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The effect of preoperative symptom duration (PSD) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for radiculopathy is unclear.To determine whether PSD is a predictor for PRO after ACDF for radiculopathy.The Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative registry was queried between March, 2014, and July, 2019, for patients who underwent ACDF without myelopathy and PROs (baseline, 90 days, 1 year, 2 years). PROs were measured by numerical rating scales for neck/arm pain, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Short Form-Physical Function (PROMIS-PF), EuroQol-5D (EQ5D), and North American Spine Society satisfaction. Univariate analyses were used to evaluate the proportion of patients reaching minimal clinically important differences (MCID). PSD was3 months, 3 month-1 year, or1 years. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between PSD and PRO reaching MCID. The discriminative ability of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve.We included 2233 patients who underwent ACDF with PSD3 months (278, 12.4%), 3 month-1 year (669, 30%), and1 years (1286, 57.6%). Univariate analyses demonstrated a greater proportion of patients achieving MCID in3-month cohort for arm numerical rating scales, PROMIS-PF, EQ5D, and North American Spine Society Satisfaction. Multivariable analyses demonstrated using3 months PSD as a reference, PSD1 years was associated with decreased odds of achieving MCID for EQ5D (odds ratio 0.5, CI 0.32-0.80, P = .004). Private insurance and increased baseline PRO were associated with significantly higher odds for achieving PROMIS-PF MCID and EQ5D-MCID.Preoperative symptom duration greater than 1 year in patients who underwent ACDF for radiculopathy was associated with worse odds of achieving MCID for multiple PROs.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of prospectively collected data at a single institution. OBJECTIVE To compare perioperative and clinical outcomes in morbidly obese patients who underwent minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MiTLIF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Obesity remains a serious public health concern. Obese patients who undergo lumbar fusion have historically thought to be at higher risk for complications and fare worse regarding quality-of-life outcomes. However, recent literature may demonstrate comparable risk and outcomes in obese patients. An increasing number of patients are categorized as morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40 kg/m2). Perioperative and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are lacking in this patient population. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database of all morbidly obese and non-obese patients that underwent MiTLIF between 2015 and 2018 for degenerative conditions who had minimum 1-year follow-up for outcome assessment. An inverse propensity/probability of treatment weighting was utilized to create a synthetic weighted sample in which covariates were independent of obesity designation to adjust for imbalance between groups. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) was used to estimate the association of morbid obesity and complications and 1-year PROs. RESULTS A total of 292 patients were analyzed with 234 non-obese patients and 58 morbidly obese patients. Multivariate analysis failed to demonstrate any association between morbid obesity and achieving minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS), or short form-12 (SF-12) physical component score. However, morbid obesity was associated with significant decrease in odds of achieving MCID for SF-12 mental component score (P = 0.001). Increased surgery duration was significantly associated with morbid obesity (P = 0.001). Morbid obesity exhibited no statistically significant association with postoperative complications, readmission, pseudarthrosis, or adjacent segment disease (ASD). CONCLUSION Morbidly obese patients who undergo MiTLIF can achieve meaningful clinical improvement comparable to nonobese patients. Morbid obesity was associated with longer surgical times but was not associated with postoperative complications, readmission, or ASD.Level of Evidence: 3.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected registry data using multivariable analyses of imputed data. OBJECTIVE We sought to demonstrate that age would not be associated with complications in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Elderly patients (≥70 yrs) undergoing ACDF are considered a higher risk for complications. However, conclusive evidence is lacking. The Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MSSIC) is a quality improvement collaborative with 30 hospitals across Michigan. METHODS The study included all patients who had 1 to 4 level ACDF (September 2015-August 2019) for 90-day complications. Major and minor complications were defined using a validated classification. Multiple imputations were used to generate complete covariate datasets. Generalized estimating equation model was used to identify associations with complications using the whole cohort and elderly subgroup analyses. Bonferroni correction was used. RESULTS Nine thousand one hundred thirty five patients (11.1% ≥ 70 yrs and 88.9%

Postoperative pain control following posterior lumbar fusion continues to be challenging and often requires high doses of opioids for pain relief. The use of ketorolac in spinal fusion is limited due to the risk of pseudarthrosis. However, recent literature suggests it may not affect fusion rates with short-term use and low doses.We sought to demonstrate noninferiority regarding fusion rates in patients who received ketorolac after undergoing minimally invasive (MIS) posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Additionally, we sought to demonstrate ketorolac's opioid-sparing effect on analgesia in the immediate postoperative period.This is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. We are reporting our interim analysis.Adults with degenerative spinal conditions eligible to undergo a one to three-level MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).Six-month and 1-year radiographic fusion as determined by Suk criteria, postoperative opioid consumption as measured by intravenous milligram morphine equivalent, length of stay, and drug-related complications. Self-reported and functional measures include validated visual analog scale, short-form 12, and Oswestry Disability Index.A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled, noninferiority trial of patients undergoing 1- to 3-level MIS TLIF was performed with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Patients were randomized to receive a 48-hour scheduled treatment of either intravenous ketorolac (15 mg every 6 hours) or saline in addition to a standardized pain regimen. The primary outcome was fusion. Secondary outcomes included 48-hour and total postoperative opioid use demonstrated as milligram morphine equivalence, pain scores, length of stay (LOS), and quality-of-life outcomes. Univariate analyses were performed. The present study provides results from a planned interim analysis.Two hundred and forty-six patients were analyzed per protocol. Patient characteristics were comparable between the groups. There was no significant difference in 1-year fusion rates between the two treatments (p=.53). The difference in proportion of solid fusion between the ketorolac and placebo groups did not reach inferiority (p=.072, 95% confidence interval, -.07 to .21). There was a significant reduction in total/48-hour mean opioid consumption (p.001) and LOS (p=.001) for the ketorolac group while demonstrating equivalent mean pain scores in 48 hours postoperative (p=.20). There was no significant difference in rates of perioperative complications.Short-term use of low-dose ketorolac in patients who have undergone MIS TLIF with BMP demonstrated noninferior fusion rates. Ketorolac safely demonstrated a significant reduction in postoperative opioid use and LOS while maintaining equivalent postoperative pain control.

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine refers to various modalities for remote care, including telephone calls, imaging review, and real-time video teleconferencing visits. Although it has not been widely used in outpatient neurosurgery settings, the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has necessitated a broader adoption. Our goal is to show the level of patient satisfaction with their telemedicine care. METHODS: We prospectively studied consecutive telemedicine patients who scheduled outpatient neurosurgery visits from May 15 to June 8, 2020. Patients were seen by the surgeon via real-time video conferencing using Google Meet, and then completed a telemedicine satisfaction survey. Our primary outcome was telemedicine satisfaction scores. We compared satisfaction scores between new and established patients and between patients within and outside of a 15-mile radius of the nearest clinic location. Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for the nonrespondents. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed. A P value of

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Postoperative pain control following posterior lumbar fusion continues to be challenging and often requires high doses of opioids for pain relief. The use of ketorolac in spinal fusion is limited due to the risk of pseudarthrosis. However, recent literature suggests it may not affect fusion rates with short-term use and low doses. PURPOSE We sought to demonstrate non-inferiority regarding fusion rates in patients who received ketorolac after undergoing minimally invasive (MIS) posterior lumbar fusions. Additionally, we sought to demonstrate ketorolac's opioid-sparing effect on analgesia in the immediate postoperative period. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING This is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. We are reporting our interim analysis. PATIENT SAMPLE Adults with degenerative spinal conditions eligible to undergo a 1- to 3-level minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion. OUTCOME MEASURES Six-month and 1-year radiographic fusion as determined by Suk criteria, postoperative opioid consumption as measured by intravenous milligram morphine equivalent (MME), length of stay (LOS), and drug-related complications. Self-reported and functional measures include validated visual analog scale (VAS), short-form 12 (SF-12), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). METHODS A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial of patients undergoing 1- to 3-level minimally invasive (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) was performed. Patients were randomized to receive a 48-hour scheduled treatment of either intravenous ketorolac (15mg every 6 hours) or saline in addition to a standardized pain regimen. The primary outcome was fusion. Secondary outcomes included 48-hour and total postoperative opioid use demonstrated as MME, pain scores, LOS, and quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. The present study provides results from a planned interim analysis. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-six patients were analyzed per protocol. Patient characteristics were comparable between the groups. There was no significant difference in 1-year fusion rates between the two treatments (p=.53). The difference in proportion for solid fusion between the ketorolac and placebo groups did not reach inferiority (.072, 95% CI, -.07-.21). There was a significant reduction in total/48-hour mean opioid consumption (p CONCLUSION Short-term use of low-dose ketorolac in patients who have undergone MIS lumbar fusion demonstrated favorable results suggesting non-inferior fusion rates. Ketorolac safely demonstrated a significant reduction in postoperative opioid use and LOS while maintaining equivalent postoperative pain control. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS Not applicable.

STUDY DESIGN A biomechanical ex vivo study of the human lumbar spine. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of transpedicular screw insertion depth on overall screw stability and pullout strength following cyclic loading in the osteoporotic lumbar spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although much is known about the clinical outcomes of spinal fusion, questions remain in our understanding of the biomechanical strength of lumbar pedicle screw fixation as it relates to screw sizing and placement. Biomechanical analyses examining ideal pedicle screw depth with current pedicle screw technology are limited. In the osteoporotic spine, optimized pedicle screw insertion depth may improve construct strength, decreasing the risk of loosening or pullout. METHODS A total of 100 pedicles from 10 osteoporotic lumbar spines were randomly instrumented with pedicle screws in mid-body, pericortical, and bicortical depths. Instrumented specimens underwent cyclic loading (5000 cycles of ±2 N m pure flexion moment) and subsequent pullout. Screw loosening, failure loads, and energy absorption were calculated. RESULTS Cyclic loading significantly (P

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Olfactory tract dysfunction due to an unruptured intracranial aneurysm is rare. We present a case in which a patient with impaired olfaction related to bilateral internal carotid artery aneurysms experienced subjective and quantitative objective improvement of olfactory sensation after treatment of ophthalmic segment aneurysms with flow diversion. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 44-year-old woman presented with hyposmia and bilateral ophthalmic segment internal carotid artery aneurysms. The symptom of hyposmia, worsening over a period of several months, was suspected to be due to mass effect from bilateral unruptured ophthalmic segment aneurysms pressing on the olfactory tracts. Each aneurysm was treated with a Pipeline embolization device (PED). Follow-up angiography at 5 months showed occlusion of both aneurysms. The patient experienced subjective improvement in olfaction and complete objective resolution of her hyposmia as measured by the validated University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). CONCLUSION Intracranial aneurysms causing dysfunction of olfactory sensation due to mass effect upon the olfactory tract can be successfully treated with flow diversion. Flow diversion should be considered as one of the treatment options for patients with cranial nerve dysfunction due to unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are the most common malignant mesenchymal tumors of soft tissues, but they are very rare when found to arise from a cranial nerve and when not in association with neurofibromatosis. These tumors are highly malignant and carry a poor prognosis with survival usually less than 6 months. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The authors report the case of a 23-year-old female with no history of phakomatoses, previous irradiation, or known genetic disorders, who presented with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the vestibulocochlear nerve and brainstem. Multiple staged skull base approaches were carried out with maximal possible resection. Adjunctive therapies including standard radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and stereotactic gamma knife radiosurgery were used with an ultimate patient survival of 27 months. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a patient with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the vestibulocochlear nerve and brainstem treated with staged surgical approaches in conjunction with multiple forms of radiotherapy and having a significant survival of more than 2 years.

We aim to analyze the impact of annual hospital volume on outcomes of endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (EMT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In the recent past, increasing number of hospitals are acquiring capabilities for EMT procedure for the treatment of AIS, including some low-volume centers. There are few data on outcomes comparing these hospitals with high-volume centers.We queried the National Inpatient Sample from 2008 to 2011 using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9 CM) diagnosis codes 433 to 437.1 in any position for AIS. Adult patients with ICD-9-CM procedure code 39.74 for mechanical thrombectomy were included in the final cohort. Annual hospital procedure volume was computed using the unique hospital identification number (HOSPID) and was dichotomized corresponding to

Background The risk of infection with cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures has not been defined. Likewise, although the use of routine prophylactic antibiotics has been advocated by some neurointerventionalists, the utility of prophylactic antibiotics in this setting has not been determined. Objective To determine the rate of infection associated with neuroangiographic procedures in a clinical setting in which prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely given. Methods All cerebral angiograms and neurointerventional procedures done by a single neurointerventionalist over a recent 7-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with infections directly attributable to the procedure were identified. A sample size calculation was done to determine the necessary size of a randomized, controlled trial aimed at determining whether prophylactic antibiotics can lower the rate of infection. Results Among a total of 2918 cerebral angiograms and neurointerventional procedures done without prophylactic antibiotics, there were 3 infections (0.1%) attributable to the procedure. All infections were localized femoral artery infections with no systemic complications. One infection occurred in a patient who was immunosuppressed because of treatment for cancer. Two of the patients required surgical debridement; all were treated with intravenous antibiotics with resolution of all infections. There were no central nervous system infections and no deaths associated with the infections. Conclusion These data suggest that the overall risk of infection associated with most neuroangiographic procedures is very low. Prophylactic antibiotic use may be a reasonable option for selected patients but is probably unnecessary for standard use in the context of meticulous care during procedures.

The authors report on their unique experience with a patient harboring a cervical spinal myeloid sarcoma presenting with cervical radiculopathy and neck pain. The authors succinctly present a rare clinical presentation of cervical radiculopathy and neck pain in an otherwise healthy 43-year-old man. Their diagnostic workup revealed a posterior extradural extramedullary epidural and soft tissue cervical mass spanning the cervicothoracic junction. Multidisciplinary treatment was followed with surgical debulking and biopsy, followed by diagnosis of the primary myeloproliferative neoplasm by bone biopsy. The patient received adjuvant chemoradiation. Follow-up visual analog scale scores were all improved, and his preoperative symptoms resolved. In addition, he showed local control of the soft tissue and epidural cervical disease on follow-up imaging. In the operative intervention, the authors chose a midline approach with laminectomy and decompression of the epidural tumor without posterior stabilization. Their follow-up imaging showed no evidence of destabilization or kyphosis. This approach is reasonable and appropriate for posterior midline epidural disease. Care must be taken, as is known, to minimize the soft tissue dissection and facet violation during laminectomy to prevent deformity. An argument may be made to perform an instrumented arthrodesis given the fact that the lesion and laminectomy spanned the cervicothoracic junction and that there was no known primary at the time, making it difficult to prognosticate the overall expected length of survival, which others have shown can influence the aggressiveness of surgical management.1 Though this is not an unreported presentation, it is a rare pathology2 3; the previously published literature does support the same treatment paradigm that was undertaken for this patient. Surgical decompression with adjuvant chemoradiation has been the standard used by other practitioners.3 4 In summary, the authors effectively share their case report of cervical spinal myeloid sarcoma presenting with radiculopathy. The case outlines their treatment and highlights the insidious course this pathology took in a patient who otherwise appeared healthy. Tumors of any variety should always be kept in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with neurologic symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic postural headaches may suffer from spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Trauma, degenerative disc spurring and connective tissue disorders are documented risk factors; in most cases there is no inciting event. Despite sophisticated means of evaluating the neuraxis, many cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are radiographically occult and treatment is focused on thoracic and cervical-thoracic regions. Although lumbar epidural blood patch (EBP) is the initial treatment of choice after failed conservative management, several studies document the need for treatment aimed at the specific leak area. CASE DESCRIPTION: This report describes the case of a 42-year-old female with scleroderma and sudden onset postural headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement suggestive of intracranial hypotension. Computed tomographic myelography demonstrated a collection of fluid ventral to the cervical thecal sac; an exact location for CSF egress was not identified. Conservative measures followed by lumbar EBP failed to alleviate her symptoms. The patient underwent placement of a lumbar drain and dynamic radionuclide cisternography (RIC). Panoramic images of the spine were taken at the time of the pressurized saline injection. The CSF leak was clearly visualized at C1-2. Treatment was focused at this region using percutaneous injection of autologous blood and fibrin glue. CONCLUSION: SIH is disabling if left untreated. Spinal CSF leaks are often discrete and difficult to identify using static imaging. The use of pressurized, RIC by lumbar drain injection allows for the real-time evaluation of CSF dynamics and can more precisely identify slow flow leaks often missed with static imaging.