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MicroRNA-124 contributes to neurogenesis through regulating its targets, but its expression both in the brain of Huntington′s disease mouse models and patients is decreased. However, the effects of microRNA-124 on the progression of Huntington′s disease have not been reported. Results from this study showed that microRNA-124 increased the latency to fall for each R6/2 Huntington′s disease transgenic mouse in the rotarod test. 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining of the striatum shows an increase in neurogenesis. In addition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha protein levels in the striatum were increased and SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 9 protein level was decreased. These findings suggest that microRNA-124 slows down the progression of Huntington′s disease possibly through its important role in neuronal differentiation and survival.

OBJECTIVE: China is the only country where nerve growth factor is approved for large-scale use as a clinical medicine. More than 10 years ago, in 2003, nerve growth factor injection was listed as a national drug. The goal of this article is to evaluate comprehensively the efficacy and safety of nerve growth factor for the treatment of neurological diseases. DATA RETRIEVAL: A computer-based retrieval was performed from six databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Sino Med, CNKI, and the VIP database, searching from the clinical establishment of nerve growth factor for treatment until December 31, 2013. The key words for the searches were "nerve growth factor, randomized controlled trials" in Chinese and in English. DATA SELECTION: Inclusion criteria: any study published in English or Chinese referring to randomized controlled trials of nerve growth factor; patients with neurological diseases such as peripheral nerve injury, central nerve injury, cranial neuropathy, and nervous system infections; patients older than 7 years; similar research methods and outcomes assessing symptoms; and measurement of nerve conduction velocities. The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.2.3 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The total effective rate, the incidence of adverse effects, and the nerve conduction velocity were recorded for each study. RESULTS: Sixty-four studies involving 6,297 patients with neurological diseases were included. The total effective rate in the group treated with nerve growth factor was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.0001, RR: 1.35, 95%CI: 1.30-1.40). The average nerve conduction velocity in the nerve growth factor group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.00001, MD: 4.59 m/s, 95%CI: 4.12-5.06). The incidence of pain or scleroma at the injection site in the nerve growth factor group was also higher than that in the control group (P < 0.00001, RR: 6.30, 95%CI: 3.53-11.27), but such adverse effects were mild. CONCLUSION: Nerve growth factor can significantly improve nerve function in patients with nervous system disease and is safe and effective.

Apelin-13 inhibits neuronal apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide, yet apoptosis following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has rarely been studied. In this study, Apelin-13 (0.1 µg/g) was injected into the lateral ventricle of middle cerebral artery occlusion model rats. TTC, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, infarct volume and apoptotic cell number at the ischemic penumbra region were decreased in the Apelin-13 treatment group. Additionally, Apelin-13 treatment increased Bcl-2 immunoreactivity and decreased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest that Apelin-13 is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.

In the repair of peripheral nerve injury using autologous or synthetic nerve grafting, the magnitude of tensile forces at the anastomosis affects its response to physiological stress and the ultimate success of the treatment. One-dimensional stretching is commonly used to measure changes in tensile stress and strain however, the accuracy of this simple method is limited. Therefore, in the present study, we established three-dimensional finite element models of sciatic nerve defects repaired by autologous nerve grafts. Using PRO E 5.0 finite element simulation software, we calculated the maximum stress and displacement of an anastomosis under a 5 N load in 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-mm long autologous nerve grafts. We found that maximum displacement increased with graft length, consistent with specimen force. These findings indicate that three-dimensional finite element simulation is a feasible method for analyzing stress and displacement at the anastomosis after autologous nerve grafting.

Ligustrazine (2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) is a major active ingredient of the Szechwan lovage rhizome and is extensively used in treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The mechanism of action of ligustrazine use against ischemic cerebrovascular diseases remains unclear at present. This study summarizes its protective effect, the optimum time window of administration, and the most effective mode of administration for clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We examine the effects of ligustrazine on suppressing excitatory amino acid release, promoting migration, differentiation and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells. We also looked at its effects on angiogenesis and how it inhibits thrombosis, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. We consider that ligustrazine gives noticeable protection from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The time window of ligustrazine administration is limited. The protective effect and time window of a series of derivative monomers of ligustrazine such as 2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, CXC137 and CXC195 after cerebral ischemia were better than ligustrazine.

This study aimed to detect the difference in resting cerebral activities between ischemic stroke patients and healthy participants, define the abnormal site, and provide new evidence for pathological mechanisms, clinical diagnosis, prognosis prediction and efficacy evaluation of ischemic stroke. At present, the majority of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies focus on the motor dysfunction and the acute stage of ischemic stroke. This study recruited 15 right-handed ischemic stroke patients at subacute stage (15 days to 11.5 weeks) and 15 age-matched healthy participants. A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed on each subject to detect cerebral activity. Regional homogeneity analysis was used to investigate the difference in cerebral activities between ischemic stroke patients and healthy participants. The results showed that the ischemic stroke patients had lower regional homogeneity in anterior cingulate and left cerebrum and higher regional homogeneity in cerebellum, left precuneus and left frontal lobe, compared with healthy participants. The experimental findings demonstrate that the areas in which regional homogeneity was different between ischemic stroke patients and healthy participants are in the cerebellum, left precuneus, left triangle inferior frontal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate. These locations, related to the motor, sensory and emotion areas, are likely potential targets for the neural regeneration of subacute ischemic stroke patients.

Thalidomide is an effective drug for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis but might induce peripheral neuropathy. This major adverse reaction has attracted much concern. The current study aimed to observe the incidence of thalidomide-induced peripheral neuropathy among ankylosing spondylitis patients for 1 year after treatment. In this study, 207 ankylosing spondylitis cases received thalidomide treatment, while 116 ankylosing spondylitis cases received other treatments. Results showed that the incidence of thalidomide-induced peripheral neuropathy in the thalidomide group was higher than that in the non-thalidomide group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of neuropathy between the < 6 months medication and ≥ 6 months medication groups. There were no differences in the mean age, gender, or daily dose between the two groups. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy among patients receiving 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg thalidomide per day was 4.6%, 8.5%, 17.1%, 21.7%, respectively. The incidence was significantly different between the groups receiving 25 mg and 100 mg thalidomide. In conclusion, thalidomide can induce peripheral neuropathy within 1 year after treatment of ankylosing spondylitis; however, age and gender have no obvious impact on the incidence of peripheral neuropathy. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy is associated with increasing daily doses of thalidomide.

Previous studies have shown that microglia impact the proliferation and differentiation of neurons during hippocampal neurogenesis via the fractalkine/CX3 chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) signaling pathway. However, whether microglia can influence the maturation and dendritic growth of newborn neurons during hippocampal neurogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the number of doublecortin-positive cells in the hippocampus was decreased, and the dendritic length and number of intersections in newborn neurons in the hippocampus were reduced in transgenic adult mice with CX3CR1 deficiency (CX3CR1GFP/GFP). Furthermore, after experimental seizures were induced with kainic acid in these CX3CR1-deficient mice, the expression of c-fos, a marker of neuronal activity, was reduced compared with wild-type mice. Collectively, the experimental findings indicate that the functional maturation of newborn neurons during hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice is delayed by CX3CR1 deficiency.

Abnormally increased levels of iron in the brain trigger cascade amplification in Alzheimer′s disease patients, resulting in neuronal death. This study investigated whether components extracted from the Chinese herbs epimedium herb, milkvetch root and kudzuvine root could relieve the abnormal expression of iron metabolism-related protein in Alzheimer′s disease patients. An APP swe/PS1ΔE9 double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer′s disease was used. The intragastric administration of compounds from epimedium herb, milkvetch root and kudzuvine root improved pathological alterations such as neuronal edema, increased the number of neurons, downregulated divalent metal transporter 1 expression, upregulated ferroportin 1 expression, and inhibited iron overload in the cerebral cortex of mice with Alzheimer′s disease. These compounds reduced iron overload-induced impairment of the central nervous system, indicating a new strategy for developing novel drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer′s disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of acupuncture combined with vitamin B 12 acupoint injection versus acupuncture alone to reduce incomplete recovery in patients with Bell′s palsy. DATA RETRIEVAL: A computer-based online retrieval of Medline, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM databases until April 2014 was performed for relevant trials, using the key words "Bell′s palsy or idiopathic facial palsy or facial palsy" and "acupuncture or vitamin B 12 or methylcobalamin". STUDY SELECTION: All randomized controlled trials that compared acupuncture with acupuncture combined with vitamin B 12 in patients with Bell′s palsy were included in the meta-analysis. The initial treatment lasted for at least 4 weeks. The outcomes of incomplete facial recovery were monitored. The scoring index varied and the definition of healing was consistent. The combined effect size was calculated by using relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the fixed effect model of Review Manager. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incomplete recovery rates were chosen as the primary outcome. RESULTS: Five studies involving 344 patients were included in the final analysis. Results showed that the incomplete recovery rate of Bell′s palsy patients was 44.50% in the acupuncture combined with vitamin B 12 group but 62.57% in the acupuncture alone group. The major acupoints were Taiyang (EX-HN5), Jiache (ST6), Dicang (ST4) and Sibai (ST2). The combined effect size showed that acupuncture combined with vitamin B 12 was better than acupuncture alone for the treatment of Bell′s palsy (RR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.58-0.87; P = 0.001), this result held true when 8 patients lost to follow up in one study were included into the analyses (RR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.58-0.86; P = 0.0005). In the subgroup analyses, the therapeutic effect in patients of the electroacupuncture subgroup was better than in the non-electroacupuncture subgroup (P = 0.024). There was no significant difference in the incomplete recovery rate by subgroup analysis on drug types and treatment period. Most of the included studies were moderate or low quality, and bias existed. CONCLUSION: In patients with Bell′s palsy, acupuncture combined with vitamin B 12 can reduce the risk of incomplete recovery compared with acupuncture alone in our meta-analysis. Because of study bias and methodological limitations, this conclusion is uncertain and the clinical application of acupuncture combined with vitamin B 12 requires further exploration.

Ginsenoside Rg1 is the major pharmacologically active component of ginseng, and is reported to have various therapeutic actions. To determine whether it induces the differentiation of neural stem cells, and whether neural stem cell transplantation after induction has therapeutic effects on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, we cultured neural stem cells in 10-80 µM ginsenoside Rg1. Immunohistochemistry revealed that of the concentrations tested, 20 mM ginsenoside Rg1 had the greatest differentiation-inducing effect and was the concentration used for subsequent experiments. Whole-cell patch clamp showed that neural stem cells induced by 20 µM ginsenoside Rg1 were more mature than non-induced cells. We then established neonatal rat models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy using the suture method, and ginsenoside Rg1-induced neural stem cells were transplanted via intracerebroventricular injection. These tests confirmed that neural stem cells induced by ginsenoside had fewer pathological lesions and had a significantly better behavioral capacity than model rats that received saline. Transplanted neural stem cells expressed neuron-specific enolase, and were mainly distributed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The present data suggest that ginsenoside Rg1-induced neural stem cells can promote the partial recovery of complicated brain functions in models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction of the lower urinary tract caused by nervous system disorder. We investigated the trends in publication of articles under the topic "neurogenic bladder" using bibliometric analysis. Articles on neurogenic bladder, published between 1995 and 2014, were retrieved from the ISI Web of Science citation database. We analyzed the search results for authors, countries, institutions, journals, and top-cited papers. A total of 1,904 articles were retrieved. There was a small increase in the number of articles on neurogenic bladder from 1995 (n = 43) to 2014 (n = 117). The USA was the leading country in the total number of articles (n = 598). However, the number of publications from China has rapidly increased, and China was ranked second in 2014. Emmanuel Chartier-Kastler (n = 65) was the most productive author, and University of Paris VI (Paris 6) (n = 61) was the most productive institution. The Journal of Urology published the greatest number of articles on this topic (n = 285). Articles on neurogenic bladder were often published in a professional journal under the category Urology & Nephrology, Neurosciences & Neurology, or Rehabilitation. Visualization analysis based on co-citation networks was conducted using CiteSpace III. Visualization analysis revealed that the hot spots in neurogenic bladder were botulinum toxin-A, prazosin, bethanechol, and afferent pathways. These findings provide new insight into the publication trends and hot spots in neurogenic bladder.

An increasing number of studies report that the Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway has a death-promoting apoptotic function in neural cells. We hypothesized that the Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway may be abnormally regulated in rat injured spinal cord models. The weight drop method was used to establish rat spinal cord injury at T 9 . Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining revealed Ras expression was dramatically elevated, and the phosphorylations of A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf were all upregulated in the injured spinal cord. Both mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 and ERK1/2, which belong to the Ras/Raf signaling kinases, were upregulated. These results indicate that Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling may be upregulated in injured spinal cord and are involved in recovery after spinal cord injury.

The article presents a study concerning cognitive deficits and striatal-enriched phosphatase 61 (STEP61) related pathologies in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in 12-month-old APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice model of Alzheimer's disease. It mentions that immunohistochemistry and western blotting were performed. It notes that al-enriched phosphatase 61 may act as a new target for inhibiting Alzheimer's disease progression.

The article presents a study on the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage to onset neurodegenerative diseases. It discusses the ways wherein oxidative stress can lead to mitochondrial damage, and the relation between mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases. It mentions the relation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in neurodegenerative diseases pathogenesis and the potential of antioxidant management to alter mitochondrial dysfunction to prevent such diseases.

The article presents a study on the role of cisplatin on the activation of calpain expression in apoptotic cochlear cells. The study detected calpain 1 and calpain 2 expression in the mouse cochlea using immunofluorescence staining, image analysis, and western blotting. It says that changes in hearing was observed by measuring auditory brainstem response. Result shows an increase in the auditory brainstem response threshold and calpain 1 and 2 expression increased in outer hair cells.

The article presents a study on the use of tissue-engineered nerves with acellular nerve allografts to repair sciatic bone defects in Wistar rats. The study created tissue-engineered nerves using chemical detergents-enzymatic digestion and mechanical methods, combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Result shows significant improvement of hind limb motor function of the affected side, suggesting that acellular nerve allografts can lead to functional recovery in sciatic nerve defects.

The article presents a study of the effects of electric stimulation and decimeter wave therapy on the recovery of injured sciatic nerves. It prepared a Mackinnon's model of rat sciatic nerve compression and performed electric stimulation and decimeter wave radiation. Results verified the contribution of intraoperative electric stimulation and decimeter wave therapy to the regeneration and recovery of nerve function after compression.

The article presents a study and mechanical analysis of poly(lactic-co-glyclolic acid) conduit transplantation in the repair of injured sciatic nerve. The study used scanning electron microscopy to examine the axon and the myelin sheath and the vessels of basilar memberane and tensile tests. Results demonstrated that poly(lactic-co-gylcolic acid) conduits showed good intensity, elasticity and plasticity after transplantation in vitro for sciatic nerve injury.

The article presents a case-control study of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis focusing on the regional gray matter atrophy and neuropsychological problems. The study conducted voxel-based morphometric analysis in 11 research subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, showing that the patients have gray matter atrophy. Results suggest the correlation of gray matter atrophy with cognitive decline and emotional abnormalities.

The article presents a study which examines the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell model of Parkinson's disease. It mentions that western blot analysis was used in assessing the tyrosine hydroxylase and MeCP2 expression in parallel cultures. It shows that MeCP2 may be a possible therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease treatment.

The article presents a study which examines the inducible nitric oxide synthase's levels of expression and potential correlations with activities and levels of biliverdin reductase-A after atorvastatin treatment in aged beagles. It mentions that there are positive correlations found between inducible nitric oxide synthase and biliverdin reductase-A. It notes that the increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase were not associated with higher levels of oxidative/nitrosative stress.

The article presents a study which examines the motor outcomes in patients with complete middle cerebral artery territory infarct after receiving comprehensive rehabilitative management. The study is investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), independent t-test, and the Medical Research Council (MRC) score. Results show that 70% of the patients can walk independently but they did not achieve functional hand recovery after the treatment.

The article presents a study which examines the limb-girdle muscular dystrophy subtypes in northeastern China. The study estimates the percentage of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy subtypes in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy from the Myology Clinic, Neurology Department, First Hospital of Jilin University, China. Results show that calpainopathy is the most common form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy in the country followed by dysferlinopathies.

The article presents a study which examines the post-traumatic stress disorder in rescue workers after the Wenchuan earthquake relief. The study is investigated by Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, and correlation analysis. Results show that the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder was caused by impact factors including near-death experience, severe injury or mental trauma, and negative coping.

The article presents a study which examines the link between serum amyloid A, interleukin-18, and C-reactive protein and their role in ischemic cerebrovascular disease in Han population in North China. The study is investigated by immunoresonance scattering assays, chi-square tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results show that interleukin-18-137G/C (rs187238) polymorphism has no correlation, C allele of the -607C/A (rs1946518) is a risk factor, and A allele is a protective gene.

The article presents a study which examines the role of high-fat diet in the development of preeclampsia-like symptoms in pregnant rats. The study is investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. Results show that pregnant rats can suffer preeclampsia symptoms due to high-fat diets.

The article presents a study which investigates mitogen-activated protein kinases role in ethanol-induced damage in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. The study used flow cytometric analysis, DNA fragmentation detection, and 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide cell viability assay. Results showed that ethanol mediates apoptosis of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells through activating p53-related cell cycle arrest.

The article presents a study which confirms whether approximate entropy waves can be effectively used to the automatic real-time epilepsy detection in the electroencephalogram, and explores its generalization ability as a classifier trained utilizing a nonlinear dynamics index. The study used a support vector machine and a nonlinear dynamics index-approximate entropy. Results showed that the combination of machines and entropy reveals good generalization ability.

The article presents a study which investigates whether Chinese hand-radicals are processed separately, and whether this processing happens in sensory-motor gions. The study consisted of 72 high-frequency Chinese characters and 28 participants undergone functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to read characters. Results showed that verbs which involve hand-action activated the left inferior parietal lobule, might be reflecting information integration in the radical.

The article presents a study develops three-dimensional digital model of cervical nerves from a healthy person based on magnetic resonance myelography and computed tomography (CT) angiography. The study used Mimics software for semi-automatic construction and segmentation, and medical computer aided design module to reconstruct cervical nerves and muscles. Results showed that the validity of the model of cervical nerves and shows a realistic appearance and three-dimensional image.

The article presents a study of the mechanism of action of thioperamide in brain edema in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. It demonstrated that thioperamide significantly reduced brain water content and levels of malondialdehyde, while increasing histamine levels and superoxide dismustase activity in the hippocampus. Results suggest that thioperamide acts in combination of postsynaptic H1 receptors in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

The article presents a study of the changes in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway in chronic cerebral ischemia. The study used rat models for permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and treated with intragastric cilostazol and were examined using immunohistochemistry, semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis. Results showed that cilostazol prevents apoptosis in chronic cerebral ischemia.

The article presents a study aimed at exploring the neural stem cell therapy and transplantation for the treatment of glioma, with respect to Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway. Isolated neural stem cells from fetal rats were injected into the brain of glioblastoma models. Results demonstrated that the transplantation of neural stem cells has the potential to inhibit the abnormal activation of the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling and promotes apoptosis and potentially treats glioma.

The article presents a study which investigates the effect of induced Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells in retinal progenitor cells. It states that the telencephalon of fetal rats has been used to stimulate neural differentiation from Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Results show that induced Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells can be utilized as seed cells to treat jury-induced visual diseases.

The article presents a study which investigates the use of inertial sensor-based motion tracking system in examining the functional recovery of upper limbs after having injury on central nervous system. It states that the system has been utilized to analyze head movements in accordance to nine degrees of freedom data. It adds that the system has been found to be useful in evaluating functional rehabilitation of upper limbs in an accurate manner.

The article presents a study which compares the effectiveness of Xingnao Jieu capsules with fluoxetine. It states that Xingnao Jieu capsule is an effective drug used to reduce depression and relieve neurologic impairments. The study used rats with post-stroke depression as experiment models in which intragastric perfusion, sugar water consumption test, and open-field test have been applied.

The article presents a study which investigated the effects of sericin to hippocampal growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in diabetic rats. It says that sericin relieves hippocampal damage in diabetic rats by improving disorders of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis. Other topics include streptozotocin, western blot assay, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

The article presents a study which focuses on the therapeutic activity of Chinese herbal extract Braintone against ischemic brain damage. It mentions that western blot analysis showed the positive effects of Braintone by enhancing the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and heme oxygenase-1 in the ischemic cortex of rats. Other topics include neural regeneration, stroke, and traditional Chinese medicine.

The article presents a study which reveals the therapeutic acitivity of l-3-n-butylphthalide against vascular dementia through activation of the Akt kinase pathway in mice. Among the topics include green botanical medicine 3-N-butylphthalid, acute ischemic stroke treatment, and neural regeneration. It mentions that l-3-n-butylphthalide can be a beneficial drug for the treatment and prevention of vascular dementia.

The article presents a study which aims to immobilized the neuropeptide Y and leptin receptor in rats with chronic immobilization stress. The dual-labeling immunofluorescence method was utilized to reveal the expression of leptin receptor in the acurate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Result shows that it has a significant effect in the food intake and reduced body weight of rats.

The article presents a study which aims to explore the influence of Arg-Phe-amide hypothalamic peptides in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized in detecting gonadotropin-releasing hormone and revealed that kisspeptin-10 can increase the levels of hormone.

The article presents a study which examines the new treatment for the alcohol exposure-related cognitive disorders. The study uses rats as laboratory animal for the examination of the adult offspring in a maternal alcohol consumption. Results show that the impaired learning and memory in adult rats can be mediated by the alteration of cyclin-dependent kinase 5.

The article presents a study which examines the activation of the occipital lobes during the processing of emotion pictures in major depressive disorder patients. The study uses the combination of cognition tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the investigation of the functional characteristics of the brain in depressive disorder. Results show that negative cognitive disorder and extensive brain dysfunction are possessed by patients with major depressive disorder.

The article presents a study which investigates the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for treating the patients with vascular dementia. The study uses the randomized controlled trials for the comparison of the Chinese herbal medicines with placebo/western medicine for treating the patients with vascular dementia. Results show that Chinese herbal medicines are more effective than placebo/western medicine.