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In the process of screening cell-type-specific genes, we identified juxtanodin (JN), an oligodendroglial protein featuring a putative C-terminal actin-binding domain. At the cellular level, JN in the rat CNS colocalized with 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), a cytoskeleton-related oligodendroglial protein. In the myelin sheath, JN was found mainly in the abaxon and the lateral few terminal loops. Its apposition to the myelinated axon, through the latter, defined an axonal subregion, herewith termed juxtanode, at the Ranvier node-paranode junction. During forebrain ontogenesis, JN expression paralleled that of MBPs but lagged behind CNPase. Juxtanodin transfection promoted arborization of cultured OLN-93 cells and augmented endogenous CNPase expression and transport to the process arbors of cultured primary oligodendrocyte precursors. These results reveal JN as a cytoskeleton-related oligodendroglial protein that delineates the juxtanode and might serve oligodendrocyte motility, differentiation, or myelin-axon signaling. Functionally, JN may be involved in CNS myelination and/or specialization of the node of Ranvier.