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Hans Jonas’s establishment of an ethics of responsibility entails the simultaneous rejection of the modern notion of progress and the recovery of a form of “metaphysical speculation” that aids man in his search for an objective standard of value. Looking mostly at Jonas’s philosophical biology in The Phenomenon of Life and Mortality and Morality, this paper shows how Jonas’s thought on value judgments rests upon his critique of progress and science. The ethics of perfectibility and progress, Jonas shows, leads to a predicament in which the modern mind must navigate between the dangers present in the hubristic hopes of technological progress and the nihilism he finds in the thought of Martin Heidegger. Jonas’s philosophical biology serves as a critique of these positions that opens up an alternative orientation toward nature—one that grounds not only the ethics of responsibility but the uniquely human activity of reflection. The critique of progress serves, then, as a propaedeutic to the ethics of responsibility and the recovery of an image of man as the reflective animal. Such a recovery of metaphysical speculation from the dogmas of the physical sciences helps encourage a “new humility” in the face of man’s technological power. Jonas hopes to replace man’s desire for self-overcoming with the fear that his “Promethean immoderation” will lead to the biosphere's destruction. This fear acknowledges the limits of man’s knowledge and is thereby accompanied by a posture of Socratic ignorance and the reengagement with the philosophia perennis. That is, a less hubristic ethical theory depends upon a modest philosophical stance toward the whole. Only on the grounds of this epistemological modesty can we hope to proceed into the future with both caution and wisdom.

Submitted by Juliana Correa (juliana.correa@unioeste.br) on 2021-03-16T19:23:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Nicolas Mateus Ferreira da Silva 2020.pdf: 792637 bytes, checksum: ff582ccc8d72a046a6b7eb3ed7e8f0d9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-16T19:23:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Nicolas Mateus Ferreira da Silva 2020.pdf: 792637 bytes, checksum: ff582ccc8d72a046a6b7eb3ed7e8f0d9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-10-07 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES The present work aims to understand and analyze the conception of Nature by the author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; thus, we will analyze his novel “The Sorrows of Young Werther”. The book is one of the main works of the German philosophical movement Sturm Und Drang, and has a conception of Nature that contrasts with that which the Modern Science established during the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Modern Science authors saw the Nature from the perspective of mathematics and fragmentation, mechanized and merely as a resource to be dominated and exploited by Man. On the other hand, Goethe presents in Werther a conception of Nature seen from the perspective of art, understanding it as a living organism that is in unity with Man. This work was structured as follows: in the first chapter we present the general context, the main authors and their contributions to Modern Science regarding the conception of Nature. In the second chapter, we explore the Goethean context and how Nature was seen in the philosophical movements Sturm Und Drang and German Romanticism. Finally, in the third chapter, we seek to present and dialogue with Werther bringing from the book elements which show how Goethe dealt with nature, as well as he sought to oppose the idea settled by the authors of the Modern Science. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender e analisar a concepção de Natureza do autor Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, para isso, analisaremos seu romance “Os Sofrimentos do Jovem Werther”. A obra é uma das principais do movimento filosófico alemão Sturm Und Drang e possui uma concepção de Natureza que se contrasta àquela estabelecida pela Ciência Moderna durante os séculos XVI – XVIII. Os autores da Ciência Moderna enxergavam a Natureza sob a ótica matemática, da fragmentação, mecanizada e apenas como um recurso a ser dominado e explorado pelo Homem. Goethe apresenta em Werther uma concepção de Natureza vista sob a perspectiva da arte, a entendendo como um organismo vivo e que está em unidade com o Homem. O trabalho foi estruturado da seguinte maneira: no primeiro capítulo apresentamos o contexto, os principais autores e suas contribuições para a Ciência Moderna no que tange à concepção de Natureza. No segundo capítulo, adentramos no contexto goethiano e como a Natureza foi vista nos movimentos filosóficos Sturm Und Drang e Romantismo Alemão. No terceiro e último capítulo, buscamos apresentar e dialogar com Werther, trazendo elementos da obra que mostram como Goethe tratou a natureza e buscou contrapor-se àquela estabelecida pelos autores da Ciência Moderna.

This work aims to identify the influence of German thought, above all, the philosophy of nature in Humboldt's “modern science”. He brings from the philosophers the conception of the harmonious totality of nature as an organism to recognize the existence of a connection between the forces of nature and its form captured by intuition. The philosophy of nature exposes the bond between the visible world and the upper world that escapes the senses. Humboldt, however, is not only concerned with the contemplation of nature, but also seeks to measure it, bringing it closer to his eyes to understand its internal connections. The technical and scientific instruments are also an extension of his gaze and his hand. Humboldt want to combine the measurement and quantification with the enjoyment afforded by intellectual intuition in touch with the landscape. The Cosmos, therefore, is presented as a whole to be deciphered through observations and comparisons, but also through an aesthetic perception of natural phenomena.

RESUMO Esse trabalho visa identificar a influência do pensamento alemão, sobretudo, da filosofia da natureza na “ciência moderna” de Humboldt. Este traz dos filósofos a concepção do todo harmônico da natureza como organismo ao reconhecer a existência de uma conexão entre as forças da natureza e sua forma captada pela intuição. A filosofia da natureza expõe o laço entre o mundo visível e o mundo superior que escapa aos sentidos. Humboldt, no entanto, não se preocupa apenas com a contemplação da natureza, mas também busca medi-la, aproximando-a de seus olhos para compreender suas conexões internas. As técnicas e os instrumentos científicos são, também, uma extensão de seu olhar e de sua mão. Humboldt deseja aliar a mensuração e a quantificação com o gozo proporcionado pela intuição intelectual no contato com a paisagem. O Cosmos, portanto, se apresenta como uma totalidade a ser decifrada por meio de observações e comparações, mas também através de uma percepção estética dos fenômenos naturais. ABSTRACT This work aims to identify the influence of German thought, above all, the philosophy of nature in Humboldt's “modern science”. He brings from the philosophers the conception of the harmonious totality of nature as an organism to recognize the existence of a connection between the forces of nature and its form captured by intuition. The philosophy of nature exposes the bond between the visible world and the upper world that escapes the senses. Humboldt, however, is not only concerned with the contemplation of nature, but also seeks to measure it, bringing it closer to his eyes to understand its internal connections. The technical and scientific instruments are also an extension of his gaze and his hand. Humboldt want to combine the measurement and quantification with the enjoyment afforded by intellectual intuition in touch with the landscape. The Cosmos, therefore, is presented as a whole to be deciphered through observations and comparisons, but also through an aesthetic perception of natural phenomena.

ここでの主眼は，前近代の中国において科学的な思考や創造性にかかわり，それらを推し進めたり，あるいは抑止した知的および社会的要因について考えることにある。まず言語や時間･空間などの基本的概念に中国科学文化の特徴を探ぐる。次に中国における自然の法則観について見てから，科学の社会的次元にかかわる問題を考察し，なぜ中国においては近代科学のレヴェルにまで「科学」が到達し得なかったのかという主題について考える方途とするのが本論の目的である。, I will discuss scientific and intellectual productivity before the modernization in China. The fundamental factors, which had promoted the development of scientific discoveries and technological inventions, but, eventually prevented the development of scientific aspects of knowledge similar to the rise of modem science in Europe, will be discussed in order to analyze the character of Chinese civilization. Those fundamental factors are language, the concept of time and space, and Chinese thinking about natural laws. The problem which is called influences Needham paradox cannot be solved if the social aspect of scientific activities in Chinese traditional society and the cultural area are not taken into consideration.

Prilog razmatra odgovore na neka pitanja u Slovenskom javnom mnijenju 2000/2 i to: odnos spram prirode, spram boga, spram evolucijske teze o porijeklu čovjeka, spram ekološke svemoći moderne znanosti, spram prioriteta ekoloških vrijednosti te spram odnosa između modernog načina života i degradacije okoliša. Uspostava vlastite države poslije raspada Jugoslavije predstavlja za Sloveniju novi politički, ekonomski i zakonodavni okvir rješavanja ekoloških problema. Slovenci misle da će od jedanaest područja ekološka djelatnost pristupom u Evropsku Uniju najviše profitirati. U odnosu spram prirode Slovencima je najprihvatljivija tvrdnja, da je priroda doduše važna, ali nije niti duhovna, niti sveta (42,8%). Varijabla vjerovanja pri nekim odgovorima je statistički značajna, iako je njen utjecaj kadkad teško ili gotovo nemoguće objasniti. Da se suviše vjeruje u znanost, a premalo osjećajem i vjerovanjem, slaže se 42,7% anketiranih. Iako je neupućenost javnosti ponegdje zaprepašćujuća, to ipak ne smije biti opravdanje za to da se nju isključi iz rješavanja ekoloških problema. Treba uvažavati lokalno znanje ljudi. Danas je znanost i njena uporaba dosegla takav razvojni stupanj da aksiom, da je znanje uvijek bolje od nezanja, postaje upitan. Prevladava neslaganje s tvrdnjom, da će moderna znanost riješiti sve ekološke probleme, bez da će trebati mijenjati sam način života. U mnogih odgovora očita je antropocentrička proekološka paradigma., The article deals with responds on some issues present in the Slovenian general public during the years 2000/2, specifically: the relation towards nature, towards god, towards evolutional thesis on the origin of man, towards environmental omnipotence of a modern science, towards priorities of environmental values and towards the relation between modern way of living and the degradation of environment. The establishment of independent state after the dissolution of Yugoslavia represents a new political, economic and legislative framework of resolving environmental problems for Slovenia. Slovenians have the opinion that out of eleven regions the environmental work will be most profitable with their membership in the European Union. In relation towards nature, the most acceptable standpoint for Slovenians is that the issue of nature is significant, but it is not a spiritual, nor sacred (42.8 %). The variable of the opinion is statistically significant for some of their responses, although its influence is sometimes hard or almost impossible to be explained. 42.7 % of the interviewed agree with the fact that there is too much trust in science, and too little towards feelings and beliefs. Although the quantity of those not being acquainted is occasionally frightening, this does not have to be the excuse for its being excluded from solving environmental problems. The knowledge of local people should be treated with respect. Today the science and its use reached such a developmental degree that the axiom that knowledge is always better than ignorance becomes questionable. The disagreement with such opinion prevails, that modern science will resolve all environmental problems, without the need to change the way of living. Anthropocentric pro–environmental paradigm could be seen as obvious in many opinions., Dieser Beitrag behandelt Antworten auf einige Fragen in der slowenischen öffentlichen Meinung 2000/2002, und zwar: das Verhältnis zur Natur, zu Gott, zur evolutionistischen These über die Herkunft des Menschen, zu ökologischer Allmacht der modernen Wissenschaft, zu den Prioritäten ökologischer Werte und zum Verhältnis zwischen der modernen Lebensweise und der Umweltzerstörung. Die Gründung des eigenen Staates nach dem Zerfall Jugoslawiens stellt für Slowenien einen neuen politischen, ökonomischen und juridischen Rahmen für die Lösung ökologischer Probleme dar. Die Slowenen sind der Meinung, dass mit dem Zutritt Sloweniens zur EU von den elf Bereichen die ökologische Tätigkeit am meisten profitieren wird. Im Verhältnis zur Natur trifft meistens die Feststellung zu, dass die Natur zwar als wichtig, aber weder als geistig noch als heilig angesehen wird (42,8%). Die Glaubensvariable ist bei einigen Antworten statistisch relevant, obwohl es manchmal sehr schwer oder unmöglich ist, ihren Einfluss zu erklären. 42,7% der Befragten sind der Meinung, dass man zu viel an die Wissenschaft glaubt, und zu wenig an Gefühl und Glauben. Obwohl die Unwissenheit der Öffentlichkeit manchmal schockierend ist, darf dies keineswegs eine Rechtfertigung dafür sein, die Öffentlichkeit aus den Entscheidungsprozessen über die Ökologie auszuschließen. Das lokale Wissen der Menschen soll beachtet werden. Heute hat die Wissenschaft einen solchen Entwicklungsgrad erreicht, dass das Axsiom, nach dem das Wissen immer besser als Unwissen sei, fragwürdig erscheint. Was überwiegt, ist die Ablehnung der Feststellung, dass die moderne Wissenschaft in der Lage sei, alle ökologischen Probleme zu lösen, ohne dass dabei die Lebensweise an und für sich geändert wird. Bei vielen Anworten ist das anthropozentrische pro–ökologische Paradigma ersichtlich.