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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a protective barrier for the central nervous system (CNS) against drugs that enter the bloodstream. The BBB is a key clinical barrier in the treatment of CNS illnesses because it restricts drug entry into the brain. To bypass this barrier and release relevant drugs into the brain matrix, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been developed. Given the unstable nature of NPs, an appropriate amount of a biocompatible polymer coating on NPs is thought to have a key role in reducing cellular cytotoxicity while also boosting stability. Human serum albumin (HSA), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), Polylactide (PLA), poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA), gelatin, and chitosan are only a few of the significant polymers mentioned. In this review article, we categorized polymer-coated nanoparticles from basic to complex drug delivery systems and discussed their application as novel drug carriers to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials research has significantly accelerated the development of the field of vascular and interventional radiology. The incorporation of nanoparticles with unique and functional properties into medical devices and delivery systems has paved the way for the creation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for various clinical disorders. In this review, we discuss the advancements in the field of interventional radiology and the role of nanotechnology in maximizing the benefits and mitigating the disadvantages of interventional radiology theranostic procedures. Several nanomaterials have been studied to improve the efficacy of interventional radiology interventions, reduce the complications associated with medical devices, improve the accuracy and efficiency of drug delivery systems, and develop innovative imaging modalities. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the development of medical devices and delivery systems that link nanotechnology in vascular and interventional radiology. This article is categorized under:Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic NanodevicesDiagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and ImagingTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) as a human pathogenic virus, would cause a wide range of clinical manifestations. Besides the supportive and symptomatic treatments, the only FDA-approved antiviral drug for the treatment of B19V is intravenous immunoglobulins, which however, have limited efficacy and high cost. By far, there are still no virus-specific therapeutics clinically available to treat B19V infection. Therefore, exploiting the potential targets with a deep understanding of the life cycle of B19V, are pivotal to the development of B19V-tailored effective antiviral approaches. This review will introduce antiviral agents via blocking viral invasion, inhibiting the enzymes or regulatory proteins involved in DNA synthesis, and so on. Moreover, nanotechnology-enabled approaches against B19V will also be outlined and discussed through a multidisciplinary perspective involving virology, nanotechnology, medicine, pharmaceutics, chemistry, materials science, and other fields. Lastly, the prospects of the antiviral agents and nanosystems in terms of fabrication, clinical translation and potential breakthroughs will be briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current state of the hierarchical chemical functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) by shell‐by‐shell (SbS)‐assembly of organic layers around the NP cores is summarized. This supramolecular functionalization concept is based on two steps: 1) the covalent grafting of a first ligand–shell consisting of, for example, long chain phosphonic acids and 2) the noncovalent interdigitation of amphiphiles forming the second ligand shell. The latter process is guaranteed predominantly by solvophobic interactions. These highly order organic–inorganic hybrid architectures are currently an emerging field at the interface of synthetic chemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science. The doubly functionalized NPs display tunable materials properties, such a controlled dispersibility and stability in various solvents, highly efficient trapping of guest molecules in between the ligand shells (water cleaning) as well as compartmentalization and modification of electronic interactions between photoactive components integrated in such complex nano‐architectures. Such SbS‐functionalized NPs have a high potential as water‐cleaning materials and also some first prototype applications as biomedicinal therapeutics have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of neuroactive flavonoids can be found in the species of the Passiflora genus; however, their difficulty in crossing the blood–brain barrier limits their in vivo neuropharmacological activity. In this study, cationic nanoparticles were developed as a novel nanocarrier for improving the antidepressant activity of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa leaf extract. Formulations obtained using Eudragit E PO polymethylmethacrylate copolymer, as polymeric matrix had their physicochemical properties investigated. The analytical content of the flavonoids vicenin-2, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin was determined in the plant extract. Small-sized and spherical nanoparticles loaded with Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa were obtained with positive zeta potential and high encapsulation efficiency. In addition, the nanosystems were shown to be stable for at least 6 months. The antidepressant activity of P. edulis extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) as well as the extract-loaded nanoparticles (5 mg/kg) were investigated in mice using the forced swimming test, where the latter increased the potency of the former by 10-fold. In addition, histopathological and biochemical analysis confirmed the biocompatibility of the extract-loaded nanoparticles. This study demonstrated that the Eudragit cationic nanoparticles were able to improve the antidepressant activity of P. edulis in the central nervous system of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier to prevent the central nervous system (CNS) from damage by substances that originate from the blood circulation. The BBB limits drug penetration into the brain and is one of the major clinical obstacles to the treatment of CNS diseases. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been tested for overcoming this barrier and releasing related drugs into the brain matrix. In this review, nanoparticles (NPs) from simple to developed delivery systems are discussed for the delivery of a drug to the brain. This review particularly focuses on polymeric nanomaterials that have been used for CNS treatment. Polymeric NPs such as polylactide (PLA), poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA), human serum albumin (HSA), gelatin, and chitosan are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]