Search

International audience; The decay of the 21.47-MeV stretched resonance in 13C, arising from p3/2→d5/2 nucleon excitation coupled to maximum spin, was investigated in a (p,p′) experiment at 135 MeV proton bombarding energy, performed at the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice (CCB) at IFJ PAN in Krakow. First experimental information on the proton and neutron decay branches from this state was obtained by using coincidence measurement of protons inelastically scattered on a 13C target and γ rays from daughter nuclei, namely, 12B (proton decay) and 12C (neutron decay). The main branches lead to the Jπ=2+, first-excited state at 0.953 MeV in 12B, and to the Jπ=1+, T=1 level at 15.110 MeV in 12C. The results were compared with predictions from the Gamow Shell Model (GSM), which was used to describe the stretched resonance in terms of its energy, width, electromagnetic transition strengths and decay pattern. A very good agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated properties of the 21.47-MeV stretched resonance in 13C, demonstrating the high-quality and precision of the GSM wave function calculations, which include coupling to the resonant and non-resonant particle continuum.

Knowledge of the low-lying monopole strength in $\mathrm{^{12}C}$ $-$ the Hoyle state in particular $-$ is crucial for our understanding of both the astrophysically important $3\alpha$ reaction and of $\alpha$-particle clustering. Multiple theoretical models have predicted a breathing mode of the Hoyle State at $E_{x} \approx 9$ MeV, corresponding to a radial in-phase oscillation of the underlying $\alpha$ clusters. The $\mathrm{^{12}C}(\alpha, \alpha^{\prime})\mathrm{^{12}C}$ and $\mathrm{^{14}C}(p, t)\mathrm{^{12}C}$ reactions were employed to populate states in $^{12}$C in order to search for this predicted breathing mode. A self-consistent, simultaneous analysis of the inclusive spectra with R-matrix lineshapes, together with angular distributions of charged-particle decay, yielded clear evidence for excess monopole strength at $E_{x} \approx 9$ MeV which is highly collective. Reproduction of the experimentally observed inclusive yields using a fit, with consistent population ratios for the various broad states, required an additional source of monopole strength. The interpretation of this additional monopole resonance as the breathing-mode excitation of the Hoyle state would provide evidence supporting a $\mathcal{D}_{3h}$ symmetry for the Hoyle state itself. The excess monopole strength may complicate analysis of the properties of the Hoyle state, modifying the temperature dependence of the $3\alpha$ rate at $T_{9} \gtrsim 2$ and ultimately, the predicted nucleosynthesis in explosive stars., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

The status of a project to measure spin-isospin responses of neutron drip-line nuclei using a new low-energy neutron detector, PANDORA (Particle Analyzer Neutron Detector Of Real-time Acquisition), is reported. The performance of PANDORA was characterized by the 6He(p,n)6Li reaction in inverse kinematics at the HIMAC facility in Chiba. Observation of the strong transition to the ground state in 6Li is discussed. Preliminary results of 11Li(p,n)11Be and 14Be(p,n)14B experiments in inverse kinematics at RI Beam Factory (RIBF) of RIKEN Nishina Center are also presented including the exotic decay channel of 11Be→9Li + d. Details of the experimental setup based on PANDORA and the SAMURAI large-acceptance magnetic spectrometer, as well as the combined data-acquisition system are described. The neutron-gamma discrimination capability of PANDORA was evaluated, Figure-of-Merit (FoM) values higher than those found in the literature for similar materials were derived from experimental data.

The low-lying dipole strength in the 90,94Zr nuclei was investigated via (p,p′γ) at 80 MeV and (α,α′γ) at 130 MeV. The experiments, made at RCNP, used the magnetic spectrometer Grand Raiden for the scattered particles and the array CAGRA with HPGe detectors for the γ-decay. For 94Zr these are the first data for both reactions and for 90Zr these are the first data with (p,p′γ) and the first ones at high resolution for (α,α′γ). The comparison of the present results for the two nuclei with existing (γ,γ′) data shows that both nuclear probes produce an excitation pattern different than that of the electromagnetic probes. DWBA calculations were made using form factors deduced from transition densities, based on RPA calculations, characterized by a strong neutron component at the nuclear surface. A combined analysis of the two reactions was performed for the first time to investigate the isoscalar character of the 1− states in 90,94Zr. The (p,p′γ) cross section was calculated using values for the isoscalar electric dipole energy-weighted sum rule (E1 ISEWSR) obtained from the (α,α′γ) data. The isoscalar strength for 90Zr was found to exhaust 20 ± 2.5% of the EWSR in the energy range up to 12 MeV. In case of 94Zr, a strength of 9 ± 1.1% of the EWSR was found in the range up to 8.5 MeV. Although an overall general description was obtained in the studied energy intervals, not all proton cross sections were well reproduced using the isoscalar strength from (α,α′γ). This might suggest mixing of isoscalar and isovector components and that this mixing and the degree of collectivity are not the same for all the 1− states below the particle binding energy.

An inelastic $\alpha$-scattering experiment on the unstable $N=Z$, doubly-magic $^{56}$Ni nucleus was performed in inverse kinematics at an incident energy of 50 A.MeV at GANIL. High multiplicity for $\alpha$-particle emission was observed within the limited phase-space of the experimental setup. This observation cannot be explained by means of the statistical-decay model. The ideal classical gas model at $kT$ = 0.4 MeV reproduces fairly well the experimental momentum distribution and the observed multiplicity of $\alpha$ particles corresponds to an excitation energy around 96 MeV. The method of distributed $m\alpha$-decay ensembles is in agreement with the experimental results if we assume that the $\alpha$-gas state in $^{56}$Ni exists at around $113^{+15}_{-17}$ MeV. These results suggest that there may exist an exotic state consisting of many $\alpha$ particles at the excitation energy of $113^{+15}_{-17}$ MeV., Comment: Accepted for publication in the European Physical Journal A

Spin–isospin excitations in Nb 100 were studied via the Mo 100 ( t , He 3 ) charge-exchange reaction at 115 MeV/u with the goal to constrain theoretical models used to describe the isovector spin response of nuclei. The experiment was performed with a secondary beam of tritons, and 3He particles were analyzed in the S800 magnetic spectrometer. Decay by neutron emission from excited states in Nb 100 was observed by using plastic and liquid scintillator arrays. Differential cross sections were analyzed and monopole excitations were revealed by using a multipole decomposition analysis. The Gamow–Teller transition strength observed at low excitation energies, which is important for estimating the electron-capture rate in astrophysical scenarios, was strongly fragmented and reduced compared to single-particle and spherical mean-field models. The consideration of deformation in the theoretical estimates was found to be important to better describe the fragmentation and strengths. A strong excitation of the isovector spin giant monopole resonance was observed, and well reproduced by the mean-field models. Its presence makes the extraction of Gamow–Teller strengths at high excitation energies difficult. The branches for statistical and direct decay by neutron emission were identified in the spectra. The upper limit for the branching ratio by direct decay (integrated over all observed excitations) was determined to be 20 ± 6 % . Even though the statistical uncertainties in the neutron-coincident data were too large to perform detailed studies of the decay by neutron emission from individual states and resonances, the experiment demonstrates the feasibility of the method.

The Gamow–Teller strength distributions of $${^{116} \text {Sb}}$$116Sb and $${^{122} \text {Sb}}$$122Sb were measured with the $${^{116,122} \text {Sn} (^{3} \text {He},t) ^{116,122} \text {Sb}}$$116,122Sn(3He,t)116,122Sb charge-exchange reactions at $${140 \ \text {MeV/u}}$$140MeV/u. The measurements were carried out at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) at Osaka University in Osaka, Japan using the Grand Raiden spectrometer. The data were analysed by Multipole-Decomposition Analysis (MDA). The Gamow–Teller strengths summed up to $${28 \ \text {MeV}}$$28MeV are $${(38 \pm 7) \%}$$(38±7)% and $${(48 \pm 6) \%}$$(48±6)% of the Ikeda sum rule for $${^{116} \text {Sb}}$$116Sb and $${^{122} \text {Sb}}$$122Sb, respectively, if the quasi-free scattering (QFS) contribution is not subtracted. These percentages are $${(29 \pm 7) \%}$$(29±7)% and $${(35 \pm 5) \%}$$(35±5)%, respectively, if the QFS contribution is maximally subtracted. These results were compared to those from previous measurements of the same isotopes, to recent measurements of $${^{150} \text {Pm}}$$150Pm, and to a Quasi-particle Random-Phase Approximation (QRPA) calculation with Quasi-Particle Vibration Coupling (QPVC). The data suggest that the true QFS contribution is small for $${^{116} \text {Sb}}$$116Sb, but are inconclusive about whether the QFS contribution is small or significant for $${^{122} \text {Sb}}$$122Sb. Therefore, these data may provide an interesting test for the general quenching phenomenon of the Gamow–Teller Resonance (GTR). However, more research to reveal the nature of the QFS contribution is still needed on both the experimental and the theoretical side.

Nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) for double beta decays (DBDs) are crucial for studying the neutrino mass and other neutrino properties beyond the standard electro-weak model by measuring neutrino-less DBDs. The spin-dipole (SD) J π = 2- NME is one of the major components associated with the DBD NME. The SD NME for 76Ge was derived for the first time by using the 74,76 Ge (3He, t) at RCNP Osaka. The obtained SD NME for the 76Ge → 76As ground-state transition is in natural units. This is smaller by a coefficient around k ≈ 0.2 with respect to the quasi-particle model NME. The impact of the reduced (quenched) SD NME on DBD neutrino studies is discussed.

Physics letters / B 763, 16 - 19 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.10.015, Published by North-Holland Publ., Amsterdam

"Why are the tin isotopes soft?" has remained, for the past decade, an open problem in nuclear structure physics: models which reproduce the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) in the "doubly-closed shell" nuclei, $^{90}$Zr and $^{208}$Pb, overestimate the ISGMR energies of the open-shell tin and cadmium nuclei, by as much as 1 MeV. In an effort to shed some light onto this problem, we present results of detailed studies of the ISGMR in the molybdenum nuclei, with the goal of elucidating where--and how--the softness manifests itself between $^{90}$Zr and the cadmium and tin isotopes. The experiment was conducted using the $^{94,96,98,100}$Mo($\alpha,\alpha^\prime$) reaction at $E_\alpha = 386$ MeV. A comparison of the results with relativistic, self-consistent Random-Phase Approximation calculations indicates that the ISGMR response begins to show softness in the molybdenum isotopes beginning with $A=92$., Comment: Accepted for publication to Physics Letters B

The Isoscalar Giant Monopole Resonance (ISGMR) and the Isoscalar Giant Dipole Resonance (ISGDR) compression modes have been studied in the doubly-magic unstable nucleus 56Ni. They were measured by inelastic α-particle scattering in inverse kinematics at 50MeV/u with the MAYA active target at the GANIL facility. The centroid of the ISGMR has been obtained at Ex=19.1 ±0.5MeV. Evidence for the low-lying part of the ISGDR has been found at Ex=17.4 ±0.7MeV. The strength distribution for the dipole mode shows similarity with the prediction from the Hartree–Fock (HF) based random-phase approximation (RPA)[1]. These measurements confirm inelastic α-particle scattering as a suitable probe for exciting the ISGMR and the ISGDR modes in radioactive isotopes in inverse kinematics This work was supported by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme through IA-ENSAR (contract No. RII3-CT-2010-262010) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany, and the United States National Science Foundation (Grants Number PHY-1068192 and PHY-1419765) SI

We report on the first (p,p′γ) experiments at Ep=80 MeV to investigate the Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR) in the semi-magic nucleus 140Ce. This experiment is the latest in a series of experiments to investigate the PDR with different complementary probes to provide a multi-messenger data set on the properties of the PDR in 140Ce. In addition, calculations within the Quasi-particle Phonon Model (QPM) have been performed. Cross sections have been calculated for proton- as well as α-scattering reactions based on the transition densities obtained from the QPM, not only at the RPA level, but including the full model space of up to 3p–3h configurations. This allows for the first time to compare the calculations to the experimental results on an absolute scale for single excitations. Agreement between QPM and experiment is observed, which proves the high accuracy of the calculated transition densities for individual PDR states. Keywords: Pygmy Dipole Resonance, E1 strength, Direct reactions, Collective levels, Quasi-particle Phonon Model

We present a first direct Q -value measurement of the Ga 71 ( ν , e − ) Ge 71 reaction using the TITAN mass-measurement facility at ISAC/TRIUMF. The measurements were performed in a Penning trap on neon-like 71 Ga 21+ and 71 Ge 22+ using isobar separation of the on-line produced mother and daughter nuclei through threshold charge breeding in an electron-beam ion trap. In addition, isoionic samples of 71 Ga 21+ and 71 Ge 21+ were stored concurrently in the Penning trap and provided a separate Q -value measurement. Both independent measurements result in a combined Q -value of 233.5 ± 1.2 keV , which is in agreement with the previously accepted Q -value for the ν cross-section calculations. Together with a recent measurement of the ν -response from the excited states in 71 Ge, we conclude that there are no further uncertainties in the nuclear structure, which could remove the persistent discrepancy between the SAGE and GALLEX calibration measurements performed with neutrinos from reactor-produced 51 Cr and 37 Ar sources and the theoretical expectation.

"Background-free" spectra of inelastic $\alpha$-particle scattering have been measured at a beam energy of 385 MeV in $^{90, 92}$Zr and $^{92}$Mo at extremely forward angles, including 0$^{\circ}$. The ISGMR strength distributions for the three nuclei coincide with each other, establishing clearly that nuclear incompressibility is not influenced by nuclear shell structure near $A\sim$90 as was claimed in recent measurements., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication in Phys. Lett. B

The physics program at the super-conducting fragment separator (Super-FRS) at FAIR, being operated in a multiple-stage, high-resolution spectrometer mode, is discussed. The Super-FRS will produce, separate and transport radioactive beams at high energies up to 1.5 AGeV, and it can be also used as a stand-alone experimental device together with ancillary detectors. Various combinations of the magnetic sections of the Super-FRS can be operated in dispersive, achromatic or dispersion-matched spectrometer ion-optical modes, which allow measurements of momentum distributions of secondary-reaction products with high resolution and precision. A number of unique experiments in atomic, nuclear and hadron physics are suggested with the Super-FRS as a stand-alone device, in particular searches for new isotopes, studies of hyper-nuclei, delta-resonances in exotic nuclei and spectroscopy of atoms characterized by bound mesons. Rare decay modes like multiple-proton or neutron emission and the nuclear tensor force observed in high momentum regime can be also addressed. The in-flight radioactivity measurements as well as fusion, transfer and deep-inelastic reaction mechanisms with the slowed-down and energy-bunched fragment beams are proposed for the high-resolution and energy buncher modes at the Super-FRS. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We report on first results from experiments using the ( α , α ′ γ ) reaction at E α = 136 MeV to investigate bound electric dipole (E1) excitations building the so-called Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR) in the semi-magic nucleus 140Ce. The method of ( α , α ′ γ ) allows the separation of E1 excitations from states of higher multipolarity, provides an excellent energy resolution and therefore allows a detailed analysis for each single state. Studying bound E1 excitations in α-scattering experiments at intermediate energies becomes feasible for the first time even in nuclei with a high level density. The surprising results of the first experiment on 140Ce point to a splitting of the PDR in this nucleus.

The possible existence of \eta'-nucleus bound states has been put forward through theoretical and experimental studies. It is strongly related to the \eta' mass at finite density, which is expected to be reduced because of the interplay between the $U_A(1)$ anomaly and partial restoration of chiral symmetry. The investigation of the C(p,d) reaction at GSI and FAIR, as well as an overview of the experimental program at GSI and future plans at FAIR are discussed., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures; talk at the International Conference on Exotic Atoms and Related Topics (EXA2014), Vienna, Austria, 15-19 September 2014. in Hyperfine Interactions (2015)

The TRI mu P facility, under construction at KVI, requires the production and separation of short-lived and rare isotopes. Direct reactions, fragmentation and fusion-evaporation reactions in normal and inverse kinematics are foreseen to produce nuclides of interest with a variety of heavy-ion beams from the superconducting cyclotron AGOR. For this purpose, we have designed, constructed and commissioned a versatile magnetic separator that allows efficient injection into an ion catcher, i.e., gas-filled stopper/cooler or thermal ionizer, from which a low energy radioactive beam will be extracted. The separator performance was tested with the production and clean separation of Na-21 ions, where a beam purity of 99.5% could be achieved. For fusion-evaporation products, some of the features of its operation as a gas-filled recoil separator were tested. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The reaction Ni-58((p) over right arrow, (p) over right arrow (/)) has been studied at small scattering angles and an incident beam energy of 172 MeV. We extract cross sections and analyzing powers for elastic scattering and transitions to vibrational states at low excitation energies. The data are compared to DWBA98 calculations using different widely used effective projectile-target interactions and the quasiparticle-phonon model including complex configurations for the nuclear structure input. The comparison with the experimental data reveals surprising discrepancies for elastic scattering observables at forward angles, whereas the prominent inelastic transitions to low-lying states are well described. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The direct particle decay of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) has been studied in Pb-208 using the (alpha,alpha'p) and (alpha,alpha'n) reactions at a bombarding energy of 200 MeV. The direct-decay channels of proton and neutron emissions were observed in coincidence with the scattered a-particles in order to study the population of proton-hole states in Tl-207 and neutron-hole states in Pb-207. The results of the partial and total branching ratios allowed us to test recently performed continuum-RPA (CRPA) calculations for the ISGDR and thereby to learn about its microscopic structure.

Spin-isospin excitations of the medium-mass nucleus Co-58 were studied using the (n, p)-type (d,He-2) charge-exchange reaction at an incident energy E-d = 170 MeV and small scattering angles. The achieved energy resolution of 130 keV, full width at half maximum, allowed the extraction of Gamow-Teller strength to 13 peaks at excitation energies lower than 4.1 MeV in the residual nucleus Co-58 and is consistent with the results of a multipole-decomposition analysis. The identification of Gamow-Teller transitions is possible by comparison of the measured cross sections with DWBA calculations. The results are used to discuss the relevance of the Gamow-Teller strength distribution at low excitation energy with regard to electron-capture rates used in calculations for the final stage of a massive star. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gamow-Teller transitions in fp-shell nuclei have been studied using the 58 Ni( d , 2 He) charge exchange reaction at an incident energy of 170 MeV and forward angles. The measurements have been performed at AGOR using the Big-Bite Spectrometer and the EuroSuperNova focal-plane detection system. The unprecedented energy resolution of about 130 keV FWHM for excitations in the residual nucleus 58 Co allowed for the first time the extraction of single transitions in the β + direction up to about 4 MeV excitation. The impact on electron-capture rates in astrophysical environments has been evaluated.

At intermediate energies, the (d, He-2) charge-exchange reaction can be used to observe Gamow-Teller strength in the direction. He-2 denotes the two-proton system being in the singlet S-1(0) state. In the present experiment the two protons, which in the laboratory frame are emitted into the forward direction, have been momentum analyzed and detected in coincidence by the same spectrometer and detector. Protons from deuteron breakup processes can induce a large accidental coincidence background because of the much larger breakup cross-section as compared to the (d, He-2) cross-section. Nevertheless, background-free He-2 spectra with a resolution of 145 keV at an incident energy of 170 MeV are obtained, allowing the identification of many levels with high precision in the residual nuclei. The essential features of the detection system and the data-acquisition and analysis techniques which make our (d 2 He) experiments possible are described. Two nuclei, C-12 and Mg-24, have been used as a test case. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Decay via proton emission of isobaric analog states (IAS’s) in 91 Nb was studied using the 90 Zr(α, t) reaction at E�=180 MeV. This study provides information about the damping mechanism of these states. Decay to the ground state and low-lying phonon states in 90 Zr was observed. The experimental data are compared with theoretical predictions wherein the IAS ‘single-particle’ proton escape widths are calculated in a continuum RPA approach. The branching ratios for decay to the phonon states are explained using a simple model.

The giant resonance regions of 90 Zr, 116 Sn, 144 Sm and 208 Pb were investigated using 240 MeV α particle scattering at small angles including 0°. E1 strengths corresponding to 91±11%, 89±10%, 105±12% and 95±13% of the isoscalar E1 energy-weighted sum rule were identified beteen 18≤E x ≤31 MeV, 16≤E x ≤30 MeV, 15≤E x ≤27 MeV and 15≤E x ≤25 MeV with centroid energies of 24.8±0.4 MeV, 22.5±0.3 MeV, 21.6±0.3 MeV and 19.3±0.3 MeV and rms widths of 3.2±0.2 MeV, 3.5±0.2 MeV, 3.2±0.2 MeV and 2.5±0.2 MeV for 90 Zr, 116 Sn, 144 Sm and 208 Pb, respectively. Parameters obtained for the isoscalar giant monopole resonance, isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance and high energy octupole resonance are in agreement with accepted values.

Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions and $M1$ transitions from or to the ground states are analogous in the pair of $T=1/2$ mirror nuclei, if the excited states hold the mirror-symmetry properties. In order to study the mirror-symmetry structure of the $A=27$ mirror nuclei ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ and ${}^{27}\mathrm{Si},$ experimental data on GT transition strengths obtained from ${}^{27}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Si}}}^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay and from a good-resolution ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}{(}^{3}\mathrm{He}{,t)}^{27}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction at 150 MeV/nucleon and 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} have been compared with $M1$ transition strengths obtained from $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decay in ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ and ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}(\ensuremath{\gamma},{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ reaction. Good overall correspondence of transitions is observed for states up to nearly 9 MeV in excitation energy, where the particle-decay channel becomes important. The difference of excitation energies of analog states in the mirror nuclei are about 250 keV at this excitation energy. From a comparison of $B(M1)$ and $B(\mathrm{GT})$ strengths of the analogous transitions, the contribution of the isoscalar and the orbital terms in the $M1$ operator is found to become prominent in weak $M1$ transitions.

Elastic electron scattering off Si-30 and P-31 was studied in an effective momentum-transfer range of 1.8-3.0 fm(-1). The form-factor data were analyzed together with existing data sets for these nuclei and for S-32 in a model-independent Fourier-Bessel expansion. For P-31 the M1 contribution was subtracted following an established parametrization. Results of Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations, performed for these three nuclei in a spherical basis and in an axially deformed basis, are compared to experiment. Occupancies have been determined which, when used in the spherical-basis HF calculations, lead to a good description of the elastic form-factor data. The deformed-basis calculations have been used to study the influence of the deformation on the calculated binding energies and ground-state charge densities. In all calculations the influence of using different effective nucleon-nucleon interactions was investigated. The resulting differences in 2s(1/2) in occupancy are combined with results from previous existing (e,e'p) experiments to yield ''absolute occupancies'' for the 2s(1/2) orbital. The deduced 2s(1/2) occupancies for Si-30 and S-32 are 0.24(4) and 1.35(19), respectively.

Using inelastic $\alpha$-scattering at extremely forward angles, including $0^\circ$, the strength distributions of the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) have been measured in the $^{204,206,208}$Pb isotopes in order to examine the proposed mutually enhanced magicity (MEM) effect on the nuclear incompressibility. The MEM effect had been suggested as a likely explanation of the "softness" of nuclear incompressibility observed in the ISGMR measurements in the Sn and Cd isotopes. Our experimental results rule out any manifestation of the MEM effect in nuclear incompressibility and leave the question of the softness of the open-shell nuclei unresolved still., Comment: Accepted for publication in Physics Letters B. Very minor changes in text

The isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) in 208 Pb has been investigated using inelastic scattering of 200 MeV α particles at and near 0° where the angular distribution of the ISGDR can be clearly differentiated from other modes. The “difference of spectra” technique was employed to separate the contribution from the high-energy octupole resonance (HEOR). Preliminary angular distribution data provide clear evidence for the ISGDR adjacent to the HEOR.

A cross section enhancement, persisting to high momentum transfer, has been observed around 1HBAR omega in excitation energy in spectra from inelastic proton-, alpha- and electron scattering on Zr-90, Sn-116, Pt-196 and Pb-208. Data are presented for (p,p') at 201 MeV, (alpha,alpha') at 120 MeV and analyzed together with existing data obtained with 133.8 MeV polarized ((p) over right arrow,p') on Sn-116 and electron-scattering data on Sn-116 and Pt-196. Two different interpretations of the observed enhancement are discussed: that of the incoherent sum of all 1HBAR omega cross section and alternatively the sum over the isoscalar normal modes of all multipolarities.

Fragmentation and splitting of the Gamow-Teller (GT) strength has been observed in a systematic study of the ${(}^{3}$He,t) charge-exchange reaction at E${(}^{3}$He)=200 MeV over the entire range of stable Sn isotopes. Triton energy spectra were observed with a high-resolution magnetic spectrometer at angles near \ensuremath{\theta}=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} where \ensuremath{\Delta}L=0 transitions are enhanced. Excitation energies, widths, 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} cross sections, and strengths B(GT) were determined. A theoretically predicted configuration splitting of the main Gamow-Teller component into two components, expected to be dominant near A=118 at the onset of the filling of the 1${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$ neutron orbital, could not be observed. This may be due to the fact that the total widths of the resonances of 5--6 MeV exceed the predicted splitting. A comparison of the 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} cross sections for the transitions to the Gamow-Teller resonances and the isobaric analog states leads to strengths B(GT) for the main Gamow-Teller components of typically 65% of the sum-rule value of 3(N-Z). Three to four additional Gamow-Teller fragments (``pygmy resonances'') were observed in all final nuclei at lower excitation energies. The excellent energy resolution of the experiment made it possible to observe a pronounced fine structure in these low-lying resonances which is believed to be due to coupling to two-particle--two-hole doorway states. Also seen with all target nuclei was a systematic sequence of strong ${\mathit{J}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=${1}^{+}$ states near the ground states in all Sb isotopes (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$=0 to 220 keV). In addition, strong \ensuremath{\Delta}L=1 resonances were observed in all nuclei at excitation energies of typically 20 MeV. Furthermore, nonresonant background from quasifree charge exchange was observed. An average of \ensuremath{\sim}85% of all excess neutrons seems to contribute to this background in approximate agreement with results from (e,e'p) experiments.

The microscopic structure of both the Gamow-Teller resonance (GTR) at Eχ = 15.6 MeV and the spin-flip ΔL=1 resonances at higher excitation energies in 208Bi has been investigated by observing their direct proton decay to the 3p12, 2f52, 3p32, 1i32 and 2f72 neutron-hole states in 207Pb, following their excitation via the 208Pb (3He,t) reaction at E(3He) = 450 MeV. Decay protons were measured at backward angles in coincidence with tritons detected at very forward angles including θ = 0°. The total widths of the resonances as well as total and partial proton escape widths were determined and compared to theoretical estimates for the GTR. Using the same experimental set-up and conditions proton decay of the spin-flip ΔL=1 resonances in 12C was also measured.

Spin-isospin excitations in nuclei have been studied by means of the ( 3 He,t) reactions at 450 MeV. The Gamow-Teller (GT) resonances are found to be strongly excited. A fine structure of the giant Gamow Teller resonances in medium-heavy nuclei is observed with an energy resolution of 130 keV. The volume integrals of the effective interactions J στ and J τ have been determined experimentally. The importance of high resolution observation of the ( 3 He,t) reactions at intermediate energies, both, to study the double β decay processes and to measure the detection sensitivities for solar neutrino experiments is discussed.

The statistical γ-ray decay of the compound nucleus 154 Dy ∗ formed at an excitation energy of 69 MeV is studied in three angular-momentum windows 〈 J 〉 = 31,42 and 50ℏ. The GDR strength function extracted from the data indicates a constant centroid energy for the resonance E GDR = 15.2 ± 0.5 MeV, a small deformation of the nuclear shape for all spin regions and an increase in the resonance width with increasing angular momentum. The latter might indicate larger shape fluctuations at higher angular momenta. A systematical study of the dependence of the extracted strength function with different methods of analysis is presented, and their discrepancies discussed.

The (Pb(He,t)Bi)-Pb-208-He-3-Bi-208 reaction has been studied with the RCNP ring cyclotron at E(He-3) = 450 MeV using the magnetic spectrometer Grand Raiden at theta = 0-degrees. The Gamow-Teller resonance is strongly excited at this bombarding energy. Its microscopic structure has been investigated by measuring the direct proton decay to the neutron-hole states in Pb-207. The branching ratio for proton emission of a few % is much smaller than that for the decay of the isobaric analog state. The total width of the Gamow-Teller resonance as well as its total and partial escape widths have been determined. Several recent theoretical estimates for the escape width differ from the measured values by factors of approximately 2.5.

Spin-isospin excitations in nuclei have been studied by means of the (3He,t) reactions at 450 MeV on the targets sBe, natC, *%ii, 58Ni, 62Ni, seZr, l18Sn, **OSn, 124Sn, and 154Sm. The new spectrometer “Grand Raiden” was employed for the (3He,t) study for the first time. Observed (3He,t) spectra at 0’ show remarkable similarity with those from the (p,n) results at intermediate energies, suggesting a simple direct reaction mechanism for the (3He,t) reaction at 450 MeV. The GamowTeller (GT) resonances and the spin-flip AL=1 resonances are excited very strongly. A fine structure of the GT resonances in medium-heavy nuclei is observed with an energy resolution of 210 keV. It is demonstrated that the (3He,t) reaction at 450 MeV is a powerful tool to study the spin-isospin excitations in nuclei.

The rise time of stellar x-ray bursts is a signature of thermonuclear runaway processes in the atmosphere of neutron stars and is highly sensitive to a series of ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$,$p$) reactions via high-lying resonances in $sd$-shell nuclei. Lacking data for the relevant resonance levels, the stellar reaction rates have been calculated using statistical, Hauser-Feshbach models, assuming a high-level density. This assumption may not be correct in view of the selectivity of the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$,$p$) reaction to natural parity states. We measured the ${}^{28}$Si($p$,$t$)${}^{26}$Si reaction with a high-resolution spectrometer to identify resonance levels in ${}^{26}$Si above the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-emission threshold at 9.164 MeV excitation energy. These resonance levels are used to calculate the stellar reaction rate of the ${}^{22}$Mg($\ensuremath{\alpha}$,$p$)${}^{25}$Al reaction and to test the validity of the statistical assumption.

The ([sup 3]He,[ital t]) charge-exchange reaction has been studied at [ital E]([sup 3]He)=200 MeV and angles near 0[degree] on targets of [sup 117]Sn and [sup 120]Sn. Fragmentation of the giant Gamow-Teller resonance into separate components of the particle-hole type has been observed in good agreement with theoretical predictions. These components are connected with what is usually referred to in the literature as direct-, core-polarization-, and back-spin-flip Gamow-Teller strength. The observed cross sections near [theta]=0[degree] suggest contributions from the isovector spin-flip interaction as well as the isovector tensor interaction. A theoretically predicted configuration splitting of the main Gamow-Teller component into two components involving the 1[ital h][sub 11/2] neutron orbital could not uniquely be identified. The data are compatible, though, with such a splitting since the observed widths of the main Gamow-Teller components in [sup 117]Sb and [sup 120]Sb exceed the predicted splittings.

Expérience GANIL, Spectrometre LISE; International audience; The goal of the present paper is to attempt to clarify the nuclear reaction mechanism leading to the production of fragments at zero degree with neutron number larger than that in the 48Ca projectile, at about 60 MeV per nucleon. The production cross sections of the extremely neutron-rich Si and P isotopes were measured. Concerning the nuclear reaction mechanism leading to the production of these isotopes, one should probably refer to a particular type of transfer mechanism, which results in low excitation energy for the fragments, rather than to the ‘genuine' fragmentation mechanism. An upper limit of about 0.05 pb was estimated for the production cross section for the 47P isotope for which no count was observed.

To study the Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions to the pf-shell nucleus Cu-64, the Ni-64(He-3,t)Cu-64 experiment was performed at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) Ring Cyclotron, Osaka, using a He-3 beam of 140 MeV/nucleon. The outgoing tritons were momentum analyzed by the Grand Raiden spectrometer at 0(degrees). A high energy resolution of 32 keV (full width at half-maximum) allowed the separation of individual levels in the excitation-energy region from 0 to 3.5 MeV. In addition to the ground state (gs), known to be a J(pi)=1(+) GT state, many low-lying states showed L=0 nature, suggesting that they are candidates for GT states. Because the GT strength B(GT) for the gs transition is known from the beta-decay measurement, the strengths for the excited states could be determined using the proportionality between the B(GT) and the reaction cross section extrapolated to q=0 momentum transfer. At higher excitation energies, the level density becomes high and the so-called GT giant resonance dominates the spectrum. The lower and the upper limits of the strength contained in this energy region were estimated. Our results show that less than 55% of the strength predicted by the Ikeda sum rule is located in the excitation-energy region from 0 to 17 MeV..

The excitation and subsequent proton decay of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) in $^{208}$Pb have been investigated via the $^{208}$Pb($\alpha, \alpha^{\prime}p)^{207}$Tl reaction at 400 MeV. Excitation of the ISGDR has been identified by the difference-of-spectra method. The enhancement of the ISGDR strength at high excitation energies observed in the multipole-decomposition-analysis of the singles $^{208}$Pb($\alpha,\alpha^{\prime}$) spectra is not present in the excitation energy spectrum obtained in coincidence measurement. The partial branching ratios for direct proton decay of ISGDR to low-lying states of $^{207}$Tl have been determined and the results are compared with predictions of continuum random-phase-approximation (CRPA) calculations., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication in Physics Letters B

Electron scattering experiments on $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$ and $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ have been performed both at forward and backward angles in order to study the transition charge and current densities of the first excited state in these nuclei. The shape and strength of these densities in $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$ as well as the strong quenching of the transition charge density in $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ relative to that of $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$ and to single-particle estimates can be understood as resulting from pairing correlations and core polarization. The results are also supported by particle vibration coupling model calculations.

Inelastic electron scattering to levels of the ground-state band and the {gamma} band in {sup 150}Nd was studied in a momentum transfer range of 0.5 to 2.8 fm{sup {minus}1}. The extracted transition charge densities were compared to microscopic Hartree-Fock-Boguliubov calculations. The overall agreement between the data and the calculations is good, indicating that the dynamic properties of the rotational collective degrees of freedom in statically deformed nuclei can be well described in this microscopic model.

The 96Mo(d,2He)96Nb charge-exchange reaction was investigated at an incident energy of Ed=183.5 MeV. An excitation-energy resolution of 110 keV was achieved. The experiment was performed at KVI, Groningen, using the magnetic spectrometer BBS at three angular positions: 0°,2.5°, and 6°. We found that below 6 MeV almost the entire Gamow-Teller (GT+) strength is concentrated in a single state at 0.69 MeV excitation energy. As Mo96 is the daughter of the ?? decay nucleus Zr96, the present result provides information about the nuclear matrix elements active in the 2??? decay of Zr96.

The (d,He-2) charge-exchange reaction on the double-beta decay (beta beta) nucleus Zn-64 has been studied at an incident energy of 183 MeV. The two protons in the S-1(0) state (indicated as He-2) were both momentum analyzed and detected simultaneously by the BBS magnetic spectrometer and its position-sensitive detector. He-2 spectra with a resolution of about 115 keV (FWHM) have been obtained allowing identification of many levels in the residual nucleus Cu-64 with high precision. Zn-64 is one of the rare cases undergoing a beta beta decay in beta(+) direction. In the experiment presented here, Gamow-Teller (GT(+)) transition strengths have been extracted. Together with the GT(-) transition strengths from Ni-64(He-3,t) data to the same intermediate nucleus Cu-64, the nuclear matrix elements of the beta beta decay of Zn-64 have been evaluated. Finally, the GT(+/-) distributions are compared with shell-model calculations and a critical assessment is given of the various residual interactions presently employed for the pf shell.

The Gamow-Teller strength for the transition from the ground state of (13)C to the T=1/2,J(pi)=3/2(-) excited state at 3.51 MeV in (13)N is extracted via the (13)C((3)He,t) reaction at 420 MeV. In contrast to results from earlier (p,n) studies on (13)C, a good agreement with shell-model calculations and the empirical unit cross-section systematics from other nuclei is found. The results are used to study the analog (13)N(e(-),nu(e))(13)C reaction, which plays a role in the pre-explosion convective phase of type Ia supernovae. Although the differences between the results from the ((3)He,t) and (p,n) data significantly affect the deduced electron-capture rate and the net heat deposition in the star resulting from this transition, the overall effect on the pre-explosive evolution is small.

The excitation-energy region up to 23 MeV in Ni-58 has been investigated with the (p,p(')) reaction at an incident energy of 172 MeV and forward angles favoring the excitation of the spin-dipole mode in the continuum. The measured cross sections, spin-flip cross sections, and spin-flip probabilities are compared to microscopic reaction-model calculations using various effective projectile-target interactions. The nuclear structure input, which takes into account one-particle one-hole (1p1h) as well as two-particle-two hole (2p2h) excitations, allows for a reasonable description of the continuum region well above the particle-decay thresholds. However, considerable problems remain in the description of spin-flip resonances at lower excitation energies, which cannot be explained by a quenching of the spin-isospin interaction.

The Ni-64(d,He-2)Co-64 reaction was studied at the AGOR cyclotron of KVI, Groningen, with the Big-Bite Spectrometer and the EuroSuperNova detector using a 171-MeV deuteron beam. An energy resolution of about 110 keV was achieved. In addition to the J(pi) = 1(+) ground state, several other 1(+) states could be identified in Co-64 and the strengths of the corresponding Gamow-Teller transitions were determined. The obtained strength distribution was compared with theoretical predictions and former (n,p) experimental results and displayed a good agreement. Due to the good energy resolution, detailed spectroscopic information was obtained, which supplements the data base needed for network calculations for supernova scenarios.