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Background: Most previous studies that investigated associations of surrounding green, air pollution or traffic noise with mortality focused on single exposures., Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate combined associations of long-term residential exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with total non-accidental and cause-specific mortality., Methods: We linked a national health survey (Public Health Monitor, PHM) conducted in 2012 to the Dutch longitudinal mortality database. Subjects of the survey who were 30 years or older on 1 January 2013 (n = 339,633) were followed from 1 January 2013 till 31 December 2017. We used Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate associations of residential surrounding green (including the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in buffers of 300 m and 1000 m), annual average air pollutant concentrations (including particulate matter (PM 10 , PM 2.5 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )) and traffic noise with non-accidental, circulatory disease, respiratory disease, lung cancer and neurodegenerative disease mortality., Results: We observed 26,886 non-accidental deaths over 1.627.365 person-years of follow-up. Surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise exposure were not significantly associated with non-accidental or cause-specific mortality. For non-accidental mortality, we found a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) per IQR increase in NDVI 300 m, a HR of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.01) per IQR increase in NO 2 , a HR of 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) per IQR increase in PM 2.5 and a HR of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.01) per IQR increase in road-traffic noise. Analyses restricted to non-movers or excluding subjects aged 85+ years did not change the findings., Conclusion: We found no evidence for associations of long-term residential exposures to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental or cause-specific mortality in a large population based survey in the Netherlands, possibly related to the relatively short follow-up period., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Green space has been hypothesized to improve cardiometabolic health of adolescents, whereas air pollution and traffic noise may negatively impact cardiometabolic health., Objectives: To examine the associations of green space, air pollution and traffic noise with cardiometabolic health in adolescents aged 12 and 16 years., Methods: Waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in subsets of participants of the Dutch PIAMA birth cohort, who participated in medical examinations at ages 12 (n = 1505) and/or 16 years (n = 797). We calculated a combined cardiometabolic risk score for each participant, with a higher score indicating a higher cardiometabolic risk. We estimated exposure to green space (i.e. the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and percentages of green space in circular buffers of 300 m and 3000 m), air pollution (by land-use regression models) and traffic noise (using the Standard Model Instrumentation for Noise Assessments (STAMINA) model) at the adolescents' home addresses at the time of the medical examinations. We assessed associations of these exposures with cardiometabolic health outcomes at ages 12 and 16 by multiple linear regression, adjusting for potential confounders., Results: We did not observe consistent patterns of associations of green space, air pollution and traffic noise with the cardiometabolic risk score, blood pressure, total cholesterol levels, the total/HDL cholesterol ratio and HbA1c. We found inverse associations of air pollution with waist circumference at both age 12 and 16. These associations weakened after adjustment for region, except for particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at age 12. The association of PM 2.5 with waist circumference at age 12 remained after adjustment for green space and road traffic noise (adjusted difference - 1.42 cm [95% CI -2.50, -0.35 cm] per 1.16 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 )., Conclusion: This study does not provide evidence for beneficial effects of green space or adverse effects of air pollution and traffic noise on cardiometabolic health in adolescents., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND: Surrounding green, air pollution, and noise have been associated with cardiometabolic diseases, but most studies have assessed only one of these correlated exposures. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate associations of combined exposures to green, air pollution, and road traffic noise with cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we studied associations between self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes, hypertension, heart attack, and stroke from a Dutch national health survey of 387,195 adults and residential surrounding green, annual average air pollutant concentrations [including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 lm (PM10), PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤2:5 lm (PM2:5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay (OPDTT)] and road traffic noise. Logistic regression models were used to analyze confounding and interaction of surrounding green, air pollution, and noise exposure. RESULTS: In single-exposure models, surrounding green was inversely associated with diabetes, while air pollutants (NO2, OPDTT) and road traffic noise were positively associated with diabetes. In two-exposure analyses, associations with green and air pollution were attenuated but remained. The association between road traffic noise and diabetes was reduced to unity when adjusted for surrounding green or air pollution. Air pollution and surrounding green, but not road traffic noise, were associated with hypertension in single-exposure models. The weak inverse association of surrounding green with hypertension attenuated and lost significance when adjusted for air pollution. Only PM2:5 was associated with stroke and heart attack. CONCLUSIONS: Studies including only one of the correlated exposures surrounding green, air pollution, and road traffic noise may overestimate the association of diabetes and hypertension attributed to the studied exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors comment on a study published in a 2021 issue of the journal which evaluated the possible associations of long-term exposure to road, railway and aircraft noise with type 2 diabetes in a nationwide cohort from Denmark. Topics covered include the strengths of the study, the impact of the lack of adjustments for lifestyle factors on study findings, and the important contribution of the study to the existing literature about transportation noise and diabetes.