassan-Got, C. Paradela, L. Audouin, and J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez
Subjects: Physics, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, Nuclear Theory, chemistry.chemical_element, Residual, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Cascade, Caesium, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron source, Spallation, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Radioactive beam
Abstract: The residual nuclei produced in the spallation reaction of Xe-136 nuclei at 200A MeV on protons have been studied by measuring the isotopic distributions for the elements from cadmium (Z = 48) to cesium (Z = 55) by using the fragment separator (FRS) spectrometer at GSI and the inverse kinematics technique. This is one of the few measurements performed at such a low projectile energy, close to the validity limit for intranuclear cascade models such as INCL or ISABEL. The experimental results have been compared to these intranuclear cascade codes coupled to the evaporation code ABLA. Both code combinations reproduce qualitatively the measured isotopic distributions; however, both underestimate the production of residues with mass numbers between 126 and 134. The measured cross sections are of interest for the planning of future radioactive beam or neutron source facilities.
Published: 2017

8. Improvement of one-nucleon removal and total reaction cross sections in the Liège intranuclear-cascade model using Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations

Author: Davide Mancusi, Sylvie Leray, A. Boudard, Joseph Cugnon, J.-C. David, J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Service des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Service d’Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN)
Subjects: Physics, Range (particle radiation), [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, Nuclear Theory, Hartree–Fock method, Observable, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, Cascade, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: International audience; The prediction of one-nucleon-removal cross sections by the Liège intranuclear-cascade model has been improved using a refined description of the matter and energy densities in the nuclear surface. Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations with the Skyrme interaction are used to obtain a more realistic description of the radial-density distributions of protons and neutrons, as well as the excitation-energy uncorrelation at the nuclear surface due to quantum effects and short-range correlations. The results are compared with experimental data covering a large range of nuclei, from carbon to uranium, and projectile kinetic energies. We find that the new approach is in good agreement with experimental data of one-nucleon-removal cross sections covering a broad range in nuclei and energies. The new ingredients also improve the description of total reaction cross sections induced by protons at low energies, the production cross sections of heaviest residues close to the projectile, and the triple-differential cross sections for one-proton removal. However, other observables such as quadruple-differential cross sections of coincident protons do not present any sizable sensitivity to the new approach. Finally, the model is also tested for light-ion-induced reactions. It is shown that the new parameters can give a reasonable description of the nucleus-nucleus total reaction cross sections at high energies.
Published: 2017

9. Recent Developments of the Liège Intranuclear Cascade Model in View of its Use into High-energy Transport Codes

Author: Davide Mancusi, J.-C. David, Joseph Cugnon, B. Braunn, A. Boudard, A. Leprince, and S. Leray
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High energy, Cascade, Nuclear data, Spallation, Domain (software engineering)
Abstract: Recent extensions of the Liege Intranuclear Cascade model, INCL, at energies below 100 MeV and for light-ion (up to oxygen) induced reactions are reported. Comparisons with relevant experimental data are shown. The model has been implemented into several high-energy transport codes allowing simulations in a wide domain of applications. Examples of simulations performed for spallation targets with the model implemented into MCNPX and in the domain of medical applications with GEANT4 are presented.
Published: 2014

10. New approach for describing nuclear reactions based on intra-nuclear cascade coupled with DWBA

Author: Davide Mancusi, Alain Boudard, Shintaro Hashimoto, Joseph Cugnon, Sylvie Leray, Tatsuhiko Sato, Jean-Christophe David, Koji Niita, and Yosuke Iwamoto
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Nuclear physics, Deuterium, Chemistry, Cascade, Nuclear Theory, Monte Carlo method, Neutron, Heavy ion, General Medicine, Born approximation, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We proposed a new nuclear reaction model in combination of Intra-Nuclear Cascade of Liege (INCL) and the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) calculation, and incorporated it into the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). This model was applied to deuteron induced reactions on nat Li and 9 Be targets for deuteron incident energies of 40 and 18 MeV, respectively. Double-differential cross sections and neutron yields on thick targets obtained by PHITS using the model reproduce experimental data quite well.
Published: 2014

11. FIRST experiment: Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy

Author: Eleuterio Spiriti, A. Foti, M. C. Morone, E. Iarocci, M. Bondì, G. Ickert, G.A.P. Cirrone, Ch. Finck, Andrea Lavagno, Francesco Romano, D. Juliani, C. Agodi, María Isabel Gallardo, J. Krimmer, Giuseppe Battistoni, Felice Iazzi, R. Introzzi, Giacomo Cuttone, Valeria Rosso, J. M. Quesada, Paola Sala, T. T. Bohlen, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, Piernicola Oliva, Valeria Sipala, M. De Napoli, V. Monaco, A. Le Fèvre, D. Nicolosi, Roberto Sacchi, Nunzio Randazzo, Thomas Aumann, M Cavallaro, R. Pleskac, Bruno Golosio, Francesco Cappuzzello, M. A. G. Alvarez, S. Leray, N. Kurz, Z. Abou-Haidar, Concettina Sfienti, Alessio Sarti, A. Bocci, J. P. Fernández-García, Luca Piersanti, M. Rousseau, S. Tropea, Flavio Marchetto, Herbert A. Simon, Antonio Brunetti, Yvonne Leifels, A. Boudard, A. Paoloni, Marco Durante, M. Carpinelli, C. Scheidenberger, Christoph Schuy, F. Balestra, M Labalme, L. Stuttge, Vincenzo Patera, Daniele Carbone, A. Sciubba, H. Younis, D. M. Rossi, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Agodi, C, Abou Haidar, Z, Alvarez, M, Aumann, T, Balestra, F, Battistoni, G, Bocci, A, Bohlen, T, Bondi, M, Boudard, A, Brunetti, A, Carpinelli, M, Cappuzzello, F, Cavallaro, M, Carbone, D, Cirrone, G, Cortes Giraldo, M, Cuttone, G, De Napoli, M, Durante, M, Fernandez Garcia, J, Finck, C, Foti, A, Gallardo, M, Golosio, B, Iarocci, E, Iazzi, F, Ickert, G, Introzzi, R, Juliani, D, Krimmer, J, Kurz, N, Labalme, M, Lavagno, A, Leifels, Y, Le Fevre, A, Leray, S, Marchetto, F, Monaco, V, Morone, M, Nicolosi, D, Oliva, P, Paoloni, A, Patera, V, Piersanti, L, Pleskac, R, Quesada, J, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Rossi, D, Rosso, V, Rousseau, M, Sacchi, R, Sala, P, Sarti, A, Scheidenberger, C, Schuy, C, Sciubba, A, Sfienti, C, Simon, H, Sipala, V, Spiriti, E, Stuttge, L, Tropea, S, Younis, H, Agodi, C., Abou-Haidar, Z., Alvarez, M. A. G., Aumann, T., Balestra, F., Battistoni, G., Bocci, A., Bohlen, T. T., Bondi, M., Boudard, A., Brunetti, A., Carpinelli, M., Cappuzzello, F., Cavallaro, M., Carbone, D., Cirrone, G. A. P., Cortes-Giraldo, M. A., Cuttone, G., Napoli, M. D., Durante, M., Fernandez-Garcia, J. P., Finck, C., Foti, A., Gallardo, M. I., Golosio, B., Iarocci, E., Iazzi, F., Ickert, G., Introzzi, R., Juliani, D., Krimmer, J., Kurz, N., Labalme, M., Lavagno, A., Leifels, Y., Fevre, A. L., Leray, S., Marchetto, F., Monaco, V., Morone, M. C., Nicolosi, D., Oliva, P., Paoloni, A., Patera, V., Piersanti, L., Pleskac, R., Quesada, J. M., Randazzo, N., Romano, F., Rossi, D., Rosso, V., Rousseau, M., Sacchi, R., Sala, P., Sarti, A., Scheidenberger, C., Schuy, C., Sciubba, A., Sfienti, C., Simon, H., Sipala, V., Spiriti, E., Stuttge, L., Tropea, S., and Younis, H.
Subjects: History, Silicon detector, Applied physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scintillator, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Space radiation, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Education, Ion, Experimental apparatu, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, Physics and Astronomy (all), 0302 clinical medicine, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), 0103 physical sciences, Neutron detection, ddc:530, Silicon Vertex Detector, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Scintillation counter, Radiation protection, Physics, Detector, Nuclear fragmentation, Computer Science Applications, International collaboration, Protection application, Magnet, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-MED-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Medical Physics [physics.med-ph], Scientific program, International cooperation, Nucleon, Interaction region
Abstract: International audience; Nuclear fragmentation processes are relevant in different fields of basic research and applied physics and are of particular interest for tumor therapy and for space radiation protection applications. The FIRST (Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy) experiment at SIS accelerator of GSI laboratory in Darmstadt, has been designed for the measurement of different ions fragmentation cross sections at different energies between 100 and 1000 MeV/nucleon. The experiment is performed by an international collaboration made of institutions from Germany, France, Italy and Spain. The experimental apparatus is partly based on an already existing setup made of the ALADIN magnet, the MUSIC IV TPC, the LAND2 neutron detector and the TOFWALL scintillator TOF system, integrated with newly designed detectors in the interaction Region (IR) around the carbon removable target: a scintillator Start Counter, a Beam Monitor drift chamber, a silicon Vertex Detector and a Proton Tagger for detection of light fragments emitted at large angles (KENTROS). The scientific program of the FIRST experiment started on summer 2011 with the study of the 400 MeV/nucleon 12C beam fragmentation on thin (8mm) carbon target.
Published: 2012

12. The FIRST experiment at GSI

Author: G. Ickert, A. Bocci, Herbert A. Simon, C. Agodi, Francesco Romano, A. Paoloni, M. Carpinelli, M. Rousseau, Eleuterio Spiriti, Christoph Schuy, C. Finck, C. Scheidenberger, Alessio Sarti, J. Krimmer, Roberto Sacchi, Yvonne Leifels, Valeria Sipala, Z. Abou-Haidar, M. C. Morone, N. Kurz, Luca Piersanti, Felice Iazzi, H. Younis, Piernicola Oliva, D. M. Rossi, Giacomo Cuttone, Marco Durante, M. Labalme, C. Sfienti, J. M. Quesada, L. Stuttge, R. Pleskac, S. Leray, V. Monaco, G.A.P. Cirrone, Antonio Brunetti, E. Iarocci, Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, S. Tropea, Paola Sala, M. A. G. Alvarez, J. P. Fernández-García, G. Raciti, María Isabel Gallardo, A. Le Fèvre, D. Juliani, R. Introzzi, Giuseppe Battistoni, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, Flavio Marchetto, Thomas Aumann, A. Boudard, M. De Napoli, Nunzio Randazzo, Bruno Golosio, T. T. Bohlen, R., Pleskac, Z., Abou Haidar, C., Agodi, M. A. G., Alvarez, T., Aumann, G., Battistoni, A., Bocci, T. T., Böhlen, A., Boudard, A., Brunetti, M., Carpinelli, G. A. P., Cirrone, M. A., Cortes Giraldo, G., Cuttone, M., De Napoli, Durante, Marco, J. P., Fernández García, C., Finck, B., Golosio, M. I., Gallardo, E., Iarocci, F., Iazzi, G., Ickert, R., Introzzi, D., Juliani, J., Krimmer, N., Kurz, M., Labalme, Y., Leifel, A., Le Fevre, S., Leray, F., Marchetto, V., Monaco, M. C., Morone, P., Oliva, A., Paoloni, L., Piersanti, J. M., Quesada, G., Raciti, N., Randazzo, F., Romano, D., Rossi, M., Rousseau, R., Sacchi, P., Sala, A., Sarti, C., Scheidenberger, C., Schuy, A., Sciubba, C., Sfienti, H., Simon, V., Sipala, E., Spiriti, L., Stuttge, S., Tropea, H., Youni, V., Patera, Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pleskac, R, Abou Haidar, Z, Agodi, C, Alvarez, M, Aumann, T, Battistoni, G, Bocci, A, Bohlen, T, Boudard, A, Brunetti, A, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Cortes Giraldo, M, Cuttone, G, De Napoli, M, Durante, M, Fernandez Garcia, J, Finck, C, Golosio, B, Gallardo, M, Iarocci, E, Iazzi, F, Ickert, G, Introzzi, R, Juliani, D, Krimmer, J, Kurz, N, Labalme, M, Leifels, Y, Le Fevre, A, Leray, S, Marchetto, F, Monaco, V, Morone, M, Oliva, P, Paoloni, A, Piersanti, L, Quesada, J, Raciti, G, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Rossi, D, Rousseau, M, Sacchi, R, Sala, P, Sarti, A, Scheidenberger, C, Schuy, C, Sciubba, A, Sfienti, C, Simon, H, Sipala, V, Spiriti, E, Stuttge, L, Tropea, S, Younis, H, and Patera, V
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Ion beam, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, medicine.medical_treatment, Nuclear physics, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Scintillator, Elementary-particle, FIRST, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Wire chamber, Dipole magnet, Fragmentation, PARTICLE THERAPY, hadrontherapy, fragmentation, nuclear physics, elementary-particle, instrumentation, experimental methods, Hadrontherapy, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Neutron detection, ddc:530, Gaseous detector, ION-BEAM, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, DETECTOR, Instrumentation, GEANT4, FLUKA CODE, FRAGMENTATION, BENCHMARKING, RADIOTHERAPY, TRANSPORT, Physics, Particle therapy, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Experimental methods, Detector, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin)
Abstract: The FIRST (Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy) experiment at the SIS accelerator of GSI laboratory in Darmstadt has been designed for the measurement of ion fragmentation cross-sections at different angles and energies between 100 and 1000 MeV/nucleon. Nuclear fragmentation processes are relevant in several fields of basic research and applied physics and are of particular interest for tumor therapy and for space radiation protection applications. The start of the scientific program of the FIRST experiment was on summer 2011 and was focused on the measurement of 400 MeV/nucleon 12C beam fragmentation on thin (8 mm) graphite target. The detector is partly based on an already existing setup made of a dipole magnet (ALADiN), a time projection chamber (TP-MUSIC IV), a neutron detector (LAND) and a time of flight scintillator system (TOFWALL). This pre-existing setup has been integrated with newly designed detectors in the Interaction Region, around the carbon target placed in a sample changer. The new detectors are a scintillator Start Counter, a Beam Monitor drift chamber, a silicon Vertex Detector and a Proton Tagger scintillator system optimized for the detection of light fragments emitted at large angles. In this paper we review the experimental setup, then we present the simulation software, the data acquisition system and finally the trigger strategy of the experiment., This work has been supported by the European Community FP7 - Capacities, contract ENSAR n° 262010. This work was also supported by Junta de Andalucia and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion Contracts P07-FQM-02894, FIS2008-04189 and FPA2008-04972-C03.
Published: 2012

13. Performance of upstream interaction region detectors for the FIRST experiment at GSI

Author: Valeria Sipala, Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, C. Finck, M. C. Morone, Felice Iazzi, D. M. Rossi, Z. Abou-Haidar, María Isabel Gallardo, Piernicola Oliva, L. Stuttge, A. Boudard, M. Anelli, J. Krimmer, Herbert A. Simon, Marco Durante, Valeria Rosso, J. M. Quesada, R. Introzzi, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, R. Pleskac, V. Monaco, G.A.P. Cirrone, E. Iarocci, Thomas Aumann, T. T. Bohlen, Francesco Romano, Paola Sala, Flavio Marchetto, A Le F{èvre, A. Paoloni, Nunzio Randazzo, M. A. G. Alvarez, M. Carpinelli, Eleuterio Spiriti, C Sfienti, Bruno Golosio, Yvonne Leifels, A. Bocci, Antonio Brunetti, Giacomo Cuttone, N. Kurz, M. Labalme, Luca Piersanti, M. Rousseau, S. Tropea, H. Younis, C. Agodi, Alessio Sarti, G. Ickert, Christoph Schuy, J. P. Fernández-García, Roberto Sacchi, S. Leray, M. De Napoli, D. Juliani, Giuseppe Battistoni, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Z., Abou Haidar, C., Agodi, M. A. G., Alvarez, M., Anelli, T., Aumann, G., Battistoni, A., Bocci, T. T., Böhlen, A., Boudard, A., Brunetti, M., Carpinelli, G. A. P., Cirrone, M. A., Cortes Giraldo, G., Cuttone, M., De Napoli, Durante, Marco, J. P., Fernández García, C., Finck, M. I., Gallardo, B., Golosio, E., Iarocci, F., Iazzi, G., Ickert, R., Introzzi, D., Juliani, J., Krimmer, N., Kurz, M., Labalme, Y., Leifel, A., Le F{èvre, S., Leray, F., Marchetto, V., Monaco, M. C., Morone, P., Oliva, A., Paoloni, V., Patera, L., Piersanti, R., Pleskac, J. M., Quesada, N., Randazzo, F., Romano, D., Rossi, V., Rosso, M., Rousseau, R., Sacchi, P., Sala, A., Sarti, C., Schuy, A., Sciubba, C., Sfienti, H., Simon, V., Sipala, E., Spiriti, L., Stuttge, S., Tropea, H., Younis, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Abou Haidar, Z, Agodi, C, Alvarez, M, Anelli, M, Aumann, T, Battistoni, G, Bocci, A, Bohlen, T, Boudard, A, Brunetti, A, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Cortes Giraldo, M, Cuttone, G, De Napol, I, Durante, M, Fernandez Garcia, J, Finck, C, Gallardo, M, Golosio, B, Iarocci, E, Iazzi, F, Ickert, G, Introzzi, R, Juliani, D, Krimmer, J, Kurz, N, Labalme, M, Leifels, Y, Le Fevre, A, Leray, S, Marchetto, F, Monaco, V, Morone, M, Oliva, P, Paoloni, A, Patera, V, Piersanti, L, Pleskac, R, Quesada, J, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Rossi, D, Rosso, V, Rousseau, M, Sacchi, R, Sala, P, Sarti, A, Schuy, C, Sciubba, A, Sfienti, C, Simon, H, Sipala, V, Spiriti, E, Stuttge, L, Tropea, S, and Younis, H
Subjects: Wire chambers (MWPC, gas and liquid scintillators), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 29.40.Mc, 29.40.Cs, 29.40.Gx, Electron, FIRST, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Wire chambers(MWPC, Thin-gap chambers, drift chambers, drift tubes, proportional, chambers etc), Gaseous detectors, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, Particle tracking detectors (Gaseous detectors), 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, chambers etc), Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, drift tubes, Mathematical Physics, Physics, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Carbon-12, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Charged particle, Wire chambers (MWPC, Thin-gap chambers, drift chambers, drift tubes, proportional chambers etc), proportional chambers etc), proportional chambers etc) Particle tracking detectors (Gaseous detectors) Scintillators, Scintillators, article tracking detectors (Gaseous detectors), gas and liquid scintillators) Gaseous detectors, Wire chambers(MWPC, Thin-gap chambers, drift chambers, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, Scintillator, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Wirechambers(MWPC,Thin-gapchambers,driftchambers,drifttubes,proportional chambers etc), Particle detector, Ion, proportional, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Gaseous detector, ddc:610, 010306 general physics, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin), Measuring instrument, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Beam (structure), particle tracking detectors (gaseous detectors), scintillators, wire chambers(mwpc, thin-gap chambers, wire chambers (mwpc, gaseous detectors
Abstract: Open Access.-- et al., The FIRST (Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy) experiment at GSI has been designed to study carbon fragmentation, measuring 12C double differential cross sections (∂2σ/∂θ∂E) for different beam energies between 100 and 1000 MeV/u. The experimental setup integrates newly designed detectors in the, so called, Interaction Region around the graphite target. The Interaction Region upstream detectors are a 250 μm thick scintillator and a drift chamber optimized for a precise measurement of the ions interaction time and position on the target. In this article we review the design of the upstream detectors along with the preliminary results of the data taking performed on August 2011 with 400 MeV/u fully stripped carbon ion beam at GSI. Detectors performances will be reviewed and compared to those obtained during preliminary tests, performed with 500 MeV electrons (at the BTF facility in the INFN Frascati Laboratories) and 80 MeV/u protons and carbon ions (at the INFN LNS Laboratories in Catania)., This work has been supported by the European Community FP7 - Capacities, contract ENSAR nº 262010. This work was also supported by Junta de Andalucia and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion Contracts P07-FQM-02894, FIS2008-04189 and FPA2008-04972-C03.
Published: 2012

14. Isotopic production cross sections of the residual nuclei in spallation reactions induced by 136Xe projectiles on proton at 500 A MeV

Author: Alain Boudard, Andreas Martin Heinz, T. Enqvist, Enrique Casarejos, F. Farget, Daniela Henzlova, C. Villagrasa, M. Fernández Ordóñez, S. Leray, C. Schmitt, J. Benlliure, B. Fernández-Domínguez, C. Volant, J.E. Ducret, M. V. Ricciardi, K.-H. Schmidt, C. Stéphan, V. Henzl, P. Napolitani, O. Yordanov, L. Tassan-Got, C. Paradela, L. Audouin, D. Pérez-Loureiro, J. Pereira, A. Lafriaskh, A. Kelic-Heil, Juan Antonio Alcantara-Nunez, L. Giot, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, Nuclear Theory, E = 500 MeV/nucleon, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Residual, Ba presented also in tabular form. Compared with published data at 1000 MeV/nucleon, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, charge using FRS magnetic spectrometer, Nuclear physics, Momentum, Xe, 0103 physical sciences, longitudinal momentum distributions. Resulting σ for Sn, Spallation, deduced fragment isotopes yields, Cs, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Liquid hydrogen, X), Te, Physics, NUCLEAR REACTIONS 1H(136Xe, Spectrometer, measured spallation products mass, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, production σ, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Sb
Abstract: The experiment was performed at the GSI facility in Darmstadt (Germany).; Around 270 medium-mass residual nuclei, formed in spallation reactions induced by 136Xe projectiles impinging on a liquid hydrogen target at 500 AMeV, have been unambiguously identified at GSI using the magnetic spectrometer FRS. The individual production cross sections and the longitudinal momentum distributions have been determined with high accuracy. These data represent an important constraint for theoretical models describing spallation reactions.
Published: 2013

15. Measurement of fragmentation cross sections ofC12ions on a thin gold target with the FIRST apparatus

Author: H. Simon, A. Boudard, D. Juliani, A.H. Kummali, G. Ickert, Piernicola Oliva, Giacomo Cuttone, Paola Sala, D. Nicolosi, A. Brunetti, R. Introzzi, Y. Leifels, Dario Rossi, Christoph Schuy, F. Balestra, M. Toppi, M. A. G. Alvarez, A. Paoloni, Z. Abou-Haidar, E. Iarocci, R. Rescigno, G. Battistoni, N. Randazzo, H. Younis, J. Krimmer, R. Pleskac, S. Leray, Andrea Bocci, C. Scheidenberger, M. Durante, C. Agodi, B. Golosio, Alessio Sarti, F. Marchetto, V. Monaco, R. Sacchi, N. Kurz, S. Tropea, M. De Napoli, Valeria Sipala, S. Salvador, Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, T. T. Bohlen, G.A.P. Cirrone, M. Rousseau, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, Concettina Sfienti, V. Rosso, Felice Iazzi, E. Spiriti, M. Labalme, M. Vanstalle, J. P. Fernández-García, Roberto Cirio, M. Carpinelli, F. Romano, A. Le Fèvre, Thomas Aumann, M. C. Morone, Ch. Finck, and Luca Piersanti
Subjects: Physics, Particle therapy, Ion beam, Applied physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, medicine.medical_treatment, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Ion, Nuclear physics, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), 0103 physical sciences, Electromagnetic shielding, medicine, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Nucleon
Abstract: A detailed knowledge of the light ions interaction processes with matter is of great interest in basic and applied physics. As an example, particle therapy and space radioprotection require highly accurate fragmentation cross-section measurements to develop shielding materials and estimate acute and late health risks for manned missions in space and for treatment planning in particle therapy. The Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy experiment at the Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion research (GSI) was designed and built by an international collaboration from France, Germany, Italy, and Spain for studying the collisions of a C12 ion beam with thin targets. The collaboration's main purpose is to provide the double-differential cross-section measurement of carbon-ion fragmentation at energies that are relevant for both tumor therapy and space radiation protection applications. Fragmentation cross sections of light ions impinging on a wide range of thin targets are also essential to validate the nuclear models implemented in MC simulations that, in such an energy range, fail to reproduce the data with the required accuracy. This paper presents the single differential carbon-ion fragmentation cross sections on a thin gold target, measured as a function of the fragment angle and kinetic energy in the forward angular region (θ≲6∘), aiming to provide useful data for the benchmarking of the simulation softwares used in light ions fragmentation applications. The C12 ions used in the measurement were accelerated at the energy of 400 MeV/nucleon by the SIS (heavy ion synchrotron) GSI facility.
Published: 2016

16. Nuclear astrophysics with radioactive ions at FAIR

Author: R Reifarth, S Altstadt, K Göbel, T Heftrich, M Heil, A Koloczek, C Langer, R Plag, M Pohl, K Sonnabend, M Weigand, T Adachi, F Aksouh, J Al-Khalili, M AlGarawi, S AlGhamdi, G Alkhazov, N Alkhomashi, H Alvarez-Pol, R Alvarez-Rodriguez, V Andreev, B Andrei, L Atar, T Aumann, V Avdeichikov, C Bacri, S Bagchi, C Barbieri, S Beceiro, C Beck, C Beinrucker, G Belier, D Bemmerer, M Bendel, J Benlliure, G Benzoni, R Berjillos, D Bertini, C Bertulani, S Bishop, N Blasi, T Bloch, Y Blumenfeld, A Bonaccorso, K Boretzky, A Botvina, A Boudard, P Boutachkov, I Boztosun, A Bracco, S Brambilla, J Briz Monago, M Caamano, C Caesar, F Camera, E Casarejos, W Catford, J Cederkall, B Cederwall, M Chartier, A Chatillon, M Cherciu, L Chulkov, P Coleman-Smith, D Cortina-Gil, F Crespi, R Crespo, J Cresswell, M Csatlós, F Déchery, B Davids, T Davinson, V Derya, P Detistov, P Diaz Fernandez, D DiJulio, S Dmitry, D Doré, J Dueñas, E Dupont, P Egelhof, I Egorova, Z Elekes, J Enders, J Endres, S Ershov, O Ershova, B Fernandez-Dominguez, A Fetisov, E Fiori, A Fomichev, M Fonseca, L Fraile, M Freer, J Friese, M G. Borge, D Galaviz Redondo, S Gannon, U Garg, I Gasparic, L Gasques, B Gastineau, H Geissel, R Gernhäuser, T Ghosh, M Gilbert, J Glorius, P Golubev, A Gorshkov, A Gourishetty, L Grigorenko, J Gulyas, M Haiduc, F Hammache, M Harakeh, M Hass, M Heine, A Hennig, A Henriques, R Herzberg, M Holl, A Ignatov, A Ignatyuk, S Ilieva, M Ivanov, N Iwasa, B Jakobsson, H Johansson, B Jonson, P Joshi, A Junghans, B Jurado, G Körner, N Kalantar, R Kanungo, A Kelic-Heil, K Kezzar, E Khan, A Khanzadeev, O Kiselev, M Kogimtzis, D Körper, S Kräckmann, T Kröll, R Krücken, A Krasznahorkay, J Kratz, D Kresan, T Krings, A Krumbholz, S Krupko, R Kulessa, S Kumar, N Kurz, E Kuzmin, M Labiche, K Langanke, I Lazarus, T Le Bleis, C Lederer, A Lemasson, R Lemmon, V Liberati, Y Litvinov, B Löher, J Lopez Herraiz, G Münzenberg, J Machado, E Maev, K Mahata, D Mancusi, J Marganiec, M Martinez Perez, V Marusov, D Mengoni, B Million, V Morcelle, O Moreno, A Movsesyan, E Nacher, M Najafi, T Nakamura, F Naqvi, E Nikolski, T Nilsson, C Nociforo, P Nolan, B Novatsky, G Nyman, A Ornelas, R Palit, S Pandit, V Panin, C Paradela, V Parkar, S Paschalis, P Pawłowski, A Perea, J Pereira, C Petrache, M Petri, S Pickstone, N Pietralla, S Pietri, Y Pivovarov, P Potlog, A Prokofiev, G Rastrepina, T Rauscher, G Ribeiro, M Ricciardi, A Richter, C Rigollet, K Riisager, A Rios, C Ritter, T Rodriguez Frutos, J Rodriguez Vignote, M Röder, C Romig, D Rossi, P Roussel-Chomaz, P Rout, S Roy, P Söderström, M Saha Sarkar, S Sakuta, M Salsac, J Sampson, J Sanchez, del Rio Saez, J Sanchez Rosado, S Sanjari, P Sarriguren, A Sauerwein, D Savran, C Scheidenberger, H Scheit, S Schmidt, C Schmitt, L Schnorrenberger, P Schrock, R Schwengner, D Seddon, B Sherrill, A Shrivastava, S Sidorchuk, J Silva, H Simon, E Simpson, P Singh, D Slobodan, D Sohler, M Spieker, D Stach, E Stan, M Stanoiu, S Stepantsov, P Stevenson, F Strieder, L Stuhl, T Suda, K Sümmerer, B Streicher, J Taieb, M Takechi, I Tanihata, J Taylor, O Tengblad, G Ter-Akopian, S Terashima, P Teubig, R Thies, M Thoennessen, T Thomas, J Thornhill, G Thungstrom, J Timar, Y Togano, U Tomohiro, T Tornyi, J Tostevin, C Townsley, W Trautmann, T Trivedi, S Typel, E Uberseder, J Udias, T Uesaka, L Uvarov, Z Vajta, P Velho, V Vikhrov, M Volknandt, V Volkov, P von Neumann-Cosel, M von Schmid, A Wagner, F Wamers, H Weick, D Wells, L Westerberg, O Wieland, M Wiescher, C Wimmer, K Wimmer, J S Winfield, M Winkel, P Woods, R Wyss, D Yakorev, M Yavor, J Zamora Cardona, I Zartova, T Zerguerras, M Zgura, A Zhdanov, M Zhukov, M Zieblinski, A Zilges, K Zuber, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Helmholtz International Center for FAIR, German Research Foundation, Helmholtz Association, SCOAP, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: History, Astrophysics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], nucl-ex, 01 natural sciences, Education, Nuclear physics, Subatomär fysik, Nucleosynthesis, 0103 physical sciences, Subatomic Physics, Nuclear astrophysics, Fysik, Neutron, Nuclear Physics - Experiment, ddc:530, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Radionuclide, Isotope, rp-process, Computer Science Applications, FAIR nuclear astrophysics radioactive ion beams, Valley of stability, r-process nucleosynthesis, weak-interaction rates, s-process, stars, supernovae, light, Physical Sciences, Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, Física nuclear, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], astro-ph.IM
Abstract: R. Reifarth et al: ; 12 págs.; 9 figs.; Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 3.0 ; Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics VI (NPA6), The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process ow and r-process -decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process. For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections. The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will oer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes., This project was supported by the HGF Young Investigators Project VH-NG-327, EMMI, H4F, HGS-HIRe, JINA, NAVI, DFG and ATHENA.
Published: 2016

17. Processes involving few degrees of freedom in the frame of Intranuclear Cascade approaches

Author: Joseph Cugnon, Davide Mancusi, Jean-Christophe David, Sylvie Leray, Alain Boudard, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Département d'astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie (AGO), and Université de Liège
Subjects: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, Range (particle radiation), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), General Physics and Astronomy, Observable, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Collision, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Cascade, 0103 physical sciences, media_common.cataloged_instance, Spallation, European union, 010306 general physics, Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment, media_common
Abstract: International audience; This article focuses on spallation reactions, i.e. interactions of energetic nucleons, basically with a kinetic energy in the 100 MeV to a few GeV range, with a target nucleus. These processes are described rather successfully by the so-called Intranuclear Cascade (INC) plus evaporation models. They can be viewed as a first stage of nucleon-nucleon collisions, ejecting fast particles, followed by evaporation of slow particles from the target remnant. These cascade + evaporation models have, now, globally reached a high level of predictive power, owing in particular to successive research programs. The present work, which is an outcome of one of these programs, the recent European Union ANDES research program, deals with a set of reactions (or observable quantities), which can be due to a single collision, such as the one-nucleon removal reactions or the quasi-elastic elastic process. A survey of the experimental data is presented, which allows to clearly point out that, often, the INC models are unsatisfactory for the description of these peculiar events, whereas they are rather successful for the rest of the experimental data. This paradoxical situation is tentatively related to quasi-particle effects which are neglected in INC models.
Published: 2016

18. INCL Intra-Nuclear Cascade and ABLA De-Excitation Models in Geant4

Author: Davide Mancusi, Joseph Cugnon, Alain Boudard, S. Leray, and Pekka Kaitaniemi
Subjects: Range (particle radiation), Proton, Fission, Projectile, Chemistry, Quantitative Biology::Tissues and Organs, Nuclear Theory, General Medicine, Ion, Nuclear physics, Cascade, Neutron, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Excitation
Abstract: We present INCL intra-nuclear cascade and ABLA de-excitation (evaporation/fission) models that can be used to calculate collisions between projectile particles and nuclei at energies from 0.2 to 3 GeV. Supported projectiles are proton, neutron, pions and light ions up to alpha. The optimal target materials range from carbon to uranium. We have extended the INCL model light ion projectile support up to carbon-ions and compared the results against thin and thick target data and Geant4 Binary cascade model. Both thin and first thick target results of the INCL model are in good agreement with experimental data.
Published: 2011

19. Multifragmentation in Reactions of 1-GeV Protons with Iron Nuclei

Author: R. J. Charity, Davide Mancusi, J-C David, S. Leray, M. V. Ricciardi, A. Boudard, A. Kelic-Heil, and Joseph Cugnon
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Cascade, General Physics and Astronomy, Observable, Spallation
Abstract: We use combinations of cascade and nuclear de-excitation models to assess the importance of the inclusion of a multifragmentation stage for the quantitative description of the 1-GeV p+Fe spallation reaction. We discuss the sensitivity of several exclusive physical observables to the deexcitation mechanism in the attempt to identify which of them can be considered suitable probes for a multifragmentation stage. The calculations show that the inclusion of a multifragmentation stage is not necessary to construct an accurate description of the observed data.
Published: 2011

20. New Features of the INCL4 Model for Spallation Reactions

Author: Davide Mancusi, A. Boudard, S. Leray, and Joseph Cugnon
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear reaction, Mathematical model, Fission, General Physics and Astronomy, Particle, Spallation, Spectral line
Published: 2011

21. Total Fission Cross Sections in Reactions p+181Ta Investigated in Inverse Kinematics at Relativistic Energies

Author: D. Pérez-Loureiro, V. Fohr, R. Pleskac, A. Boudard, Timo Enqvist, J. Benlliure, C. Paradela, D. Tarrio, A. Kelic, E. Casarejos, H. Alvarez-Pol, Yassid Ayyad, S. Leray, A. Bacquias, and K. Kezzar
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Nuclear reaction, Physics, Cold fission, Cluster decay, Isotope, Fission, Stable isotope ratio, General Physics and Astronomy, Spallation, Neutron
Published: 2011

22. The extension of the INCL model for simulation of shielding in space

Author: Sophie Pedoux, J.-C. David, A. Boudard, Davide Mancusi, S. Leray, and Joseph Cugnon
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Atmospheric Science, Nuclear Theory, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Charged particle, Ion, Nuclear physics, Geophysics, Pion, Space and Planetary Science, Cascade, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Light emission, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon
Abstract: Radiation hazard for space missions is mainly due to cosmic ray protons, helium nuclei and light ions, whose energy spectrum is maximum around 1 GeV per nucleon but remains non-negligible for energies up to 15 GeV per nucleon. Nuclear reactions induced by high energy protons are often described by intranuclear cascade plus evaporation models. The attention is focused here on the Liege Intranuclear Cascade model (INCL), which has been shown to reproduce fairly well a great deal of experimental data for nucleon-induced reactions in the 200 MeV to 2 GeV range, when coupled with the ABLA evaporation-fission code. In order to extend the model to other conditions relevant for space radiation, three improvements of INCL are under development. They are reported on here. First, the reaction model has been extended to nucleon–nucleus reactions at incident energies up to 15 GeV, mainly by the inclusion of additional pion production channels in nucleon–nucleon collisions during the cascade. Second, a coalescence mechanism for the emission of light charged particles has been implemented recently. Finally, the model has been modified in order to accommodate light ions as projectiles. First results are shown and compared with illustrative experimental data. Implications for issues concerning radiation protection in space are discussed.
Published: 2011

23. Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for the production of 148Gd in thin natW and 181Ta targets irradiated with 0.4- to 2.6-GeV protons

Author: Harphool Kumawat, K. Nishihara, S. N. Florya, Joseph Cugnon, R. S. Tikhonov, M. A. Butko, Yu. E. Titarenko, A. Yu. Titarenko, K. V. Pavlov, S. Leray, Waclaw Gudowski, Stepan G. Mashnik, Davide Mancusi, A. V. Ignatyuk, Vyacheslav F. Batyaev, Norihiro Matsuda, G. Mank, V. M. Zhivun, A. Boudard, and Y. Yariv
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear reaction, Excitation function, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Atomic nucleus, Alpha-particle spectroscopy, Gamma spectroscopy, Irradiation, Atomic physics, Proton energy, Spectroscopy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract: The cross sections for the production of Gd-148 in W-nat and Ta-181 targets irradiated by 0.4-, 0.6-, 0.8-, 1.2-, 1.6-, and 2.6-GeV protons at the ITEP accelerator complex have been measured by dir ...
Published: 2011

24. Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for nuclide production in 56Fe and natCr targets irradiated with 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons

Author: Yu. E. Titarenko, Harphool Kumawat, Davide Mancusi, A. V. Ignatyuk, Joseph Cugnon, Y. Yariv, Vyacheslav F. Batyaev, R. S. Tikhonov, M. A. Butko, Norihiro Matsuda, G. Mank, V. M. Zhivun, A. Boudard, S. N. Florya, Stepan G. Mashnik, K. V. Pavlov, K. Nishihara, S. Leray, Waclaw Gudowski, and A. Yu. Titarenko
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spectrometer, Atomic nucleus, Gamma spectroscopy, Nuclide, Irradiation, Cobalt-60, Mass spectrometry, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The cross sections for nuclide production in thin 56Fe and natCr targets irradiated by 0.04–2.6-GeV protons are measured by direct γ spectrometry using two γ spectrometers with the resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 keV for the 60Co 1332-keV γ line. As a result, 649 yields of radioactive residual product nuclei have been obtained. The 27Al(p, x)22Na reaction has been used as a monitor reaction. The experimental data are compared with the MCNPX (BERTINI, ISABEL), CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, PHITS, and CASCADE07 calculations.
Published: 2011

25. Extension of INCL4 between 2 and 15GeV

Author: J.-C. David, Sylvie Leray, Sophie Pedoux, Joseph Cugnon, and Alain Boudard
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Atmospheric Science, Range (particle radiation), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Set (abstract data type), Nuclear physics, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Cascade, Code (cryptography), General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nuclear Experiment, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The intranuclear cascade model INCL4 has been shown to be very successful for describing, without adjustable parameters, a whole set of data for p-induced reactions in the 40 MeV–2 GeV energy range. In view of its possible application to cosmic ray interactions, the INCL4 code has been extended to the 2–15 GeV energy range, so covering a large part of the spectrum of the incident energy of the cosmic rays. In this paper, the changes brought into the INCL4 code are discussed and some illustrative comparisons between the results given by the modified version of the code and experimental data are presented.
Published: 2009

26. Isotopic dependence of the caloric curve

Author: The ALADIN2000 Collaboration, Trautmann, W., Adrich, P., Aumann, T., Bacri, C. O., Barczyk, T., Bassini, R., Bianchin, S., Boiano, C., Botvina, A. S., Boudard, A., Brzychczyk, J., Chbihi, A., Cibor, J., Czech, B., De Napoli, M., Ducret, J. -E., Emling, H., Frankland, J. D., Hellstroem, M., Henzlova, D., Imme, G., Iori, I., Johansson, H., Kezzar, K., Lafriakh, A., Fevre, A. Le, Gentil, E. Le, Leifels, Y., Luehning, J., Lukasik, J., Lynch, W. G., Lynen, U., Majka, Z., Mocko, M., Mueller, W. F. J., Mykulyak, A., Orth, H., Otte, A. N., Palit, R., Pawlowski, P., Pullia, A., Raciti, G., Rapisarda, E., Sann, H., Schwarz, C., Sfienti, C., Simon, H., Suemmerer, K., Tsang, M. B., Verde, G., Volant, C., Wallace, M., Weick, H., Wiechula, J., Wieloch, A., Zwieglinski, B., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALADIN2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear caloric curve, FOS: Physical sciences, Limiting temperature, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Caloric curve, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Incident energy, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Invariant (mathematics), Isotopic effects, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Projectile fragmentation, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Multifragmentation, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Microscopic models, Breakup, Isotope temperature, Nucleon, Radioactive beams
Abstract: Isotopic effects in projectile fragmentation at relativistic energies have been studied with the ALADIN forward spectrometer at SIS. Stable and radioactive Sn and La beams with an incident energy of 600 MeV per nucleon have been used in order to explore a wide range of isotopic compositions. Chemical freeze-out temperatures are found to be nearly invariant with respect to the A/Z ratio of the produced spectator sources, consistent with predictions for expanded systems. Consequences for the proposed interpretation of chemical breakup temperatures as representing the limiting temperatures predicted by microscopic models are discussed., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, contribution to proceedings of International School of Nuclear Physics, 30th Course, Heavy-Ion Collisions from the Coulomb Barrier to the Quark-Gluon Plasma, Erice-Sicily: 16 - 24 September 2008
Published: 2009

27. Gross Properties and Isotopic Phenomena in Spectator Fragmentation

Author: B. Czech, I. Iori, E. Le Gentil, C. Volant, Y. Leifels, Håkan T Johansson, A. S. Botvina, W. F. J. Müller, J. Łukasik, J.-E. Ducret, C. Sfienti, E. Rapisarda, J.D. Frankland, Margareta Hellström, H. Sann, W. Trautmann, K. Kezzar, U. Lynen, C.O. Bacri, R. Bassini, H. Weick, Cornelius Schwarz, J. Lühning, W. G. Lynch, H. Orth, Z. Majka, H. Simon, D. Henzlova, M. S. Wallace, P. Adrich, K. Sümmerer, M. Mocko, J. Brzychczyk, A. Chbihi, S. Bianchin, A. Le Fèvre, H. Emling, Thomas Aumann, G. Imme, T. Barczyk, A. Mykulyak, B. Zwieglinski, Piotr Pawłowski, A. Boudard, C. Boiano, J. Wiechula, J. Cibor, A.N. Otte, M. De Napoli, R. Palit, G. Raciti, A. Lafriakh, Alberto Pullia, A. Wieloch, Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Bertulani C.A., Gomes P.R.S., HusseinM.S., Szanto de ToledoA., ALADIN, Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, media_common.quotation_subject, Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Asymmetry, Nuclear physics, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Criticality, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common
Abstract: A systematic study of isotopic effects in the break-up of projectile spectators at relativistic energies has been performed with the ALADiN spectrometer at the GSI laboratory. Searching for signals of criticality in the fragment production we have applied the model independent universal fluctuations theory already proposed to track criticality signals in multifragmentation to our data. The fluctuation of the largest fragment charge and of the asymmetry of the two and three largest fragments and their bimodal distribution have also been analysed., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, IX International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 28 - September 1, 2006
Published: 2007

28. Isotopic yields of spallation residues produced inXe136-induced reactions on deuterium at500AMeV

Author: C. Volant, J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, C. Paradela, L. Audouin, Andreas Martin Heinz, O. Yordanov, Enrique Casarejos, L. Tassan-Got, D. Henzlova, P. Napolitani, C. Schmitt, C. Stephan, A. Lafriaskh, T. Enqvist, F. Farget, V. Henzl, Juan Antonio Alcantara-Nunez, S. Leray, C. Villagrasa, J. Pereira, A. Boudard, M. V. Ricciardi, J. Benlliure, A. Kelic-Heil, K.-H. Schmidt, C. Pérez-Loureiro, and M. Fernandez-Ordoñez
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Deuterium, Spectrometer, Projectile, Nuclear Theory, Monte Carlo method, Spallation, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Residual fragment production in reactions induced by $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ projectiles impinging on a liquid deuterium target at $500A$ MeV has been measured at GSI. Projectile residues were unambiguously identified in atomic and mass numbers using the Fragment Separator as high-resolution zero-degree spectrometer. The isotopic production yields of these residuals were used to benchmark reference model calculations describing spallation reactions. In particular the energy dissipated in these reactions was assessed by comparing the production yields measured in this work with the ones obtained in reactions induced by $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ projectiles on protons at $1000A$ and $500A$ MeV.
Published: 2015

29. Assessment of nuclear-reaction codes for proton-induced reactions on light nuclei below 250 MeV

Author: Alain Boudard, Benjamin Braunn, Jean-Christophe David, Sylvie Leray, Anne Leprince, Arjan J. Koning, and Davide Mancusi
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear physics, Light nucleus, Proton, General Physics and Astronomy, Nuclide
Abstract: We assess the suitability of nuclear-reaction codes for the generation of accurate cross-section libraries targeted at the simulation of the transport of high-energy protons (up to 250 MeV) in the human body, or in any material containing light nuclides. To this end we present an extensive study of elastic, reaction and fragmentation cross sections for proton-induced reactions on several nuclides. We compare TALYS evaluations against experimental data and, wherever applicable, against the predictions of the INCL/ABLA07 nuclear-reaction model. The TALYS evaluations have been cast in the form of a new cross-section library, which also includes evaluated proton-proton cross sections based on the NN-OnLine tool.
Published: 2015

30. Experiment FIRST: Fragmentation of 12C beam at 400 MeV/u

Author: J. Krimmer, Roberto Sacchi, A.H. Kummali, D. M. Rossi, G. Ickert, A. Le Fèvre, B. Liu, Thomas Aumann, C. Finck, J. P. Fernández-García, Christoph Schuy, C. Agodi, M. Rousseau, L. Stuttge, M. C. Morone, F. Balestra, R. Pleskac, Alessio Sarti, E. Iarocci, R. Introzzi, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, Antonio Brunetti, Eleuterio Spiriti, A. Boudard, Giacomo Cuttone, A. Lavagno, G.A.P. Cirrone, Adalberto Sciubba, Nunzio Randazzo, Francesco Romano, Yvonne Leifels, N. Kurz, Paola Sala, Valeria Sipala, Flavio Marchetto, Bruno Golosio, Vincenzo Patera, Herbert A. Simon, Felice Iazzi, C. Sfienti, S. Samuel, M. Carpinelli, A. Bocci, Marco Durante, S. Tropea, M. Toppi, A. Paoloni, M. A. G. Alvarez, Valeria Rosso, T.T. Boohlen, M. Labalme, Piernicola Oliva, Z. Abou-Haidar, C. Scheidenberger, H. Younis, D. Nicolosi, M. De Napoli, D. Juliani, Giuseppe Battistoni, Luciano Piersanti, Vincenzo Monaco, S. Leray, Introzzi, R, Abou Haidar, Z, Agodi, C, Alvarez, M, Aumann, T, Balestra, F, Battistoni, G, Bocci, A, Böhlen, T, Boudard, A, Brunetti, A, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Cortés Giraldo, M, Cuttone, G, De Napoli, M, Durante, M, Fernández Garcia, J, Finck, C, Golosio, B, Iarocci, E, Iazzi, F, Ickert, G, Juliani, D, Krimmer, J, Kummali, A, Kurz, N, Labalme, M, Lavagno, A, Leifels, Y, Le Févre, A, Leray, S, Liu, B, Marchetto, F, Monaco, V, Morone, M, Nicolosi, D, Oliva, P, Paoloni, A, Patera, V, Piersanti, L, Pleskac, R, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Rossi, D, Rosso, V, Rousseau, M, Sacchi, R, Sala, P, Samuel, S, Sarti, A, Scheidenberger, C, Schuy, C, Sciubba, A, Sfienti, C, Simon, H, Sipala, V, Spiriti, E, Stuttge, L, Toppi, M, Tropea, S, and Younis, H
Subjects: Physics, Photomultiplier, Photon, business.industry, Quantitative Biology::Tissues and Organs, Physics::Medical Physics, Radiation, Kinetic energy, FIRST, Ion Fragmentation, Ion, Time of Flight Wall, Nuclear physics, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Hadrontherapy, Space and Aircraft Radiation Protection, Radiation protection, Nuclear Experiment, business, Projectile fragmentation
Abstract: The knowledge about fragmentation processes in ion-ion interactions is fundamental in hadrontherapy and radiation protection in space missions. Hadrontherapy, based on 12C, features many advantages with respect to conventional radiation therapy with photons due to the possibility to shape the dose delivery region in tissues but side effects of the projectile fragmentation in healthy tissues are not negligible. NASA recently pointed out that measurements for some light ions and kinetic energies are missing in nuclear fragmentation databases. FIRST experiment aims to measure the fragmentation doubledifferential cross section of 12C in the energy range 100-1000 MeV/u on several elements, constituents of organic tissues and electronic devices, in order to fill some of the mentioned lack of information on light ions. A first set of data has been taken in 2011 at GSI (Darmstadt), using 12C beam at 400 MeV/u on C and Au targets. About 3·107 events with C target and 5 × 106 with Au target were recorded. Together with these data other sets of runs have been collected to calibrate the forward part of the whole experimental setup, the ToF-Wall. The calibration procedure and the detector performances, which fit the experiment requirements for what concerns efficiency, resolution and stability, will be illustrated. Moreover, some preliminary results concerning the 12C-12C elastic scattering, in agreement with the Rutherford model, will be presented.
Published: 2013

31. Dissipative effects in spallation-induced fission ofPb208at high excitation energies

Author: D. Pérez-Loureiro, B. Jurado, A. Bacquias, S. Lukic, V. Henzl, M. V. Ricciardi, F. Farget, Y. Ayyad, C. Schmitt, J. L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, R. Pleskac, P. N. Nadtochy, T. Enqvist, J. Benlliure, Marcos Antônio Fernandez, E. Casarejos, K.-H. Schmidt, V. Henzlova, T. Kurtukian, A. Boudard, A. Kelic-Heil, and Son Nguyen Ngoc
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, Fissile material, Fission, Nuclear Theory, Dissipation, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, Nuclear fission, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Dissipative system, Spallation, Atomic number, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Spallation reactions on fissile nuclei represent an appropriate tool to investigate dissipative effects in nuclear fission. In this work, we have studied transient and dissipative effects in proton- and deuteron-induced fission on Pb208 at 500A MeV. A dedicated experimental setup optimized for inverse kinematics measurements made it possible to identify in atomic number both fission fragments with high resolution, and reconstruct the charge of the fissioning system. We could then determine the width of the fission fragments charge distribution as well as partial fission cross sections, both as a function of the charge of the fissioning system. These two complementary observables permitted us to investigate the dynamics of the process at small deformation, i.e., from the ground state to the saddle point. The description of these observables with advanced model calculations reveals the influence of the nuclear dissipation in the fission process at high excitation energy and in particular its manifestation through transient time effects.
Published: 2015

32. Improving the description of proton-induced one-nucleon removal in intranuclear-cascade models

Author: Alain Boudard, Jean-Christophe David, Sylvie Leray, Joseph Cugnon, Jaume Carbonell, Davide Mancusi, Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Monte Carlo method, SHELL model, Nuclear Theory, Observable, Nuclear physics, Classical mechanics, Cascade, Energy density, Neutron, Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: International audience; It is a well-established fact that intranuclear-cascade models generally overestimate the cross sections for one-proton removal from heavy, stable nuclei by a high-energy proton beam, but they yield reasonable predictions for one-neutron removal from the same nuclei and for one-nucleon removal from light targets. We use simple shell-model calculations to investigate the reasons for this deficiency. We find that a refined description of the neutron skin and of the energy density in the nuclear surface is crucial for the aforementioned observables, and that neither ingredient is sufficient if taken separately. As a by-product, the predictions for removal of several nucleons are also improved by the refined treatment.
Published: 2015

33. Exclusive measurements on at 1AGev with the SPALADIN setup at GSI

Author: S. Pietri, A. Lafriakh, A. Le Fèvre, Thomas Aumann, S. Leray, M. Fernandez-Ordoñez, F. Rejmund, Michel Combet, W. F. J. Müller, W. Trautmann, C. Schwarz, Enrique Casarejos, E. Le Gentil, C.O. Bacri, Herbert A. Simon, J. Lukasik, J.E. Ducret, C. Sfienti, A. Boudard, O. Yordanov, K. Kezzar, R. Krücken, J. Benlliure, A. Kelic, C. Volant, Håkan T Johansson, T. Kurtukian-Nieto, M. Böhmer, and Roman Gernhäuser
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, Time projection chamber, Ion beam, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Hodoscope, Dipole magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron detection, Spallation, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Helium
Abstract: A new type of spallation experiments has been carried out at GSI, Darmstadt (Germany) in order to understand the spallation mechanism in greater details. These experiments use the inverse-kinematics technique where the ion beam is directed onto a liquid Hydrogen target, allowing the detection of heavy spallation residues in coincidence with low center-of-mass energy light particles. The setup is based on A Large Acceptance DIpole magNet (ALADIN) coupled with a multitrack Time Projection Chamber (TPC), a hodoscope and a neutron detector. First, data on 56 Fe + p at 1 A GeV were taken in February 2004. In the on-going analysis, isotopic cross-sections have been determined and compared to data taken at the FRagment Separator in GSI. Mean values and width of residue velocity distributions have also been obtained as well as Helium production cross-section. First, coincidence data are being analyzed.
Published: 2006

34. Validation of high-energy nuclear models: State-of-the-art and perspectives

Author: Joseph Cugnon, S. Pietri, Alain Boudard, Sylvie Leray, C. Volant, J.E. Ducret, Jean-Christophe David, and Eric Le Gentil
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High energy, Systems engineering, Experimental data, Systems design, State (computer science), Instrumentation
Abstract: The state-of-the-art regarding the predicting capabilities of some of the physics models available in MCNPX for Accelerator-Driven System design is discussed. The identified remaining deficiencies, which originate either from a lack of experimental data or from not well understood physics mechanisms, are stressed. To solve these problems, more constraining experiments are now needed to allow a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanisms.
Published: 2006

35. Recent extensions of the INCL4 model for spallation reactions

Author: Thierry Aoust, Jean-Christophe David, Sylvie Leray, Pierre Henrotte, C. Volant, Joseph Cugnon, and Alain Boudard
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Theory, Blocking (statistics), Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, Pauli exclusion principle, Pion, Low energy, Cascade, symbols, Cluster (physics), Spallation, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Instrumentation
Abstract: New improvements of the INCL4 cascade model, bearing on cluster production, nucleon and pion potentials and Pauli blocking at low energy, are reviewed.
Published: 2006

36. Evaporation residues produced in spallation of 208Pb by protons at

Author: S. Czajkowski, J. Pereira, P. Armbruster, M. Bernas, R. Legrain, M. Pravikoff, L. Tassan-Got, B. Mustapha, F. Rejmund, S. Leray, B. Fernández-Domínguez, A. Boudard, Christoph A. Stephan, J. Taieb, B. Jurado, C. Volant, M. V. Ricciardi, K.-H. Schmidt, L. Audouin, E. Casarejos, T. Enqvist, W. Wlazlo, and J. Benlliure
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Evaporation, 01 natural sciences, Effective nuclear charge, Ion, Nuclear physics, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Isobaric process, Spallation, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The production cross sections of fragmentation-evaporation residues in the reaction Pb+p at 500 A MeV have been measured using the inverse-kinematics method and the FRS spectrometer (GSI). Fragments were identified in nuclear charge using ionisation chambers. The mass identification was performed event-by-event using the Bρ-TOF-ΔE technique. Although partially-unresolved ionic charge states induced an ambiguity on the mass of some heavy fragments, production rates could be obtained with a high accuracy by systematically accounting for the polluting ionic charge states. The contribution of multiple reactions in the target was subtracted using a new, partly self-consistent code. The isobaric distributions are found to have a shape very close to the one observed in experiments at higher energy. Kinematic properties of the fragments were also measured. The total and the isotopic cross sections, including charge-pickup cross sections, are in good agreement with previous measurements and models. The data are discussed in the light of previous spallation measurements, especially on lead at 1 GeV. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2006

37. Very heavy fission fragments produced in the spallation reaction 238U+p at

Author: S. Leray, K.-H. Schmidt, T. Enqvist, Enrique Casarejos, J. Taieb, C. Volant, P. Armbruster, M. V. Ricciardi, M. Bernas, C. Stephan, J. Pereira, A. Kelic, J. Benlliure, A. Boudard, L. Tassan-Got, R. Legrain, and F. Rejmund
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cold fission, Cluster decay, Isotope, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Fission, Fission product yield, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Spallation, Neutron, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Fission fragments from 1 A GeV 238U ions impinging a hydrogen target are investigated by using the fragment separator FRS for magnetic selection of reaction products including ray-tracing, and ΔE-ToF techniques. On the basis of the kinematics of the fragments, binary fission can be assigned as production process up to very heavy fragments. Fission fragments are separated and identified as far as 184Re for the first time. Cross sections are measured and found in the range of 500 μb to 5 μb. Isobaric cross sections decrease smoothly with increasing masses. Beyond tungsten, fission fragments are hidden in the more abundant spallation evaporation residues. 283 isotopes of elements gadolinium to rhenium in the mass range 147 to 184 are observed and cross sections measured. All the fragments are formed by fission of excited parent nuclei following emission of a cascade of secondary neutrons.
Published: 2006

38. Impact of high-energy nuclear data on radioprotection in spallation sources

Author: C. Villagrasa, S. Leray, A. Boudard, J. C. David, L. Donadille, and C. Volant
Subjects: Neutrons, Radioisotopes, Physics, High energy, Radiation, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Nuclear engineering, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Experimental data, Nuclear data, Equipment Design, General Medicine, Radiation Dosage, Risk Assessment, Nuclear physics, Radiation Protection, Containment, Radiation Monitoring, Risk Factors, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Spallation, Neutron, Algorithms, Software
Abstract: The high-energy programme of the HINDAS European project has provided a large amount of experimental data and led to a better understanding of the spallation reaction mechanism and the development of more reliable spallation models. These data, or the new models, which have been implemented into high-energy transport codes, can be now used to predict with a larger confidence or, at least with a known uncertainty, some important quantities for the design of spallation sources. In this paper, examples concerning the residue production in a Pb-Bi target and the high-energy neutrons escaping the target are presented. In the first case, the activity and the amount of radioactive volatile elements that can be released, in case of a containment failure, are calculated and the level of confidence of the calculation is assessed. The second example shows that the models correctly predict the high-energy tail of the neutron spectrum, which is important for radioprotection in the facility.
Published: 2005

39. Nuclide cross-sections of fission fragments in the reaction 208Pb + p at 500 A MeV

Author: C. Volant, K.-H. Schmidt, F. Rejmund, B. Fernández-Domínguez, R. Legrain, M. Bernas, A. Boudard, C. Stephan, T. Enqvist, M. V. Ricciardi, M.S. Pravikoff, S. Czajkowski, L. Tassan-Got, B. Jurado, W. Wlazlo, J. Benlliure, J.-E. Ducret, J. Taieb, J. Pereira, P. Armbruster, Enrique Casarejos, S. Leray, B. Mustapha, L. Audouin, Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), H. Goutte, H. Faust, G. Fioni, D. Goutte, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Spallation sources, Accelerator-driven systems, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fission, 24.75.+i, 25.85.Ge, 25.40.Sc, Nuclear Theory, 02 engineering and technology, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, Recoil, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Nuclei identification, Recoil velocities, Spallation, Neutron, Nuclide, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Physics, Fission products, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Spallation reaction, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Production of fission fragments, Excitation
Abstract: PACS conv.GSI; The isotopic distributions and recoil velocities of the fission fragments produced in the spallation reaction 208Pb + p at 500 A MeV have been measured using the inverse-kinematics technique, a lead beam onto a liquid-hydrogen target, and the high-resolution spectrometer FRS at GSI. The shapes of the different distributions are found in good agreement with previously published data while the deduced total fission cross-section is higher than expected from existing systematics and some previous measurements. From the experimental data, the characteristics of the average fissioning system can be reconstructed in charge, mass and excitation energy, and the average number of post-fission neutrons can be inferred. The results are also compared to different models describing the spallation reaction. The intranuclear cascade code INCL4 followed by the de-excitation code ABLA is shown to describe reasonably well the evolution of the isotopic distribution shapes between 500 and 1000 A MeV.
Published: 2005

40. The KENTROS Detector for Identification and Kinetic Energy Measurements of Nuclear Fragments at Polar Angles Between 5 and 90 Degrees

Author: C. Agodi, C. Scheidenberger, Francesco Cappuzzello, J. P. Fernández-García, A. Boudard, Alessio Sarti, Daniele Carbone, N. Randazzo, H. Younis, Antonio Brunetti, N. Kurtz, Giacomo Cuttone, F. Marchetto, M. Rousseau, María Isabel Gallardo, C. Sfienti, E. Iarocci, Paola Sala, R. Introzzi, J. Krimmer, G.A.P. Cirrone, Dario Rossi, D. Juliani, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, A. Paoloni, Piernicola Oliva, Christoph Schuy, F. Balestra, M. A. G. Alvarez, E. Spiriti, M. Labalme, Vincenzo Patera, Y. Leifels, C. Finck, A. Sciubba, G. Battistoni, M. De Napoli, Roberto Sacchi, Giuseppina Raciti, M. Bondì, H. Simon, A. Le Fèvre, S. Leray, Valeria Sipala, Manuela Cavallaro, Thomas Aumann, R. Pleskac, G. Ickert, M. C. Morone, L. Stuttge, Felice Iazzi, Marco Durante, Valeria Rosso, J. M. Quesada, V. Monaco, Fabrizio Romano, Luca Piersanti, D. Nicolosi, M. Carpinelli, Bruno Golosio, Z. Abou-Haidar, A. Bocci, T. T. Bohlen, S. Tropea, De Napoli, M, Agodi, C, Brunetti, A, Golosio, B, Nicolosi, D, Oliva, P, Sipala, V, Abou Haidar, Z, Alvarez, M, Aumann, T, Balestra, F, Battistoni, G, Bocci, A, Bohlen, T, Bondi, M, Boudard, A, Carbone, D, Cappuzzello, F, Carpinelli, M, Cavallaro, M, Cirrone, G, Cortes Giraldo, M, Cuttone, G, Durante, M, Fernandez Garcia, J, Finck, C, Gallardo, M, Iarocci, E, Iazzi, F, Introzzi, R, Ickert, G, Juliani, D, Krimmer, J, Kurtz, N, Labalme, M, Leifels, Y, Le Fevre, A, Leray, S, Marchetto, F, Monaco, V, Morone, M, Paoloni, A, Patera, V, Piersanti, L, Pleskac, R, Quesada, J, Raciti, G, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Rossi, D, Rosso, V, Rousseau, M, Sacchi, R, Sala, P, Sarti, A, Scheidenberger, C, Schuy, C, Sciubba, A, Sfienti, C, Simon, H, Spiriti, E, Stuttge, L, Tropea, S, and Younis, H
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scintillator, Kinetic energy, Nuclear fragment, Nuclear physics, Experiment, Laboratory frame, Physics, Kinetic, Double differential, Detector, Nuclear fragmentation, Time resolution, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin), Charged particle, Time of flight, Nuclear physic, Compact detector, Scintillation counter, Polar, Energy deposition, Medical imaging, Polar coordinate system, Radiation, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Time of flight measurement
Abstract: KENTROS (Kinetic ENergy and Time Resolution Optimized on Scintillator) is a relatively compact detector that has been projected and constructed in the framework of the INFN FRAG and TPS experiments. KENTROS has been designed for energy deposition and time of flight measurements of charged particles. The detector ensures an angular coverage from about 5 degrees up to about 90 degrees polar angle in the laboratory frame. Recently KENTROS has been used as part of the FIRST experiment, devoted to measure double differential fragmentation cross sections, with the aim to detect light fragments produced in the nuclear fragmentation process.
Published: 2012

41. The FIRST experiment for nuclear fragmentation measurements at GSI

Author: C. Agodi, N. Kurz, M. Rousseau, Alessio Sarti, A. Bocci, S. Leray, D. Juliani, Giuseppe Battistoni, M. Carpinelli, L. Stuttge, M. C. Morone, H. Simon, T. T. Bohlen, F. Iazzi, Luciano Piersanti, Piernicola Oliva, C. Scheidenberger, R. Introzzi, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, R. Pleskac, I. Leifels, Z. Abou-Haidar, Flavio Marchetto, C. Sfienti, C. Finck, S. Tropea, Marco Durante, Paola Sala, J. M. Quesada, Vincenzo Patera, M. Labalme, M. De Napoli, R. Sacchi, Nunzio Randazzo, Bruno Golosio, Eleuterio Spiriti, M. A. G. Alvarez, Dario Rossi, J. Krimmer, G. Ickert, V. Monaco, Giacomo Cuttone, Christoph Schuy, A. Le Fèvre, Valeria Sipala, Thomas Aumann, A. Boudard, E. Iarocci, Francesco Romano, G.A.P. Cirrone, Giovanni Luca Masala, A. Paoloni, Antonio Brunetti, Adalberto Sciubba, Y. Hannan, Golosio, B, Abou Haidar, Z, Agodi, C, Alvarez, M, Aumann, T, Battistoni, G, Bocci, A, Böhlen, T, Boudard, A, Brunetti, A, Carpinelli, M, Cirrone, G, Cortes Giraldo, M, Cuttone, G, De Napoli, M, Durante, M, Finck, C, Hannan, Y, Iarocci, E, Iazzi, F, Ickert, G, Introzzi, R, Juliani, D, Krimmer, J, Kurz, N, Labalme, M, Leifels, I, Le Fevre, A, Leray, S, Marchetto, F, Masala, G, Monaco, V, Morone, M, Oliva, P, Paoloni, A, Patera, V, Piersanti, L, Pleskac, R, Quesada, J, Randazzo, N, Romano, F, Rossi, D, Rousseau, M, Sacchi, R, Sala, P, Sarti, A, Scheidenberger, C, Schuy, C, Sciubba, A, Sfienti, C, Simon, H, Sipala, V, Spiriti, E, Stuttge, L, Tropea, S, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Energy ranges, Double differential cross sections, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Double differential cross section, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ion, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, Hadron therapy, 0302 clinical medicine, Data acquisition, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Basic research, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Germany, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment, Gold target, Physics, Experimental apparatus, Radiation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, Nuclear fragmentation, Space radiation, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin), Polar angles, Protection application, Space radiations, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Radiology
Abstract: International audience; Nuclear fragmentation processes are relevant in different fields of physics concerning both basic research and applications. FIRST (Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy) is an experiment aimed at the measurement of double differential cross sections (DDCS), with respect to kinetic energy and scattering polar angle, of nuclear fragmentation processes relevant for hadron therapy and for space radiation protection applications, in the energy range between 100 and 1000 MeV/u. The experiment was mounted at the GSI laboratories of Darmstadt, in Germany. A first data taking was performed in August 2011, using 400 MeV/u 12C on carbon and gold targets. In this work we present a description of the experimental apparatus and some figures from the data acquisition and from the preliminary work on data analysis.
Published: 2012

42. A new model for production of fast light clusters in spallation reactions

Author: Sylvie Leray, Alain Boudard, C. Volant, and Joseph Cugnon
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Drag, Cascade, Percolation, Phase space, Nuclear Theory, Mass spectrum, Cluster (physics), Spallation, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon
Abstract: A model is proposed to describe emission of light charged clusters during the cascade stage in nucleon-induced spallation reactions. It consists in implementing a surface percolation procedure into the Liege intranuclear cascade (INCL4) model: when a nucleon is ready to leave the nuclear surface, it is allowed to drag along a cluster of nucleons, under some conditions of closeness in phase space. This possibility relies on the instantaneous dynamical phase space occupancy in the nuclear surface. The following clusters are considered: d,t, 3 He , 4 He . Good agreement is obtained with experimental data relative to heavy and medium-heavy targets at two different energies. It is shown that the implementation of light cluster emission in the cascade stage also improves our previous results for residue mass spectra.
Published: 2004

43. Dynamics of spallation reactions investigated from production cross sections of residual nuclei in collisions induced by238U at 1 A·GeV on proton and deuterium

Author: Enrique Casarejos, S. Czajkowski, J. Benlliure, W. Wlazlo, K.-H. Schmidt, M. Bernas, M.S. Pravikoff, R. Legrain, L. Tassan-Got, T. Enqvist, A. Boudard, C. Stephan, F. Rejmund, J. Pereira, B. Mustapha, P. Armbruster, S. Leray, J. Taieb, and C. Volant
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fissility, Deuterium, Spectrometer, Proton, Spallation, Dissipation, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Excitation
Abstract: A systematic investigation of the isotopic cross sections of nuclear residues produced in the reactions238U (1 A GeV)+p,d has been performed with the high-resolution magnetic spectrometer FRS at GSI. The large range of excitation energies induced in these reactions, together with the high fissility of uranium-like systems constitute an optimum scenario to study the dynamics of spallation reactions. In particular, some fundamental questions connected to the role of dissipation and the onset of a break-up stage at high temperatures can be addressed with these data.
Published: 2004

44. Fission-residues produced in the spallation reaction 238U + p at 1 A GeV

Author: F. Rejmund, Alain Boudard, Enrique Casarejos, S. Czajkowski, Laurent Tassan-Got, J. Taieb, Kjeld Schmidt, R. Legrain, M. Bernas, P. Armbruster, Timo Enqvist, J. Benlliure, J. Pereira, Sylvie Leray, M. V. Ricciardi, Christoph A. Stephan, B. Mustapha, C. Volant, P. Napolitani, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, TheoryofComputation_COMPUTATIONBYABSTRACTDEVICES, Hydrogen, Fission, Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], ComputingMethodologies_ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Spectral line, Momentum, Nuclear physics, Recoil, 0103 physical sciences, Spallation, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, 3. Good health, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, chemistry
Abstract: Fission fragments from 1 A GeV 238U projectiles irradiating a hydrogen target were investigated by using the fragment separator FRS for magnetic selection of reaction products including ray-tracing and DE-ToF techniques. The momentum spectra of 733 identified fragments were analysed to provide isotopic production cross sections, fission-fragment velocities and recoil momenta of the fissioning parent nuclei. Besides their general relevance, these quantities are also demanded for applications. Calculations and simulations with codes commonly used and recently developed or improved are compared to the data., Comment: 60 pages, 21 figures, 4 tables, 2 appendices (15 pages)
Published: 2003

45. Evaporation residues produced in the spallation reaction at 1 AGeV

Author: R. Legrain, F. Rejmund, K.-H. Schmidt, T. Enqvist, J. Benlliure, B. Mustapha, W. Wlazlo, E. Casarejos, C. Stephan, L. Tassan-Got, M.S. Pravikoff, S. Czajkowski, C. Volant, M. Bernas, A. Boudard, S. Leray, P. Armbruster, and J. Taieb
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Fission, chemistry.chemical_element, Uranium, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, Momentum, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Spallation, Nuclide, Atomic number, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The production of heavy nuclides from the spallation-evaporation reaction of 238U induced by 1 GeV protons was studied in inverse kinematics. The evaporation residues from tungsten to uranium were identified in-flight in mass and atomic number. Their production cross-sections and their momentum distributions were determined. The data are compared with empirical systematics. A comparison with previous results from the spallation of 208Pb and 197Au reveals the strong influence of fission in the spallation of 238U.
Published: 2003

46. Impact of Various Models on the Prediction of Spallation Residue Yields and Target Activation

Author: J. C. David, S. Leray, Alain Boudard, L. Donadille, and C. Volant
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Residue (complex analysis), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Cascade, Chemistry, Spallation, Irradiation, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Comparisons between the INCL4 cascade model, recently implemented in LAHET, and Bertini model are made in thin and thick lead targets. The impact of the cascade model used on the estimation of the target activity during its irradiation by a 1 GeV proton beam and its subsequent decay is discussed.
Published: 2002

47. Measurements of Spallation Residues Using Inverse Kinematics at GSI

Author: R. Legrain, J. Pereira, Enrique Casarejos, J. Taieb, Laurent aurent-Tassan, Alain Boudard, Florence Vivés, C. Volant, Michel Pravikoff, F. Rejmund, Sylvie Leray, Brahim Mustapha, M. Bernas, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, Wojciech Wlazł, T. Enqvist, Serge Czajkowski, P. Armbruster, J. Benlliure, and C. Stephan
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Nuclear reaction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Inverse kinematics, Chemistry, Spallation
Abstract: The production cross sections and the kinematical properties of primary residual nuclei have been studied in reactions 197Au + p, 208Pb + p, d, 238U + p, d, and 238U + 208Pb at energies around 1 A GeV. The measured kinematical properties of the residues were also used to disentangle the relevant reaction mechanisms, spallation-evaporation and spallation-fission. The fragment separator FRS at GSI, Darmstadt, was used to separate and identify the reaction products. The measured quantities are important for the design and planning of future radioactive-beam facilities and accelerator-driven systems.
Published: 2002

48. Improvements of Intra-Nuclear Cascade Model Stimulated by Recent Spallation Data

Author: Joseph Cugnon, C. Volant, Alain Boudard, and S. Leray
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, Nuclear Theory, XX, Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, Pauli exclusion principle, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Cascade, symbols, Neutron source, Neutron, Spallation, Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear density, Excitation
Abstract: In high-energy transport codes used to design Accelerator Driven Systems or spallation neutron sources, elementary interactions are computed through nuclear physics models. Among these, Intra-Nuclear Cascade models play a major role since the excitation energy at the end of the INC stage determines the number of evaporated particles. Therefore, in simulation of spallation targets, INC influences the total number of emitted neutrons and the isotopic distribution of produced nuclei. Recent data regarding the production of neutrons and residual nuclei in proton induced reactions make it possible to test the reliability of INC models and to improve them. A new version (INCL4) of the Liege INC model including especially a realistic nuclear density and a consistent treatment of the Pauli principle is presented.
Published: 2002

49. Primary-residue production cross sections and kinetic energies in 1AGeV 208Pb on deuteron reactions

Author: F. Rejmund, M.S. Pravikoff, J. Taieb, J. Benlliure, C. Stephan, S. Leray, B. Mustapha, M. Bernas, P. Armbruster, R. Legrain, A. Boudard, L. Tassan-Got, T. Enqvist, W. Wlazlo, C. Volant, F. Vivés, K.-H. Schmidt, and S. Czajkowski
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Reaction mechanism, Residue (chemistry), Deuterium, Recoil velocity, Mass spectrum, Charge density, Kinetic energy
Abstract: The production cross sections and the kinematical properties of primary residual nuclei have been studied in the reaction 208 Pb(1 A GeV)+d. Isotopic distributions were measured for all elements from titanium ( Z =22) to lead ( Z =82). The measured kinematical properties of the residues were also used to disentangle the relevant reaction mechanisms, spallation–evaporation and spallation–fission. The fragment separator FRS at GSI, Darmstadt, was used to separate and identify the reaction products. The measured quantities are important for the design and planning of future radioactive-beam facilities and accelerator-driven systems. The measured data of the present work are comprehensively compared with the experimental data from the reaction 208 Pb(1 A GeV)+p.
Published: 2002

50. Experimental study on the production of light nuclei in spallation–fission reactions and projectile fragmentation of 238U

Author: T. Enqvist, B. Mustapha, K.-H. Schmidt, F. Rejmund, J. Benlliure, M. V. Ricciardi, S. Czajkowski, M.S. Pravikoff, L. Tassan-Got, R. Legrain, A. Boudard, S. Leray, P. Armbruster, C. Volant, M. Bernas, C. Stephan, Robert, Suzanne, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Reaction mechanism, Isotope, [PHYS.NEXP] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Fission, Nuclear Theory, chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Uranium, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Spallation, Nuclide, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Projectile fragmentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract: With the inverse kinematics method, the reaction mechanism which leads to the formation of light nuclides was investigated with a 1 A GeV 238 U beam impinging on a liquid H 2 target. Isotopes of all elements with Z ⩾6 were unambiguously identified, and the velocity of every produced nuclide was measured with great precision. Results show that very asymmetric fission of uranium nuclei produces neutron-rich isotopes of elements down to around charge 10. When uranium interacts with heavier nuclei the features of the reaction change drastically: while fission is the main mechanism for the production of light masses in 1 A GeV 238 U on H 2 , projectile fragmentation plays a dominant role in 1 A GeV 238 U on Ti leading to the formation of stable or neutron-deficient isotopes of all elements.
Published: 2002

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