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Abstract Background Headache disorders, including migraine, pose a significant burden globally, with varying prevalence rates across different regions. However, research on migraine in Nigeria and other low-income countries is limited. Understanding the prevalence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes of migraine in Nigeria is essential for informing healthcare policies and improving patient care. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize existing literature on migraine prevalence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes in Nigeria. Eligible studies were identified through comprehensive searches of multiple electronic databases and grey literature sources. Studies reporting migraine prevalence, diagnostic criteria, treatment modalities, and outcomes were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed following established guidelines. Results Ten studies involving 7,768 participants met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of migraine headache in Nigeria was calculated to be 16% (95% CI = 7–28), with significant heterogeneity observed among studies (I² = 99.35%, P

Abstract Background Preeclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with significant morbidity and mortality for both mothers and fetuses. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PE/E, associated complications, and mortality rates in pregnant women in Nigeria using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods A search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies published in English from electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, AJOL, DOAJ and Cochrane Library. Studies investigating the prevalence of PE/E, associated complications, and mortality rates in pregnant women in Nigeria were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted using standardized tools. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using random-effects models. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. Publication bias was evaluated using the Egger test. Results The analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of 4.51% (95% CI 3.82–5.29) for preeclampsia and 1.39% (95% CI 1.02–1.84) for eclampsia in Nigerian pregnant women. Significant heterogeneity was observed for both PE (I 2 = 99.20%, P

Background and context: Researchers have been investigating ways to demystify machine learning for students from kindergarten to twelfth grade (K-12) levels. As little evidence can be found in the literature, there is a need for additional research to understand and facilitate the learning experience of children while also considering the African context. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore how young children teach and develop their understanding of machine learning based technologies in playful and informal settings. Method: Using a qualitative methodological approach through fine-grained analysis of video recordings and interviews, we analysed how 18 children aged 3-13 years constructed their interactions with a machine-based technology (Google's Teachable Machine). Findings: This study provides empirical support for the claim that Google's Teachable Machine contributes to the development of data literacy and conceptual understanding across K-12 irrespective of the learners' backgrounds. The results also confirmed children's ability to infer the relationship between their own expressions and the output of the machine learning-based tool, thus, identifying the input-output relationships in machine learning. In addition, this study opens a discussion around differentials in emerging technology use across different contexts through participatory learning. Implications: The results provide a baseline for future research on the topic and preliminary evidence to discern how children learn about machine learning in the African K-12 context.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) as a subject into K-12 education worldwide is still in its early stages and undoubtedly needs further investigation. There is limited effort on understanding policymakers, teachers and students’ viewpoints on AI learning within the school system. This study gathered the thoughts of key stakeholders, including policymakers, higher education and K-12 teachers, and students in Nigeria, to understand their conceptions, concerns, and dispositions, with the aim of aiding the implementation of AI in schools. We further explored the needs of the diverse stakeholders, how they can be supported and juxtaposed their views to identify their priorities and how their opinions combined could give a holistic approach to the effective implementation of AI education. This research employed a qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews as the means of data collection. The thematic analysis of the interview data from the 21 participants indicates their conceptions, what they considered the priorities for including AI in the school system, concerns and support needed to implement AI in schools. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing conversation on how to effectively integrate AI into school curriculum.

Anthropogenic exposure of domestic animals, as well as wildlife, can result in zoonotic transmission events with known and unknown pathogens including sarbecoviruses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals, most likely resulting from spill-over from humans, have been documented worldwide. However, only limited information is available for Africa. The anthropozoonotic transmission from humans to animals, followed by further inter- and intraspecies propagation may contribute to viral evolution, and thereby subsequently alter the epidemiological patterns of transmission. To shed light on the possible role of domestic animals and wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of sarbecoviruses in Nigeria, and to analyze the possible circulation of other, undiscovered, but potentially zoonotic sarbecoviruses in animals, we tested 504 serum samples from dogs, rabbits, bats, and pangolins collected between December 2020 and April 2022. The samples were analyzed using an indirect multi-species enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV -2, respectively. ELISA reactive sera were further analyzed by highly specific virus neutralization test and indirect immunofluorescence assay for confirmation of the presence of antibodies. In this study, we found SARS-CoV reactive antibodies in 16 (11.5%) dogs, 7 (2.97%) rabbits, 2 (7.7%) pangolins and SARS-CoV-2 reactive antibodies in 20 (13.4%) dogs, 6 (2.5%) rabbits and 2 (7.7%) pangolins, respectively. Interestingly, 2 (2.3%) bat samples were positive only for SARS-CoV RBD reactive antibodies. These serological findings of SARS-CoV and/or SARS-CoV-2 infections in both domestic animals and wildlife indicates exposure to sarbecoviruses and requires further One Health-oriented research on the potential reservoir role that different species might play in the ecology and epidemiology of coronaviruses at the human-animal interface.

While most international educational development projects are engaged in capacity development, trainings rarely have enough depth to result in lasting changes in the capacity of local stakeholders. The case of the Nigeria Centre for Reading, Research and Development (NCRRD) at Bayero University Kano used a different model. Six NCRRD faculty spent six months at Florida State University (FSU) attending courses on literacy and elementary education, attending grant writing trainings and reading seminars, observing literacy instruction in schools, and participating in conferences. After returning to Nigeria, the fellows were mentored by FSU faculty through the stages of a research project; all fellows subsequently submitted articles to international journals. FSU supported the administrative structures of NCRRD, assisting in the development of financial and compliance infrastructure. The outcomes of the partnership included (1) the establishment of the NCRRD as a center for excellence in reading in West Africa, (2) the publication of contextually relevant literature to inform policymakers and practitioners, and (3) the establishment of graduate programs in reading. This paper discusses the challenges faced by the institutions during the establishment of the NCRRD and makes recommendations for institutions interested in developing long-term international partnerships.

The entire globe is battling the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, which has caused a downward spiral in many nations' economies, particularly in the higher education contexts. A growing number of universities have either postponed or cancelled academic activities. A few universities have intensified measures to prevent face-to-face interactions, intending to protect staff members and students from this highly contagious disease. This study investigates the COVID-19 impact on the higher education sector in Nigeria. Interview sessions involving seven lecturers across five universities in three geographical locations of Nigeria were conducted. The interview data were gathered using digital applications, such as Zoom cloud meetings and Skype, transcribed into a textual format, and further analysed. Six themes with corresponding sub-themes emerged from the study. In the final analysis, results revealed that COVID-19 negatively impacted several universities. This study presents opportunities for responding issues, problems and trends that are currently arising and will arise in the future due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Nigerian higher education system.

Over the years, the educational related problems been faced by orphans during their tertiary education seems to under explored. However, there is a need to investigate this phenomenon in order proffer a precise solution. In respects to the forgoing, this study examined educational challenges encountered by orphaned undergraduates of a public university in Kwara State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted for this study with a sample of 258 undergraduate orphans were selected through accidental and snowball techniques. Data were collected with Educational Challenges Questionnaire with reliability coefficient of 0.83. Mean ranking was used to answer the research question while hypotheses were tested with t-test and ANOVA. Results showed that orphaned undergraduates encounter difficulties in getting ICT facilities, financial support, accommodation/hostels, upkeep/welfare, learning resources and many more. Furthermore, the result revealed a significant difference in the educational challenges of male undergraduate orphans and their female counterpart. Also, there was a significant difference in the challenges based on their level with 100 and 500 level undergraduate orphans encountering greater difficulties and respectively. It was therefore recommended that relevant authority should provide basic needs like learning resources, ICT facilities and financial support to support them.

The study investigated the availability of reformation programmes for prisoners in North-West Nigeria. Descriptive survey was adopted as the design for the study. The population comprised the entire prison inmates, prison officials, lawyers and human rights activists (stakeholders) in the North West Nigeria (Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and Zamfara states). The target population comprised the stakeholders from the selected states (Kaduna, Katsina, Jigawa and Kano). Stratified random sampling was used in the study. Out of the seven states, four were selected randomly, and 13 prisons were covered by the study. A total number of 1,338 respondents (1,068 inmates; 200 prison officials; 50 lawyers; and 20 human rights activists) were used for the study. The total population of inmates in the sampled prisons as at April 2017 was 3443. Out of this, 1068 inmates were selected proportionately to respond to the instrument. Researcher designed questionnaires were used for this study. A questionnaire is dedicated to each of the stakeholders. The validity of the instruments was ascertained using content and construct validity. The reliability of the instruments were determined through the use of internal consistency approach based on Cronbach Alpha. Forty inmates were used for the pilot study. The data collected from the study was analysed using descriptive statistics. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions. The hypothesis was tested using chi-square. Findings of the study revealed that out of the five indicators for measuring reformation provisions, the only one described as available was religious education. While other indicators such as facilities, personnel and reading materials; educational continuity and motivation; remedial and adult education; and vocational education were described as not available. The study recommended that libraries should be provided in all prisons; to motivate inmates who excel in academics with scholarship opportunities during and after jail term; and the NPS should involve more private and public organizations in the area of training and development of inmates.

Learning object oriented programming (OOP) has been a daunting and challenging task for students across tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Various literatures have suggested the use of technology as a way to improve students' understanding of the subject. In this study, the overall aim is to investigate the effect of Imikode- a virtual reality (VR) game amongst students of higher educational institutions in Nigeria studying object oriented programming courses and whether there is a positive correlation in their understanding of the subject on one hand and also an improvement in their programming skills on the other hand. First year computer science students across tertiary institutions in Nigeria were recruited to play the game after which the usefulness, satisfaction and ease of use questionnaire was administered. The results of the survey showed a positive correlation in their understanding of the subject and a further booster in their programming skills. Furthermore, the qualitative data analyzed showed how the Imikode tool motivated students in learning OOP concepts and thus, enabling more engagement with the technology as a veritable tool for learning OOP concepts.

The study investigated the effects of Solve-Reflect-Pose Strategy (SRP) on pre-service mathematics teachers' algebraic knowledge for teaching in Nigeria. A pre-test-post-test quasi experimental design was employed. Intact classes were used and in all, 182 pre-service mathematics teachers' participated in the study (92 in the experimental group taught with the SRP and 90 in the control group taught using the Modified Conventional Method (MCM). One research instrument manipulated at three levels namely: Conceptual Knowledge Test (CKT), Procedural Knowledge Test (PKT) and Flexible Procedural Knowledge Test (FPKT), was used for the quantitative data and interview protocol for qualitative data. The two research questions formulated were analysed using descriptive statistics while independent sample t-test was used to analyse the two hypotheses. Results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the mean post-test achievement scores on conceptual knowledge test, procedural knowledge test and flexible procedural knowledge test between preservice teachers exposed to the SRP and those exposed to the MCM, all in favour of the SRP group. Based on the results, SRP should be adopted as an instructional strategy and efforts should be made to integrate the philosophy of SRP into the pre-service teachers' curriculum at the teacher-preparation institutions.

This study investigated creativity Level of Hearing Impaired and Hearing Students of Federal College of Education in Oyo. Specifically, the study investigated the creativity level of hearing and hearing-impaired students. Also, a relationship between gender and onset of hearing loss and students' creativity level were found out. A descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. A purposive sampling technique was used to sample a total of 248 second year students Nigerian Certification in Education (NCE II) of the School of Education who participated in the study. A researcher-designed questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.76 was used to collect data for the study. The Findings showed that the creativity level of hearing-impaired students is significantly higher compared to their hearing peer. It was revealed that female hearing impaired students significantly show a higher level of creativity than their male peer. Also, post-lingual hearing-impaired students are significantly higher in creativity level than their pre-lingua peers. Based on these findings, it was recommended that mainstreaming approach of providing education services adopted by Federal College of Education in Oyo should be strengthened and adopted in all institution where hearing and hearing impaired attend.

Machine learning (ML) literacy has recently been identified as one of critical skills students need to succeed as future creators and innovators. While the significance of introducing ML basics at kindergarten to twelfth grade (K-12) levels is increasingly acknowledged, there is limited research that focuses specifically on collaborative design of ML applications with middle school students. We posit that engaging young children to co-invent and make concrete prototypes improves their ideas, encourages them to become active participants, and allows them to establish the implications of the technology in their everyday lives. In order to lay the foundation for middle school ML education, we collaboratively designed and prototyped ML applications with 43 eighth grade students (ages 11 to 14) in a Nigerian school. The ideas generated by the students indicate that they began to identify the applicability of ML to their daily lives and as a solution to a plethora of societal challenges. This study provides learners’ input and preliminary insights into approaches that could be adopted to promote ML within the compulsory level of education in an African setting. The research contributes to the limited body of knowledge available on effectively teaching ML to young learners using design-oriented pedagogy, especially in the context of an emerging country.

African eggplants are highly valued constituents of the Nigerian food. However, their nutritional potentials have not been fully tapped due to inadequate information on their nutritional and anti-nutritional qualities. This present study investigated the proximate, minerals, anti-nutrient contents as well as the estimation of mineral ratios and Mineral Safety Index of four selected edible solanum species namely, Solanum anguivi, S. gilo, S. menalogena and S. aethiopicum. The proximate contents (%) ranged from 4.19-5.46 (moisture content), 1.71-2.49 (crude fat), 4.57-5.45 (crude ash), 3.76-4.93 (crude protein), 5.20-6.30 (crude fiber) and 77.14-78.58 (carbohydrate). The solanum species were good sources of energy with total metabolizable energy of 1.458MJ-1.484MJ. The four solanum species contained high K, Ca, Mg, low Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, while amount of Cd, Ni and Pb were very low. The mineral ratios of K/Na, Ca/Mg, Ca/K, Zn/Cu and [K/(Ca+Mg)] were below the minimum good ratios levels of 1.0, 4.17, 4.0, 8.0 and 2.2 respectively which are good for man. The anti-nutrient contents revealed low phytate, oxalate and cyanide levels. The calculated Phytate/Zn, Phytate/Ca and Oxalate/Ca were lower than the threshold levels and would support absorption and bioavailability of Zn and Ca in the samples while that of Phytate/Fe was above the critical value and this indicates unavailability of iron in these eggplant fruits. The mineral differences observed showed that S. menalogena and S. aethiopicum had greater minerals while the Mineral Safety Index results revealed that the body could not be overloaded with any of the minerals investigated. The eggplants are rich in fiber, ash, carbohydrate and minerals with moderate protein. The low level of the anti-nutrient is good and poses no deleterious effect when consumed. The eggplants have nutritional health benefits; hence, their consumption should be encouraged to address food insecurity in Nigeria

Background: Reservoirs serve as fishing and domestic water resources for the people living around the catchment area. However, natural activities threaten the water quality, therefore, constant and proper monitoring of the reservoir is necessary. This study aimed to examine seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria. Methods: Water quality data of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria, for 7 years (January 2014 to December 2020) were collected and analyzed to understand the seasonal variation. Ten water quality parameters including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride (Cl-), total Iron, nitrate (NO3-), and manganese (Mn) were analyzed. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to select the probability distribution which provides the best fit by EasyFit software. The functions included Weibull, Exponential, Fréchet, Gamma, Lognormal, and Normal. Seasonal variation was determined using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Results: The results showed that pH, EC, temperature, TDS and NO3- approach the Weibull distribution. Turbidity and total Iron approach the Fréchet distribution. Mn approaches the normal distribution, while DO and Cl- approach the Gamma distribution. The output of non-parametric Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s statistical criterion indicates a significant difference at 5% significance level between the pH and total Iron values recorded in both seasons. This suggests that season has an effect on the concentration of pH and total Iron. Conclusion: Out of the 10 parameters examined, pH and total Iron are climatologically influenced.

Abstract Background Prostate schistosomiasis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the prostate. In an endemic environment, it may mimic the sinister condition of the prostate in its clinical presentation. Despite the high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis documented in our environment, prostate involvement is rarely encountered in routine clinical practice. We report and share our experience in the management of two cases of prostate schistosomiasis that presented with abnormal digital rectal examination and elevated prostate-specific antigen suggestive of prostate cancer but proved otherwise by the histology report. Case presentation The first patient was a 50-year-old man who presented with a history of voiding and storage lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and urinary retention relieved by urethral catheterization. There was no other significant history except for past childhood terminal hematuria. The remarkable findings on physical examination were in the digital rectal examination which revealed enlarged prostate, hard, nodular, obliterated median groove, and restricted mobility of overlying rectal mucosa. The total serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 1.2 ng/ml. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy and histology confirmed prostate schistosomiasis on a background of nodular hyperplasia. The second patient was an 80-year-old man who presented with a history of voiding and storage lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and urinary retention relieved by urethral catheterization. There was no other significant history and no past childhood terminal hematuria. There were no remarkable findings on physical examination except for the enlarged prostate with benign findings on digital rectal examination. The initial total serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 31.0 ng/ml. The repeated PSA was 7.5 ng/ml after antimicrobial therapy. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy and histology confirmed prostate schistosomiasis on a background of nodular hyperplasia. He had two sessions of Bipolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate following failed medical treatment. Conclusions Schistosomiasis of the prostate may mimic the clinical or biochemical presentation of prostate cancer. The attending physician requires high index of suspicion to arrive at this diagnosis, especially for the urologist practicing in an endemic area.

Researchers' efforts to build a knowledge base of how middle school students learn about machine learning (ML) is limited, particularly, considering the African context. Hence, we conducted an experimental classroom study (N = 32) within the context of extracurricular activities in a Nigerian middle school to discern how students engaged with ML activities. Furthermore, we explored whether participation in our intervention program elicit changes in students' ML comprehension, and perceptions. Using multiple qualitative data collection techniques including interviews, pre-post open-ended surveys and written assessments, we uncover evidence that indicated evolution of students’ ML understanding, ethical awareness, and societal implication of ML. In addition, our findings showed that a middle school student can learn and understand ML, even when one had no prior knowledge or interest in science related careers. The findings have implication for pedagogical design of AI instruction in middle school context. We discuss the implication of our results for researchers and relevant stakeholders, highlight the limitations and chart future work paths.

This study examined the use of a social media platform -- WhatsApp -- by computer science students for learning computing education in the context of a Nigerian education institution. Nowadays, a large community of students in higher education institutions has embraced the WhatsApp platform for social interactions which makes it a useful tool in education. In this study, students formed three closed groups, and each group had a specific computing topic they discussed. Their discussions were in the form of posting questions, providing answers to questions, or expressing knowledge on the group topic. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants regarding their experiences. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the students' learning outcomes. The results show that the use of social media contributes positively to students' learning achievement, and they are motivated to acquire more knowledge about different computing topics.

In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry sector was exposed to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic challenges. Between 2021 and 2022, HPAI caused 467 outbreaks reported in 31 of the 37 administrative regions in Nigeria. In this study, we characterized the genomes of 97 influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8, which were identified in different agro-ecological zones and farms during the 2021–2022 epidemic. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed a widespread distribution of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b and similarity with the HPAI H5Nx viruses that have been detected in Europe since late 2020. The topology of the phylogenetic trees indicated the occurrence of several independent introductions of the virus into the country, followed by a regional evolution of the virus that was most probably linked to its persistent circulation in West African territories. Additional evidence of the evolutionary potential of the HPAI viruses circulating in this region is the identification in this study of a putative H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a mixed-species commercial poultry farm. Our data confirm Nigeria as a crucial hotspot for HPAI virus introduction from the Eurasian territories and reveal a dynamic pattern of avian influenza virus evolution within the Nigerian poultry population.

This study evaluated the ergonomic performance of drivers’ workstations in southwest Nigeria. Fifty urban buses selected from ten brands were investigated by direct measurement. The buses were mini-A and midi-B. Vertical and horizontal distances of the seat reference point to the pedal and steering wheel, with the seat dimensions were considered. The anthropometric dimensions of 150 male bus drivers were taken from South-west Nigeria. The results revealed that the values for driver’s seat height from the cabin floor, seat backrest height, seat shoulder level width and low back width were 44.00- 50.00cm, 53.00-58.15cm, 40.00-50.00cm and - 40.15cm respectively as against 39.15- 43.00cm, 38.75-49.49cm, 34.60-43.59cm and 45.73-53.25cm respectively in the urban bus workstations. It is concluded that the drivers’ workstations in the urban buses were not ergonomically fit for the bus drivers since the anthropometric dimension of the Nigerian male bus drivers were not considered in the designing of the buses.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral poultry disease known worldwide for impacting the economy and food security. The disease is endemic in Nigeria, with reported outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. To gain insight into the dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) evolution in Nigeria, near-complete genomes of four IBDVs were evaluated. Amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region of the VP2 revealed conserved markers (222A, 242I, 256I, 294I and 299S) associated with very virulent (vv) IBDV, including the serine-rich heptapeptide motif (SWSASGS). Based on the newly proposed classification for segments A and B, the IBDVs clustered in the A3B5 group (where A3 are IBDVs with vvIBDV-like segment A, and where B5 are from non-vvIBDV-like segment B) form a monophyletic subcluster. Unique amino acid mutations with yet-to-be-determined biological functions have been observed in both segments. Amino acid sequences of the Nigerian IBDVs showed that they are reassortant viruses. Circulation of reassortant IBDVs may be responsible for the vaccination failures observed in the Nigerian poultry population. Close monitoring of changes in the IBDV genome is recommended to nip deleterious changes in the bud through the identification and introduction of the most appropriate vaccine candidates and advocacy/extension programs for properly implementing disease control.

Abstract Background Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Africa. There is inadequate information regarding malaria transmission-intensity in some of the worst-affected parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) was developed in 2006, to project estimates of malaria transmission intensity where this data is not available, based on the vector behaviour for malaria. Data from malariometric studies globally were obtained and modelled to provide prevalence estimates. The sensitivity of these maps, however, reduces with unavailability of data. This necessitates a validation of these maps locally, and investigation into alternative methods of predicting prevalence to guide malaria control interventions and improve their efficiency and effectiveness. This study was conducted to compare the true estimates in Sokoto, Nigeria, with the MAP projections for north-western Nigeria, and it proposes an alternative way of mapping malaria intensity in Nigeria and beyond. Methods A malariometric survey was conducted including children aged 2–10 years in communities in Wamakko Local Government Area (LGA) of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Children had blood examinations for the presence of malaria parasitaemia and a physical examination for the signs of clinical malaria. All the sites from which children were included in the study were geo-located using a hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) device and compared this to MAP maps of the same area. A mapping software was also used to generate a malaria prevalence map of the study area, considering the average flight distances of the vector. Results The prevalence among children 2 to 10 years was found to be 34.8% which was within the 30–40% projected prevalence for the study area by MAPs. However, it was much lower than the projection during the dry season (20.2%) and higher than the projected estimate during the rainy season (49.3%). There was monoparasitaemia of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the study area, although the study was not specifically designed to identify other species. The prevalence of parasitaemia and splenomegaly were similar when overall and when considered by age of the participants. The study also generated a map of malaria transmission, which mapped out areas where the prevalence was confirmed or likely to be to be within the range of 30–40%, based on the sites which constituted the study area for this study. Conclusion The study concludes that the prevalence of malaria and its transmission intensity in Sokoto are similar to Malaria Atlas Project predictions for the area and that, for malaria control planning purposes, the projections may be utilized, with more efforts at validation of the MAPs in other locations and terrains. Also, the vector behaviour may be used to map transmission of malaria and other vector-transmitted diseases, where this information is lacking.

As society deals with the advances and disruptions owing to artificial intelligence, children must understand how it works. Especially that children grow up with these technologies will help them develop into informed citizens and better understand the world around them. While artificial intelligence education has been considered relevant, there is a growing global trend to teach artificial intelligence across K-12 levels. This development has necessitated designing and implementing artificial intelligence curriculum and related resources in schools. Notwithstanding that the developed curriculum may be adopted in another context, unique needs exist that suggest contextual and cultural values be considered. Besides, the current curriculum and resources designed to promote artificial intelligence education literacy are eastern and western-centric, which indicates a clear gap in artificial intelligence education in Africa. Therefore, this study examines the competencies required to be artificial intelligence literate, utilizing Nigerian secondary school students’ data considering gender variation and school ownership type. A total of 605 students provided valuable responses for the analysis done with WarpLS software. We performed structural equation modelling to understand the relationship among the adopted variables utilized in the study. This study reveals the importance of teamwork and the significance of human-tool collaboration in artificial intelligence literacy through course content. This finding emphasizes the significance of teamwork among students to keep up with the pace of emerging technologies. The multigroup analysis also reveals no significant differences across gender and school type. We conclude the study with the implication of the findings and proposed future research agenda.

The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa’s preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health.

ABSTRACTSince 2013, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4) has been reported in wild birds and poultry in Asia as well as in other parts of the globe. In Africa, information on the presence of this virus subtype is lacking. This study reports the first detection of a HPAI (H5N6) virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) in a duck from a live bird market in Nigeria, whose genome is closely related to the European 2017–2018 H5N6 viruses, indricating a recent virus introduction into the African continent.

Abstract Background The development and spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Greater Mekong Subregion has created impetus for continuing global monitoring of efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). This post analyses is aimed to evaluate changes in early treatment response markers 10 years after the adoption of ACTs as first-line treatments of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigeria. Methods At 14 sentinel sites in six geographical areas of Nigeria, we evaluated treatment responses in 1341 children under 5 years and in additional 360 children under 16 years with uncomplicated malaria enrolled in randomized trials of artemether-lumefantrine versus artesunate-amodiaquine at 5-year interval in 2009–2010 and 2014–2015 and at 2-year interval in 2009–2010 and 2012–2015, respectively after deployment in 2005. Results Asexual parasite positivity 1 day after treatment initiation (APPD1) rose from 54 to 62% and 2 days after treatment initiation from 5 to 26% in 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 (P = 0.002 and P 75 000 μl− 1, haematocrit > 27% 1 day post-treatment initiation, treatment with artemether-lumefantrine and enrolment in 2014–2015 independently predicted APPD1. In parallel, Kaplan-Meier estimated risk of recurrent infections by day 28 rose from 8 to 14% (P = 0.005) and from 9 to 15% (P = 0.02) with artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine, respectively. Mean asexual parasitaemia half-life increased significantly from 1.1 h to 1.3 h within 2 years (P

Occupational training is a crucial feature in enhancing workforce efficiency and the expertise involved in any profession. This is carried out through a variety of ways such as institutional training, basic instructions, excursions, industrial training, laboratory lessons, workshop operations, field studies, intensive problem-solving based seminars, personal contacts with experts and various "extempore modus operandi" in one's chosen profession, and extracurricular activities. This study analyses the associated occupational exposure incidents of Nigerian engineering students during their 6-month industrial work experience. Data were collected using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire having 5-point Likert scale and closed format. The defined conceptual basis and aim of the study guided the questionnaire development. These include employer imposed factors, job/work factors, and trainee (student) factors. The analyzed data showed that the level of occupational exposure incidents observed among Nigerian engineering students in their places of attachment was minimal. However, the observed levels of occupational exposure in this study were a result of uncontrolled hazards which cause occupational diseases among industrial trainees (students). This goes to state that appropriate basic safety practice which is one of the major work ethics in engineering profession should be given utmost consideration by all concerned parties to ensure reduction of hazards in work environment to its barest minimum.

Since 2006, multiple outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) have been reported in Nigeria involving different subtypes. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology have revealed the vital role of live bird markets (LBMs) in the dissemination of AI virus to commercial poultry farms. To better understand the ecology and epidemiology of AI in Nigeria, we performed whole-genome sequencing of nineteen H9N2 viruses recovered, from apparently healthy poultry species, during active surveillance conducted in nine LBMs across Nigeria in 2019. Analyses of the HA gene segment of these viruses showed that the H9N2 strains belong to the G1 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, and are clustered with contemporary H9N2 identified in Africa between 2016 and 2020. We observed two distinct clusters of H9N2 viruses in Nigeria, suggesting different introductions into the country. In view of the zoonotic potential of H9N2 and the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of AI virus in Nigeria, continuous monitoring of the LBMs across the country and molecular characterization of AIVs identified is advocated to mitigate economic losses and public health threats.

Aim: To characterize field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from outbreaks in nine states in Nigeria through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequence analysis of portions of the VP2 and VP1 genes and to determine the presence or absence of reassortant viruses. Materials and Methods: A total of 377 bursa samples were collected from 201 suspected IBD outbreaks during 2009 to 2014 from nine states in Nigeria. Samples were subjected to RT-PCR using VP2 and VP1 gene specific primers, and the resulting PCR products were sequenced. Results: A total of 143 samples were positive for IBDV by RT-PCR. These assays amplified a 743 bp fragment from nt 701 to 1444 in the IBDV VP2 hypervariable region (hvVP2) of segment A and a 722 bp fragment from nt 168 to 889 in the VP1 gene of segment B. RT-PCR products were sequenced, aligned and compared with reference IBDV sequences obtained from GenBank. All but one hvVP2 sequence showed similarity to very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) reference strains, yet only 3 of the VP1 67 VP1 sequences showed similarity to the VP1 gene of vvIBDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a new lineage of Nigerian reassortant IBDV strains. Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of genome segment A and B of IBDV in Nigeria confirmed the existence of vvIBDV in Nigeria. In addition, we noted the existence of reassortant IBDV strains with novel triplet amino acid motifs at positions 145, 146 and 147 in the reassorted Nigerian IBDV.

There are few published reports of mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) genes in P. falciparum populations in Nigeria, but one previous study has recorded a novel dhps mutation at codon 431 among infections imported to the United Kingdom from Nigeria. To assess how widespread this mutation is among parasites in different parts of the country and consequently fill the gap in sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance data in Nigeria, we retrospectively analysed 1000 filter paper blood spots collected in surveys of pregnant women and children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria between 2003 and 2015 from four sites in the south and north. Genomic DNA was extracted from filter paper blood spots and placental impressions. Point mutations at codons 16, 50, 51, 59, 108, 140 and 164 of the dhfr gene and codons 431, 436, 437, 540, 581 and 613 of the dhps gene were evaluated by nested PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing. The distribution of the dhps-431V mutation was widespread throughout Nigeria with the highest prevalence in Enugu (46%). In Ibadan where we had sequential sampling, its prevalence increased from 0% to 6.5% between 2003 and 2008. Although there were various combinations of dhps mutations with 431V, the combination 431V + 436A + 437G+581G+613S was the most common. All these observations support the view that dhps-431V is on the increase. In addition, P. falciparum DHPS crystal structure modelling shows that the change from Isoleucine to Valine (dhps-431V) could alter the effects of both S436A/F and A437G, which closely follow the 2nd β-strand. Consequently, it is now a research priority to assess the implications of dhps-VAGKGS mutant haplotype on continuing use of SP in seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). Our data also provides surveillance data for SP resistance markers in Nigeria between 2003 and 2015.

Background: Malaria is caused by one of five currently known Plasmodium parasite species causing disease in humans. While modelling has provided information of the vector, the same is not entirely the case for the parasite. The World Malaria reports of 2014 to 2016 reported 100% of confirmed cases from Nigeria being due to Plasmodium falciparum. Generally, about 98% of cases of uncomplicated malaria in most regions surveyed in Nigeria recently is due to P. falciparum, with the remainder being due to P. malariae. This study aimed to determine the proportions of Plasmodium parasites causing uncomplicated malaria in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State, north-western Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted during the rainy season and dry season in north-western Nigeria. The area has a ‘local steppe’ climate and Sudanian Savannah vegetation. Sampling was via multistage cluster sampling. Selected participants were examined for pallor, palpable splenomegaly and signs of complicated malaria. Blood samples were also taken for rapid diagnosis of malaria and thick and thin films to identify parasitaemia and the parasite species. Participants found to have malaria were treated with Artemether/Lumefantrine and those with complicated malaria were referred to the nearest hospital. Results: We found a parasite prevalence of 34.8% overall, which was higher in the rainy season (49.3%) than in the dry season (20.2%). There was monoparasitaemia of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the study area, irrespective of the clinical status of the participant. Mapping of the parasite was extended throughout the Local Government Area and the State. Conclusions: Despite the intermediate endemicity in the area. P. falciparum monoparasitaemia affirms theories of disappearance of other parasite species, either due to faltering control of P. falciparum or more efficient control of other species.

Background: Malaria is caused by one of five currently known Plasmodium parasite species causing disease in humans. While modelling has provided information of the vector, the same is not entirely the case for the parasite. The World Malaria reports of 2014 to 2016 reported 100% of confirmed cases from Nigeria being due to Plasmodium falciparum. Generally, about 98% of cases of uncomplicated malaria in most regions surveyed in Nigeria recently is due to P. falciparum, with the remainder being due to P. malariae. This study aimed to determine the proportions of Plasmodium parasites causing uncomplicated malaria in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State, north-western Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted during the rainy season and dry season in north-western Nigeria. The area has a ‘local steppe’ climate and Sudanian Savannah vegetation. Sampling was via multistage cluster sampling. Selected participants were examined for pallor, palpable splenomegaly and signs of complicated malaria. Blood samples were also taken for rapid diagnosis of malaria and thick and thin films to identify parasitaemia and the parasite species. Participants found to have malaria were treated with Artemether/Lumefantrine and those with complicated malaria were referred to the nearest hospital. Results: We found a parasite prevalence of 34.8% overall, which was higher in the rainy season (49.3%) than in the dry season (20.2%). There was monoparasitaemia of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the study area, irrespective of the clinical status of the participant. Mapping of the parasite was extended throughout the Local Government Area and the State. Conclusions: Despite the intermediate endemicity in the area. P. falciparum monoparasitaemia affirms theories of disappearance of other parasite species, either due to faltering control of P. falciparum or more efficient control of other species.

Background: Globally, the incidence and mortality from gallbladder diseases is on the rise. The gold standard for the management of symptomatic gallbladder disease is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The practice of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is at a nascent stage in Low and middle-income countries like Nigeria despite its obvious advantages over traditional open cholecystectomy. This systematic review aims to assess the extent to which laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed for the management of gallbladder diseases in Nigeria. Methodology: The review was guided by the PRISMA model. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and Global health databases. All searches were conducted in August 2023. All study designs reporting laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Nigeria, in the past 10 years were included. Three authors conducted the data extraction using data extraction tables and two authors independently assessed the data for accuracy and completeness. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool was used to assess the data quality. Twenty-two articles with 1569 patients were included in this review. Results: Females accounted for 69.5% of the patients and 30.5% were males. Twelve (54.5%) of the studies were from the Southwest of the country, 3 (13.6%) each from the South East and North Central regions, 2 (9.1%) South-South, and 1 (4.5%) each from the North East and North West. Study designs were mostly cross-sectional with sample sizes from 1 to 400. The highest and lowest number of laparoscopic cholecystectomies reported were 300 and 1 respectively. The majority (95.2%) of laparoscopic cholecystectomies were on account of calculous cholecystitis and the methods reported were the 4-port and 3-port techniques. The follow-up period ranged from 3 weeks to 2 years with 54 (3.4%) complications reported. Conclusions: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Nigeria is relatively safe with minimal complications. Its demand and uptake are on the rise, though slowly owing to its relatively high cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]