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Gender-based medicine is medical research and care conducted with conscious consideration of the sex and gender differences of subjects and patients. This issue of Seminars is focused on diseases for which nuclear medicine is part of routine management and for which the diseases have sex- or gender-based differences that affect incidence or pathophysiology and that thus have differences that can potentially affect the results of the relevant nuclear medicine studies. In this first article, we discuss neurologic diseases, certain gastrointestinal conditions, and thyroid conditions. The discussion is in the context of those sex- or gender-based aspects of these diseases that should be considered in the performance, interpretation, and reporting of the relevant nuclear medicine studies. Cardiovascular diseases, gynecologic diseases, bone conditions such as osteoporosis, pediatric occurrences of some diseases, human immunodeficiency virus-related conditions, and the radiation dose considerations of nuclear medicine studies are discussed in the other articles in this issue.

The article looks at how radiologists provide and contribute to nuclear medicine services in the U.S. According to the article, there is a greater diversity in the training backgrounds of nuclear medicine physicians in the U.S. than in Europe. The article discusses radionuclides, radioisotopes in research, and internal medicine.

Reports on developments in nuclear medicine. Combined SPECT perfusion and PET fludeoxyglucose F 18 metabolic imaging for determining the appropriateness of revascularization; Fusion of SPECT images with other images and PET for accurate localization of tumor foci; Refinements in renal functional analysis; Continued clinical documentation of the value of PET imaging.