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Successful oral insulin administration can considerably enhance the quality of life (QOL) of diabetes patients who must frequently take insulin injections. However, Oral insulin administration is seriously hampered by gastrointestinal enzymes, wide pH range, mucus and mucosal layers, which limit insulin oral bioavailability to ≤2 %. Herein, we developed a simple, inexpensive and safe dual β-cyclodextrin/dialdehyde glucan-coated keratin nanoparticle (β-CD-K-IN-DG). The resulted β-CD-K-IN-DG not only gave the ultra-high insulin loading (encapsulation efficiency (98.52 %)), but also protected insulin from acid and enzymatic degradation. This β-CD-K-IN-DG had a notable hypoglycemic effect, there was almost 80 % insulin release after 4 h of incubation under hyperglycemic conditions. Ex vivo results confirmed that β-CD-K-IN-DG possessed high mucus-penetration ability. Transepithelial transport and uptake mechanism studies revealed that bypass transport pathway and endocytosis promoted β-CD-K-IN-DG entered intestinal epithelial cells, thus increased the bioavailability of insulin (12.27 %). The improved stability of insulin during in vivo transport implied that β-CD-K-IN-DG might be a potential tool for the effective oral insulin administration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This manuscript has been published as “Keratin-based Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Insulin (doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3807836/v1)” on the preprint server Research Square at https://www.researchsquare.com/home. DOIs issued by Research Square have a specific DOI structure for preprints. This allows them to be linked to the final published journal article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Successful oral insulin administration can considerably enhance the quality of life (QOL) of diabetes patients who must frequently take insulin injections. Oral insulin administration, on the other hand, is seriously hampered by gastrointestinal enzymes, wide pH range, mucus and mucosal layers, which limit insulin oral bioavailability to ≤ 2%. Therefore, a large number of technological solutions have been proposed to increase the oral bioavailability of insulin, in which polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are highly promising for oral insulin delivery. The recently published research articles chosen for this review are based on applications of PNPs with strong future potential in oral insulin delivery, and do not cover all related work. In this review, we will summarize the controlled release mechanisms of oral insulin delivery, latest oral insulin delivery applications of PNPs nanocarrier, challenges and prospect. This review will serve as a guide to the future investigators who wish to engineer and study PNPs as oral insulin delivery systems., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Morphine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) are two majorly abused drugs worldwide, which are harmful to human health and social stability. Therefore, it is necessary to detection morphine and MDMA rapidly and sensitively. In this study, a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of morphine and MDMA was developed based on high surface area carbon nanohorns decorated with Pt nanoparticles (CNHs@PtNPs). Under the optimized conditions, CNHs@PtNPs nanocomposite with three-dimensional structure exhibits good electrocatalytic activity toward morphine and MDMA. Differential pulse voltammetry peak currents increase linearly with analyte concentration. At the potential of 0.2 V and 1.0 V (vs. SCE), the fabricated electrode shows excellent sensing performance for morphine and MDMA with a wide linear range between 0.05 and 25.4 μmol L−1, and detection limit of 0.02 μmol L−1 and 0.018 μmol L−1, respectively. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits good selectivity, repeatability and stability. Our developed method is also successfully applied to the highly sensitive determination of morphine and MDMA in human serum and urine samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]