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Dyeing rates of raw wool and modified wool at different time (standard errors) The dye performance evaluation The dyeing performance of the wool samples was evaluated by the color depth (K/S) and compared as shown in Table 3. Keywords: Thiol groups; ionic liquid; wool; hydrophilic performance; dye; surface modification; ; ; ; ; ; EN Thiol groups ionic liquid wool hydrophilic performance dye surface modification ZH 9729 9740 12 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction Wool is a widely used natural protein fiber due to its warmth, comfort and wear- proof properties (Wang et al. [34]; Zhou, Di, and Wang [40]). The FTIR spectra of raw wool and modified wool (95% confidence limit bands) Crystallinity test The XRD spectra of wool samples (raw wool and wool treated for 3 min) are shown in Figure 4. [Extracted from the article]

Wool is a natural biopolymer with special properties, including warmth retention and skin‐friendliness. However, its application in the textile industry is limited by the scale layer that covers its surface, which prevents the efficient diffusion of dye into the interior of its fibres, and increases wool's susceptibility to shrinkage during washing. Here, dissolution with sodium bisulphite is used for wool surface modification. The properties of surface dissolved wool are comprehensively characterised, including strength loss, shrinkage rate and dyeability. The three‐dimensional images indicated that scale layer was etched. Coupled with Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, the test results of strength loss and shrinkage rate indicated that surface dissolution degree can be controlled by time and temperature, and that the process does not break the fibre's main body structure. Dyeability properties, including dye absorption rate, deepness and uniformity at a lower temperature were enhanced, indicating amenability to industrial production. Our findings highlight a novel, efficient method of modifying protein fibre surface for enhancing properties with potential for large‐scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The bonding of textiles and surface coatings was often assisted by the use of chemical cross-linking agents. Inspired by mussel chemistry, we propose that the strategy of co-assembly of quinone compound (dopamine, DA) and amino compound (polyethyleneimine, PEI) to form amino-quinone network (AQN) coating can effectively solve the problem. In this work, the molecular weight of PEI was used to regulate the surface coating morphology and its properties on cotton fabrics.The results showed that the roughness (Ra) of AQN coatings formed on the surface of glass slides by DA and low, medium or high molecular weight PEI were 3.94, 24.1 or 71.4 nm, respectively. In addition, the antibacterial rates of AQN-coated cotton fabric against E. coli and S. aureus were above 98 %, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value was above 50. After several washes, the antibacterial and UPF values only decreased by about 1 %, which indicates that AQN coating gives cotton fabric good antibacterial and UV protection properties, as well as strong bonds with cotton fabric.This provides insight into the wide application of AQN coating technology in the field of textile modification. [Display omitted] • First study on the effect of molecular weight of amino compounds on amino-quinone network (AQN) coatings • AQN coatings were constructed without the use of chemical crosslinkers. • AQN coated cotton fabric had excellent UV protection and antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional textiles with antibacterial properties and UV protection are essential for human health. However, the process of functional modification of textiles is usually done with the help of chemical cross-linking agents to improve the bonding fastness of functional finishing agents on textiles. The use of chemical cross-linking agents is not eco-friendly enough and is prone to chemical waste. In this study, some highly reactive polyamine biomolecules were combined with dopamine quinone, a super adhesive bionic material, to spontaneously construct amino-quinone networks (AQNs) coatings on the surface of cotton fabrics without the addition of chemical crosslinkers. The amino/quinone compounds (A/Q) self-crosslinking reaction is achieved by Michael addition and Schiff base reaction between the quinone group in dopamine quinone and the amino group in chitosan (CTS), chitooligosaccharide (COS) or ԑ-polylysine (ԑ-PL). The combination of polyamines and dopamine quinone during the cotton finishing process imparts antibacterial and UV protection to cotton fabric. The results showed that the AQNs coating modified fabrics had superb UV protection and antibacterial rates of over 96% against both E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, the AQNs coating modified fabrics had good resistance to washing and mechanical abrasion. This study proposes that self-assembled amino-quinone network multifunctional coatings of dopamine quinone and polyamine biomolecules are of guiding significance for the development of environmentally friendly bio-based materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cake layer formation is the dominant microfiltration (MF) membrane fouling mechanism after long-term operation. The regulation of cake layer characteristics is less clarified in the coagulation-microfiltration (CMF) technique due to an incomplete understanding of flocculation mechanism; however, gaining such insight will contribute to improving MF efficiency for water purification. Herein, an antifouling MF membrane for high saline textile wastewater was constructed using polydopamine (pDA) co-deposition with sodium p-styrenesulfonate (SS), and methoxypolyethylene glycols (mPEG). Thereafter, the cake layer formation in the CMF technique could be precisely regulated by adjusting salt concentration (NaCl or Na 2 SO 4). Results indicated that the inorganic salt-induced transformation of flocculation mechanism endows a desired regulation of cake layer characteristics, consequently leading an increase in membrane flux. Various properties and formation of flocs were caused via different flocculation mechanisms (from predominant charge neutralization to integrated interaction) in response to a salt variation, giving rise to a directed transition behavior of cake layer formation from compact to porous structure. Particularly, the coagulation mechanism was validated by the experimental analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the high salt permeation (>90%) and acceptable dye rejection (>98%) of two commercial reactive dyes could be obtained by the proposed CMF technique, exhibiting a satisfactory fractionation behavior of dyes/inorganic salt. A beneficial contribution is the direct reuse dyeing of NaCl from the spent dyeing bath in new dyeing operations. These results could provide a further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of coagulation-enhancing MF behavior and inspire the precise regulation of cake layer characteristics to achieve efficient MF. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To our knowledge, surface hydrophobicity is normally fabricated by hydrophobic or fluorinated materials; however, it can be predicted. So, it is exciting and high value that using a single hydrophilic material directly obtains a hydrophobic surface, which may be a promising and significant aspect and a great challenge in surface and interface science. Herein, the copper sulfide (CuS) nanoflowers were in-situ deposited on the cotton fabric after cotton fabric was incubated with copper(II) chloride dihydrate and thioacetamide stirring for 3 h at 80 °C, labelled as Cot@PTA@CuS. Then, Cot@PTA@CuS was treated by near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation at 808 nm, recorded as Cot@PTA@CuS-NIR. Interestingly, Cot@PTA@CuS-NIR exhibits good hydrophobicity with WCAs of 136.5 ± 3.5° and hydrophobic stability within 30 min. Notably, the hydrophobicity of Cot@PTA@CuS-NIR is created without using the lower surface free energy materials, possessing significant progressiveness compared with conventional surface hydrophobicity fabricated by hydrophobic or fluorinated materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) demonstrate the formation of cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) after NIR laser irradiation. Subsequently, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was selected to encapsulate CuS nanoflowers with improving the stability of CuS nanoflowers and obtaining superhydrophobicity, recorded as Cot@PTA@CuS-NIR@PDMS, achieving the results of killing two birds with one stone. Cot@PTA@CuS-NIR@PDMS also has an excellent photothermal effect and UV resistance. Finally, Cot@PTA@CuS-NIR@PDMS was used for efficient oil/water separation. Overall, this work renders a novel, feasible, and facile idea for gaining surface hydrophobicity by hydrophilic CuS nanoflowers with NIR laser irradiation, inspiring more scholars to create surface hydrophobicity by hydrophilic materials. [Display omitted] • Excellent hydrophobicity of CuS coating mediated by NIR laser irradiation • Dynamic contact angle revealed the uniformity of hydrophobic micro-area. • XPS and XRD demonstrated the mechanism of the novel hydrophobicity. • Superhydrophobic, photothermal, and UV-resistant cotton fabric [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • First application of NADES as an alternative of metal mordant for natural dye. • Less water, cost, energy and chemicals than traditional process with solvent recycle. • Good method universality for the cotton and wool, other NADES and natural dye. • Higher color and function effect of dyed samples than traditional process. Applying natural dye is a green and available approach for the dyeing and simultaneous functionalizing of textiles. However, the commonly used mordant of metal ions to improve the dyeing effect results in massive toxic wastewater production, which decreases the environmentally friendly characteristics. In this work, the mordant and water substitute ability of choline chloride-ethylene glycol natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), defined as the mixture of two or more primary metabolites at a particular composition becoming liquids via H-bond forces, was investigated during the dyeing process because it has been used as a green extraction and stability agent for the natural dye. To this end, the NADES and metal ion were used in three mordant dyeing wool and cotton processes of Platycodon Grandiflorus root dye, and the color and functionalization effect were compared to verify the method advance. The result indicated that natural deep eutectic solvent had a better effect as a mordant than the metal ion by enhancing the dye solubility, the dye uptake rate of fiber, and the dye polymerization trend via rich H-bonds among fiber, dye, and NADES. The dyed textile had an excellent functional performance, including UV resistance, antibacterial, antioxidation, and burning difficulty, with the preferable fastness. This method also showed good universality for other natural dyes and NADESs. Compared to the existing mordant dyeing technologies, the proposed technology had lower chemical reagent usage, cost, and energy consumption, whose residual solvent had good reusability for at least 10 times and better degradability. Overall, this paper supplied a potential and green approach using NADESs as alternatives to metal ions for the mordant dyeing textile using natural dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal protective textiles have attracted extensive interest since Corona Virus Disease 2019 has broken out. Moreover, developing eco-friendly, multifunctional waterproof, and breathable surface is of great importance but still faces enormous challenges. Notably, good hydrophobicity and breathability are necessary for protective textiles, especially protective clothing and face masks for healthcare. Herein, the multifunctional composite coatings with good UV-resistant, anti-oxidative, hydrophobic, breathable, and photothermal performance has been rapidly created to meet protective requirements. First, the gallic acid and chitosan polymer was coated onto the cotton fabric surface. Subsequently, the modified silica sol was anchored on the coated cotton fabric surface. The successful fabrication of composite coatings was verified by RGB values obtained from the smartphone and K/S value. The present work is an advance for realizing textile hydrophobicity by utilizing fluorine-free materials, compared with the surface hydrophobicity fabricated with conventional fluorinated materials. The surface free energy has been reduced from 84.2 to27.6 mJ/m2 so that the modified cotton fabric could repel the ethylene glycol, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide solutions, respectively. Besides, the composite coatings possesses lower adhesion to deionized water. After 70 cycles of the sandpaper abrasion, the fluorine-free hydrophobic coatings still exhibits good hydrophobicity with WCA of 124.6 ± 0.9°, with overcoming the intrinsic drawback of the poor abrasion resistance of hydrophobic surfaces. Briefly, the present work may provide a universal strategy for rapidly creating advanced protective coatings to meet personal healthcare, and a novel method for detecting RGB values of composite coatings by smartphone. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobic, UV-resistant, anti-oxidative, and photothermal coatings for healthcare. • Obtaining the good hydrophobic coatings using fluorine-free materials. • Composite coatings with good hydrophobicity after 70 cycles of sandpaper abrasion. • Composite coatings with lower adhesion to deionized water. • Smartphone used to rapidly detect RGB values of composite coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polystyrene sulfonic acid is widely utilized as an effective template for synthesis of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), but the bonding fastness between PEDOT and textiles is unsatisfactory, which easily leads to poor conductivity. In this study, a linear template of dextran sulfate (DS) was covalently grafted onto silk fibers (SF), followed by in-situ deposition of PEDOT onto the silk fabrics, aiming at constructing a functional silk fabric with rapid photothermal antibacterial ability and durable flexible sensing performance. Impressively, the composite fabric of SF-g-DS/PEDOT exhibits excellent photothermal conversion performance and can rise to 80 °C within 1 min of irradiation with the light intensity of 100 mW/cm2, and can kill 99.99% of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on the fabric surface. Benefited from the strong interaction forces between the conductive polymer and silk fibers, the SF-g-DS/PEDOT fabric can still reach 75 °C after 15 times of washing, and achieves a 99.4% bactericidal rate against E. coli. In a relatively weak winter sunlight, the surface temperature of SF-g-DS/PEDOT can also be raised to 45 °C to keep the human body warm. Meanwhile, the excellent conductivity of the deposited PEDOT endows the composite with antistatic performance, accurate flexible strain and respiratory sensing behaviors, companying with encouraging UV resistance. The present work provides a feasible alternative for development of photothermal antibacterial, lightweight warm clothing and smart wearable textiles. [Display omitted] • Dextran sulfate (DS) promotes the efficient deposition of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on the textiles. • The covalently-grafted DS on fiber surface improves the deposition fastness, compactness and uniformity of PEDOT. • The composite textile realizes efficient photothermal sterilization, UV protection and outdoor warmth preservation. • The PEDOT-deposited textiles have the smart abilities of monitoring human motion state and breathing state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]